Ultimate tensile strength

(Redirected from Tensile strength)

Ultimate tensile strength (also called UTS, tensile strength,

TS, ultimate strength or in notation)[1] is the maximum
stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or
pulled before breaking. In brittle materials, the ultimate tensile
strength is close to the yield point, whereas in ductile materials,
the ultimate tensile strength can be higher.

The ultimate tensile strength is usually found by performing a

tensile test and recording the engineering stress versus strain. The
highest point of the stress–strain curve is the ultimate tensile
strength and has units of stress. The equivalent point for the case
of compression, instead of tension, is called the compressive
strength.

Tensile strengths are rarely of any consequence in the design of

ductile members, but they are important with brittle members.
They are tabulated for common materials such as alloys, Two vises apply tension to a
composite materials, ceramics, plastics, and wood. specimen by pulling at it, stretching
the specimen until it fractures. The
Definition maximum stress it withstands before
fracturing is its ultimate tensile
strength.
The ultimate tensile strength of a material is an intensive
property; therefore its value does not depend on the size of the test
specimen. However, depending on the material, it may be dependent on other factors, such as the
preparation of the specimen, the presence or otherwise of surface defects, and the temperature of the
test environment and material.

Some materials break very sharply, without plastic deformation, in what is called a brittle failure.
Others, which are more ductile, including most metals, experience some plastic deformation and
possibly necking before fracture.

Tensile strength is defined as a stress, which is measured as force per unit area. For some non-
homogeneous materials (or for assembled components) it can be reported just as a force or as a force
per unit width. In the International System of Units (SI), the unit is the pascal (Pa) (or a multiple
thereof, often megapascals (MPa), using the SI prefix mega); or, equivalently to pascals, newtons per
square metre (N/m2). A United States customary unit is pounds per square inch (lb/in2 or psi).
Kilopounds per square inch (ksi, or sometimes kpsi) is equal to 1000 psi, and is commonly used in the
United States, when measuring tensile strengths.

Ductile materials
 Many materials can
display linear elastic
behavior, defined by
a linear stress–strain
relationship, as
shown in figure 1 up
to point 3. The
elastic behavior of
materials often
extends into a non-
linear region,
represented in
Figure 1: "Engineering" stress– figure 1 by point 2
strain (σ–ε) curve typical of (the "yield
aluminum strength"), up to
which deformations
1. Ultimate strength are completely Figure 2: "Engineering" (red) and "true" (blue)
2. Yield strength recoverable upon stress–strain curve typical of structural steel.
3. Proportional limit stress removal of the load;
4. Fracture that is, a specimen 1. Ultimate strength
loaded elastically in 2. Yield strength (yield point)
5. Offset strain (typically
tension will elongate, 3. Rupture
0.2%)
but will return to its
4. Strain hardening region
original shape and
size when unloaded. 5. Necking region
Beyond this elastic region, for ductile materials, such as A. Apparent stress (F/A0)
steel, deformations are plastic. A plastically deformed B. Actual stress (F/A)
specimen does not completely return to its original size
and shape when unloaded. For many applications,
plastic deformation is unacceptable, and is used as the design limitation.

After the yield point, ductile metals undergo a period of strain hardening, in which the stress increases
again with increasing strain, and they begin to neck, as the cross-sectional area of the specimen
decreases due to plastic flow. In a sufficiently ductile material, when necking becomes substantial, it
causes a reversal of the engineering stress–strain curve (curve A, figure 2); this is because the
engineering stress is calculated assuming the original cross-sectional area before necking. The
reversal point is the maximum stress on the engineering stress–strain curve, and the engineering
stress coordinate of this point is the ultimate tensile strength, given by point 1.

Ultimate tensile strength is not used in the design of ductile static members because design practices
dictate the use of the yield stress. It is, however, used for quality control, because of the ease of testing.
It is also used to roughly determine material types for unknown samples.[2]

The ultimate tensile strength is a common engineering parameter to design members made of brittle
material because such materials have no yield point.[2]

Testing
Typically, the testing involves taking a small sample with a fixed
cross-sectional area, and then pulling it with a tensometer at a
constant strain (change in gauge length divided by initial gauge
length) rate until the sample breaks.

When testing some metals, indentation hardness correlates

linearly with tensile strength. This important relation permits
economically important nondestructive testing of bulk metal
deliveries with lightweight, even portable equipment, such as

Round bar specimen after tensile

stress testing
hand-held Rockwell hardness testers.[3] This practical correlation Aluminium tensile test
helps quality assurance in metalworking industries to extend well samples after breakage
beyond the laboratory and universal testing machines.

Typical tensile strengths

Typical tensile strengths of some materials
Ultimate
Yield Density
tensile
Material strength
(MPa)
strength (g/cm3)
(MPa)

Steel, structural ASTM A36

250 400–550 7.8
steel

Steel, 1090 mild 247 841 7.58

Chromium-vanadium steel The "cup" side of the "cup–
620 940 7.8 cone" characteristic failure
AISI 6150
pattern
Steel, 2800 Maraging steel[4] 2,617 2,693 8.00

Steel, AerMet 340[5] 2,160 2,430 7.86

Steel, Sandvik Sanicro 36Mo

1,758 2,070 8.00
logging cable precision wire[6]
Steel, AISI 4130,
water quenched 855 °C
(1,570 °F), 480 °C (900 °F) 951 1,110 7.85
temper[7]

Steel, API 5L X65[8] 448 531 7.8

Steel, high strength alloy

690 760 7.8
ASTM A514
Acrylic, clear cast sheet
72 87[10] 1.16 Some parts showing the "cup"
(PMMA)[9]
shape and some showing the
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene "cone" shape
43 43 0.9–1.53
(ABS) [11]
High-density polyethylene
26–33 37 0.85
(HDPE)

Polypropylene 12–43 19.7–80 0.91

Steel, stainless AISI 302[12] 275 620 7.86

Cast iron 4.5% C, ASTM A-48 130 200 7.3

"Liquidmetal" alloy 1,723 550–1,600 6.1

Beryllium[13] 99.9% Be 345 448 1.84

Aluminium alloy[14] 2014-T6 414 483 2.8

Polyester resin
55 55
(unreinforced)[15]
Polyester and chopped strand
100 100
mat laminate 30% E-glass[15]
 Ultimate
Yield Density
tensile
Material strength
(MPa)
strength (g/cm3)
(MPa)

S-Glass epoxy composite[16] 2,358 2,358

Aluminium alloy 6061-T6 241 300 2.7

Copper 99.9% Cu 70 220 8.92

Cupronickel 10% Ni, 1.6% Fe, 1% Mn, balance Cu 130 350 8.94

Brass 200 + 500 8.73

Tungsten 941 1,510 19.25

Glass 33[17] 2.53

1,500 for laminates,

E-Glass — 2.57
3,450 for fibers alone

S-Glass — 4,710 2.48

Basalt fiber[18] — 4,840 2.7

Marble — 15 2.6

Concrete — 2–5 2.7

1,600 for laminates,

Carbon fiber — 1.75
4,137 for fibers alone

Carbon fiber (Toray T1100G)[19] 7,000 fibre alone 1.79

(the strongest human-made fibres)

Human hair 140–160 200–250[20]

Bamboo fiber 350–500 0.4–0.8

Spider silk (see note below) 1,000 1.3

Spider silk, Darwin's bark spider[21] 1,652

Silkworm silk 500 1.3

Aramid (Kevlar or Twaron) 3,620 3,757 1.44

UHMWPE[22] 24 52 0.97

UHMWPE fibers[23][24] (Dyneema or Spectra) 2,300–3,500 0.97

Vectran 2,850–3,340 1.4

Polybenzoxazole (Zylon)[25] 2,700 5,800 1.56

Wood, pine (parallel to grain) 40

Bone (limb) 104–121 130 1.6
 Ultimate
Yield Density
tensile
Material strength
(MPa)
strength (g/cm3)
(MPa)

Nylon, molded, 6PLA/6M [26] 75-85 1.15

Nylon fiber, drawn[27] 900[28] 1.13

Epoxy adhesive — 12–30[29] —

Rubber — 16

Boron — 3,100 2.46

Silicon, monocrystalline (m-Si) — 7,000 2.33

Ultra-pure silica glass fiber-optic strands[30] 4,100

400 at 25 °C,
Sapphire (Al2O3) 275 at 500 °C, 1,900 3.9–4.1
345 at 1,000 °C

Boron nitride nanotube — 33,000 2.62[31]

2,800
Diamond 1,600 ~80–90 GPa at 3.5
microscale[32]

intrinsic 130,000;[33]
Graphene — engineering 50,000– 1.0
60,000[34]

First carbon nanotube ropes ? 3,600 1.3

0.037–
Carbon nanotube (see note below) — 11,000–63,000
1.34

Carbon nanotube composites — 1,200[35] —

High-strength carbon nanotube film — 9,600[36] —

Iron (pure mono-crystal) 3 7.874

Limpet Patella vulgata teeth (goethite whisker 4,900

nanocomposite) 3,000–6,500[37]

^a Many of the values depend on manufacturing process and purity or composition.

^b Multiwalled carbon nanotubes have the highest tensile strength of any material yet
measured, with one measurement of 63 GPa, still well below one theoretical value of 300
GPa.[38] The first nanotube ropes (20 mm in length) whose tensile strength was published (in
2000) had a strength of 3.6 GPa.[39] The density depends on the manufacturing method, and
the lowest value is 0.037 or 0.55 (solid).[40]
^c The strength of spider silk is highly variable. It depends on many factors including kind of silk
(Every spider can produce several for sundry purposes.), species, age of silk, temperature,
humidity, swiftness at which stress is applied during testing, length stress is applied, and way
the silk is gathered (forced silking or natural spinning).[41] The value shown in the table, 1,000
 MPa, is roughly representative of the results from a few studies involving several different
species of spider however specific results varied greatly.[42]
^d Human hair strength varies by ethnicity and chemical treatments.

Typical properties of annealed elements

Typical properties for annealed elements[43]
Young's Yield Ultimate
Element modulus strength strength
(GPa) (MPa) (MPa)

Silicon 107 5,000–9,000

Tungsten 411 550 550–620

Iron 211 80–100 350

Titanium 120 100–225 246–370

Copper 130 117 210

Tantalum 186 180 200

Tin 47 9–14 15–200

Zinc 85–105 200–400 200–400

Nickel 170 140–350 140–195

Silver 83 170

Gold 79 100
Aluminium 70 15–20 40–50

Lead 16 12

See also
Flexural strength
Strength of materials
Tensile structure
Toughness
Failure
Tension (physics)
Young's modulus

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Further reading
Giancoli, Douglas, Physics for Scientists & Engineers Third Edition (2000). Upper Saddle River:
Prentice Hall.
Köhler T, Vollrath F (1995). "Thread biomechanics in the two orb-weaving spiders Araneus
diadematus (Araneae, Araneidae) and Uloboris walckenaerius (Araneae, Uloboridae)". Journal of
Experimental Zoology. 271: 1–17. doi:10.1002/jez.1402710102 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjez.14
02710102).
T Follett, Life without metals
Min-Feng Y, Lourie O, Dyer MJ, Moloni K, Kelly TF, Ruoff RS (2000). "Strength and Breaking
Mechanism of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Under Tensile Load" (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0110304124625/http://www.bimat.org/assets/pdf/00_287yu.pdf) (PDF). Science. 287 (5453): 637–
640. Bibcode:2000Sci...287..637Y (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...287..637Y).
doi:10.1126/science.287.5453.637 (https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5453.637).
PMID 10649994 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10649994). S2CID 10758240 (https://api.sema
nticscholar.org/CorpusID:10758240). Archived from the original (http://www.bimat.org/assets/pdf/0
0_287yu.pdf) (PDF) on 4 March 2011.
George E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy (1988). McGraw-Hill, UK

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