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ART APPRECIATION
MIDTERMS LECTURE
WEEK 7
PRINCIPLES OF ART AND DESIGN such as shape, texture, or color change slightly
A. PRINCIPLES OF ART AND DESIGN as they move, or progress toward a defined point
in the composition.
 Emphasis
PRINCIPLES OF ART AND DESIGN - is an extension of these first two principles: it is when
 Principles of Design contrast, placement, size, color, or other features are used
- refer to the visual strategies used by artists, in conjunction to highlight one object, area, or other elements of the
with the elements of arts– for expressive purposes (Fichner- artwork.
Rathus, 2008). - This is used to draw attention – a focal point or accentuate
a feature.
ELEMENTS - Emphasis by:
 Harmony o Directional lines. Lines that lead the eye to a focal
- in visual design means all parts of the visual image relate to point.
and complement each other. Harmony is the use of related o Emphasis by Isolation
elements.  Proportion
- Harmony is the visually satisfying effect of combining - refers to the relative size and scale of the various elements
similar or related elements. in a design. The issue is the relationship between objects, or
- This might be similar colors, shapes, sizes of objects, etc. parts, of a whole. This means that it is necessary to discuss
It’s about repetition and a relationship between elements. proportion in terms of the context or standard used to
This creates a sense of connection between the objects, determine proportions.
creating a sense of flow. Harmony is one of the most  Unity
important aspects when it comes to principles of art. - unity implies harmony. It suggests that the parts of a
 Balance composition are there by happenstance; rather, they fit
- is the concept of visual equilibrium and relates to our together to form a meaningful whole.
physical sense of balance. It is a reconciliation of opposing - unity is the overall cohesion of the work.
forces in a composition that results in visual stability.  Contrast
- When the elements are arranged equally on either side of a - is the disparity between the elements that figure into the
central axis, the result is Bilateral symmetry. This axis composition. One object may be made stronger compared
may be horizontal or vertical. It is also possible to build to other objects (hence, emphasis). This can be done in
formal balance by arranging elements equally around a many ways using the elements of art. For instance,
central point, resulting in radial symmetry. specifically, the use of negative and positive space, is an
- Most successful compositions achieve balance in one of example of contrast. Another example is the use
two ways: complementary colors in a work art.
o Symmetrical Balance  Variety
- the type of balance in which the elements of a - is a sense of the difference between elements of an artwork
work are balanced by similarity of form or – the opposite of unity, or harmony.
arrangement on either side of a dividing line or
plane, or to correspondence of parts, as in size,
shape, or position.
- can be described as having equal "weight" on
equal sides of a centrally placed fulcrum. It may
also be referred to as formal balance.
o Asymmetrical Balance
- the type of balance in which there are more than
slight differences between the divided areas of a
work, yet there is an overall sense of balance.
 Rhythm
- is organized movement, a beat, a repetition. is created by
repetition, and repetitive patterns convey a sense of
movement.
- in the visual arts, the viewer perceives rhythm by grouping
elements such as color, line, and shape.
- Rhythm is often the use of regular, evenly distributed
elements. They could occur in slow, fast, smooth or jerky
intervals, and this tells you something about the feelings
invoked.
- Rhythmical patterns help the eye to move easily from one
part of the room to another or from one part of a design to
another:
o Regular Repetition
- A means of creating rhythm in which elements
of a composition are duplicated at orderly or
fixed intervals.
- The easiest and most precise way to create
rhythm.
- Regular repetition was a core property of
Minimalist artists, of which Flavin was one.
- Minimalism – an abstract art movement begun
in the 1960s that emphasizes the use of pure and
simple shapes and materials.
o Alternating Rhythm
- a type of rhythm in which different elements in a
work repeat themselves in predictable order.
o Progressive Rhythm
- Minor variations in rhythm can add interest to a
composition.
- Such variations are seen in progressive rhythm,
in which the rhythm of elements of a work of art