11.

1 CELLS AND BATTERIES

 (Page 435)

How must the components in a flashlight be connected in order for the

flashlight to function?
 (Page 435)

What can cause a flashlight to stop functioning?

 (Page 437)

Electric circuits:
- pathways that electrons can flow
- electrons are powered by an energy source
- Contains a source, conductor, a load, and a control
 (Page 437)
a cell or a battery:
- The source of electrical energy in a circuit

A battery is two or more cells connected together.

Cells Batteries
 (Page 438)

Voltaic cells
- generates an electric current by chemical reactions
- involve two different metals and a conducting solution.

The first voltaic cells

- constructed around 1800 by Alessando Volta
- stacked alternating discs made of silver and zinc
- separated by pieces of cloth soaked in salt water.
 (Page 438)

Electrodes:
- either of the two metal terminals found in a cell
or battery

Electrolyte:
- the solution or paste that conducts charge between
the two electrodes.

Electrons or ions move in all types of cells.

Types of Cells
Dry cells: cells with an electrolyte that is a paste.
Wet cells: cells with a liquid electrolyte (eg. sulphuric acid)

Dry Cells Wet Cells

Types of Cells
Primary cells: can be used only once
Secondary cells: can be recharged
Primary Cells Secondary Cells

During recharging, the chemical reaction in the cell is reversed.

Cells and Batteries in Common Use (Page 441)

Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

The first electric cars: built more than a century ago.
Today’s vehicles: mostly powered by gasoline or diesel (fossil fuels)
Disadvantages: 1) increasing fuel costs
2) concern for the environment

Electric vehicles: powered only by batteries

Hybrids: a combination of batteries and a fossil fuel engine
A fuel cell (Page 442)

- generates electricity through the chemical reactions

- fuel is stored outside the cells  cell can be refuelled as needed
- originally developed for the U.S. space program
- can be used to provide energy for automobiles, buses, homes, and
even small devices like cell phones
 (Page 444)
Solar cells
- convert sunlight into electrical energy
- sunlight strikes a semiconductor (eg. Silicon)
 electrons are knocked loose from the atoms
- can be used to power anything from calculators and ornamental lights to
homes, satellites, and even communities

Images courtesy of SkyPower.

In October of 2009, First Light 1, a 9.1 megawatt solar park, opened in
Stone Mills, Ontario.
The first and largest solar energy farm in Canada covers an area the size of
50 football fields.

Images courtesy of SkyPower.