ENGLISH

DIFFERENT CASES OF NOUNS

1) Nouns can have varying cases. The first one is the nominative case:

a. A subject refers to the person, the pace, or the thing talked about in the
sentence.

b. A predicate nominative refers to the same person or thing as the subject.

It is also alternatively called the subjective complement. It follows a linking
verb.

c. A nominative of address names the person that a speaker addresses. It is

set off by comma(s).

d. A nominative in apposition is a word or group of words that explain a

noun or a pronoun. Something is appositive when it is adjacent to a noun
or pronoun it explains or identifies e.g “My (appositive) math book, (noun)
Elementary Linear Algebra is a great deal.” The noun/pronoun the
appositive is pertaining is usually set by a comma.

i. An appositive is restrictive if it is essential to the noun which it

explains. It refers to which thing that the noun refers to.

ii. An appositive is nonrestrictive if it is not essential to the noun is

explained. If you were to omit the appositive in this case, the
sentence would still be sensible.

2) The possessive case shows possession of a certain thing. The indicator for the
possessive case is with an apostrophe and an s (‘s.)

3) Objective case:

a. The direct object is the receiver of the action. It answers the question
“what” or “who.”

b. The indirect object answers the question “to whom” or “for whom.” It is the
action that is done before a direct object.

c. The object of preposition is the noun that coms after a preposition. It is

always a part of a prepositional phrase.
 d. The object in apposition is an appositive that explains a noun in the
objective case. The appositive is set of by commas unless it is restrictive.

ADJECTIVES

1) An adjective is a descriptive word. It provides a more precise meaning for a

noun/pronoun.

2) Adjectives can modify different nouns or pronouns, or they can modify the same
one.

3) Adjectives can be preceding or succeeding from a noun or pronoun.

4) An adjective phrase or phrase modifier is a group of words that modifies a noun

or a pronoun. It comes after the noun it modified.

5) Adjective phrases are sometimes introduced with prepositions, albeit not always.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

1) Comparison is the change that adjectives undergo to express different degrees

of quality, quantity, or value.

2) There are three forms of comparison that are in three degrees:

a. Positive degree – the basic form of an adjective, used where no

comparison is identified.

b. Comparative degree – used when comparing two things, and always

two.

c. Superlative degree – used when more than two things are being
compared.

i. Positive degree is just the base form of an adjective e.g beautiful,

dusty, bright, huge, and disappointed.

ii. Comparative degree does the following: 1) adds an –er, 2)

doubles the consonant then adding the suffix, 3) with letters that
end with y, changes it to an –ier. 4) adds more/less if it has three or
more syllables.

iii. Superlative degree does the same thing with the suffixes, however
it is represented as –est, -iest, most/least.
 iv. Comparative and superlative degrees have adjectives which are
irregular, meaning they have different spellings above positive
degree.

E.g: (positive – comparative – superlative)

Good – better – best

bad – worse – worst

etc.

EDITING

^ - additional text/character.
^, - insert comma.
- insert a period/full stop.
- delete text/character.
¶ - insert/begin a new paragraph.
- transpose letters or words.

- close up spaces.

≡ - capitalize the letter(s).

/ - change to lowercase.
- Add a space or separate the words.

- spell out an acronym, or shortened word.

MODALS

1) Modals can convey different meanings:

a. Can and could denote ability or possibility; uncertain.

b. May expresses permission or probability.

c. Might expresses unlikelihood; less probability.

d. Should expresses obligation.

e. Must expresses very strong obligation; necessity, importance.

f. Shall expresses commandments.

g. Should expresses advice, or suggestion. It can also express probability.

h. Will expresses determination.

i. Would, in contrast, expresses less determination.

ADVERBS AND THEIR TYPES

1) An adverb is a word that describes verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. They can
tell how often or how long something is:

a. Adverbs of frequency – describe how often an occurrence is.

b. Adverbs of duration – describe how long something will take until it finishes
its task.

c. There are keywords when it comes to adverbs. They can have positive, or
negative meanings:
i. Often, usually, frequently, and occasionally have positive
meanings. This indicates the action has been done multiple times
over such a short period, or is done many times.

ii. Seldom, rarely, and never show negative meanings, meaning it is

not frequent.

iii. Ever is only used with negative statements and with questions.

iv. Never is used only when there is no accompanying negative

adverb of frequency.