Chapter 2:

Image Enhancement and

Restoration

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 Image Reconstruction

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 2. IR: Image Reconstruction from Projection (1)
 Reconstruct an image from a series of projections X-ray
computed tomography (CT).
“Computed tomography is a medical imaging method
employing tomography where digital geometry processing
is used to generate a three-dimensional image of the
internals of an object from a large series of two-
dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of
rotation.”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_tomography

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“ In computed tomography or other imaging techniques

requiring reconstruction from multiple projections, an
algorithm for calculating the contribution of each voxel of
the structure to the measured ray data, to generate an
image; the oldest and simplest method of image
reconstruction.“

http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=9165

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 Image reconstruction: Introduction

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2. IR: Image Reconstruction from Projection (4)

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 2. IR: Image Reconstruction from Projection (7)
 Projections and the Radon transform

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 
g (  j , k )    f ( x, y) ( x cos  k  y sin  k   j )dxdy
 

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2. IR: Image Reconstruction from Projection (9)
Radon transform gives the projection (line integral) of
f(x,y) along an arbitrary line in the xy-plane
 
 f   g (  , )    f ( x, y) ( x cos   y sin    )dxdy
 

M 1 N 1
 f   g (  , )   f ( x, y) ( x cos   y sin    )
x 0 y 0

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2. IR: Image Reconstruction from Projection (10)
Example: Using the Radon transform to obtain the
projection of a circular region.

Assume that the circle is centered on the origin of the xy-

plane. Because the object is circularly symmetric, its
projections are the same for all angles, so we just check the
projection for   0o
A x2  y 2  r 2
f ( x, y )  
0 otherwise

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2. IR: Image Reconstruction from Projection (11)
 
g (  , )    f ( x, y ) ( x cos   y sin    )dxdy
 
 
  f ( x, y ) ( x   )dxdy
 

 f (  , y )dy


r2 2
 f (  , y )dy
 r2  2

r2 2
 Ady
 r2  2

2 A r 2   2 | |  r

 0 otherwise

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 2. IR: Image Reconstruction from Projection (12)

2 A r 2   2 | |  r
g ( )  

0 otherwise

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Sinogram: The result of Radon transform

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f ( x, y)  g ( x cos  y sin  , )

f ( x, y)   f ( x, y )d
0


f ( x, y )   f ( x, y )
 0

A back-projected image formed is referred to as a laminogram.

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Example: Laminogram

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 2. IR: Image Reconstruction from Projection (16)
 The Fourier-slice theorem
For a given value of  , the 1-D Fourier transform
of a projection with respect to  is

G (, )   g (  , )e  j 2 d 


  
G ( ,  )     f ( x, y ) ( x cos   y sin    )e  j 2 d  dxdy
  

f ( x, y )   ( x cos   y sin    )e  j 2 d  dxdy


  
 
    
 
  f ( x, y )e  j 2 ( x cos  y sin  ) dxdy
 

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 2. IR: Image Reconstruction from Projection (17)

G(, )   g (  ,  )e j 2 d 


 
G ( ,  )    f ( x, y )e  j 2 ( x cos  y sin  ) dxdy
 

   f ( x, y )e  j 2 (ux  vy ) dxdy 
  

    u  cos ,v  sin
  F (u , v) u  cos ,v  sin
 F ( cos  ,  sin  )

Fourier - slice theorem: The Fourier transform of a projection is a

slice of the 2-D Fourier transform of the region from which the
projection was obtained.
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 Reconstruction using parallel-beam filtered back-
projections
 
f ( x, y)    F (u, v)e j 2 (ux vy ) dudv
 

Let u   cos  , v   sin  , then dudv   d d ,

2 
f ( x, y )    F ( cos  ,  sin  )e j 2 ( x cos  y sin  ) d d
0 0
 2 
  G ( , )e j 2 ( x cos  y sin  ) d  d
0 0

G(,  180o)  G(, )

 
f ( x, y)    |  | G(, )e j 2 ( x cos  y sin ) dd
0 

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 
f ( x, y )    |  | G ( ,  )e j 2 ( x cos  y sin  ) d  d
0 

   |  | G ( , )e j 2 d  
 
d
0    x cos  y sin 

Approach: Window the ramp filter (||) so it becomes zero

outside of a defined frequency interval. That is, a window band-
limits the ramp filter.

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 Hamming / Hann Windows:

 2
c  (c  1) cos 0    ( M  1)
h( )   M 1
 0 otherwise

c  0.54, the function is called the Hamming window

c  0.5, the function is called the Han window

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 Filtered back-projection
The complete, filtered back-projection (to obtain the
reconstructed image f(x,y)) is described as follows:
1. Compute the 1-D Fourier transform of each
projection.
2. Multiply each Fourier transform by the filter
function |w| which has been multiplied by a
suitable (e.g., Hamming) window.
3. Obtain the inverse 1-D Fourier transform of
each resulting filtered transform.
4. Integrate (sum) all the 1-D inverse transforms
from step 3.

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 Implementation of filtered back-projection in spatial
domain
Fourier transform of the product of two frequency
domain functions is equal to the convolution of the
spatial representation.
Let s() denote the inverse Fourier transform of ||

f ( x, y )     |  | G ( ,  )e j 2 d 
 
d
0    x cos  y sin

   s (  )  g (  , ) d
0   x cos  y sin 

   g (  , ) s ( x cos   y sin    )d  d
0   

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 Reconstruction using fan-beam filtered back-
projections (for modern CT systems)

   
  D sin 

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Objects are encompassed within a circular area of radius T about
the origin of the plane, or g ( , ) = 0 for | | > T

f ( x, y )     g (  ,  ) s ( x cos   y sin    )d  d
0   
1 2 T
   g (  ,  ) s ( x cos   y sin    )d d
2 0 T

x  r cos ; y  r sin 

x cos   y sin   r cos  cos   r sin  sin 

 r cos(   )

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x  r cos ; y  r sin 
x cos   y sin   r cos  cos   r sin  sin 
 r cos(   )
1 2 T
f ( x, y )    g (  ,  ) s  r cos(   )    d  d
2 0 T
      D sin 
d  d  D cos  d d 
1 2 T
f ( x, y )    g (  ,  ) s  r cos(   )    d d
2 0 T
1 2  sin 1 (T / D )
   1
g ( D sin  ,    ) s  r cos(     )  D sin  
2    sin (  T / D )

D cos  d d 
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1 2  m
f (r ,  )    p( ,  ) s  R sin  '   D cos  d d 
2 0 m
  
2

where s( R sin  )    s( )

 R sin  

Finally, see more in [1],

2 1  m
f ( r,  )     d
R 2  m
q ( ,  ) h  '   d 
0 
1  
2

where h( )    s( ), q( ,  )  p( ,  ) D cos 

2  sin  
p(, ) = g(, ) = g(D sin,  + )

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