ESC 351 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

II SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Prof.Dr. Nilgün Kıran Cılız
Boğaziçi University
 Environmental Impact Assessment in Waste
Management with Value Chain Analysis Approach
Prof. Dr. Nilgün Kıran Cılız
Boğaziçi University, Institute of Environmental Sciences
Boğaziçi University, Sustainable Development and Cleaner
Production Center
34342 Bebek, Istanbul TURKEY
e-mail: cilizn@boun.edu.tr
www.sdcpc.boun.edu.tr

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EU Circular Economy Action Plan Recycling Targets

• The amount of municipal solid waste, which is sent to landfill, will

be decreased to 10% or less (by weight) until 2035.
• Food waste will be decreased by 30% until 2025, and by 50% until
2030.
• Reusing and recycling rate of municipal solid waste will be
increased to a minimum of 55% (by weight) by 2025, to 60% (by
weight) by 2030, and to a minimum of 65% (by weight) by 2035.

National Waste Management and Action Plan, 2023 Targets

• It is aimed to reuse 35% of the generated waste in 2023, and to
decrease the amount of waste landfilled from 88.7% to 65%.
Sustainable Production and Consumption 4

Green production and Consumer confidence

Life cycle-based audit

more competitive and smarter
products and services consumption

Environmental Environmental Ecolabel, carbon

management product declaration footprint,
ecodesign
Environmental Waste Green
technology verification management procurement
Re-think: rethinking
product functions
Consistent and reliable life cycle data and Re-duce: reducing
methods Re-pair: easily energy and material
repairability of consumption
the product throughout the life
Life Cycle cycle
Assessment
Ecodesign Re-use: reusable Re-place: replacing
Ecolabel design of harmful substances
materials with alternatives
Industrial Symbiosis Impact of Cleaner
Re-cycle: use of
Circular Economy recyclable
Production! materials
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The European Green Deal (European Commission, 2019)
• From 1970 to 2017, the annual global extraction of materials tripled and it
continues to grow, posing a majör global risk. About half of total
greenhouse gas emissions and more than 90% of biodiversity loss and
water stress come from resource extraction and processing of materials,
fuels and food. The EU’s industry has started the shift but still accounts for
20% of the EU’s greenhouse gas emissions. It remains too ‘linear’, and
dependent on a throughput of new materials extracted, traded and
processed into goods, and finally disposed of as waste or emissions. Only
12% of the materials it uses come from recycling.
• The circular economy action plan will include a ‘sustainable products’
policy to support the circular design of all products based on a common
Methodology and principles. It will prioritize reducing and reusing materials
before recycling them. It will foster new business models and set minimum
requirements to prevent environmentally harmful products from being placed
on the EU market. Extended producer responsibility will also be
strenghtened.
• Maintenance , sharing policies
Sustainable Consumption and Production

Responsible Consumption and Production

Target 12.5: By 2030, reduce waste generation significantly through prevention, reuse,
and recycling.
Index 12.5.1: National recycling ratio, the amount of recycled 6material (ton,%).
Two of the main applications supported by the circular economy concept are reuse and
recycling targeted (Schroeder et al., 2018).
 DÖNGÜSEL
Materyal Yaşam Döngüsü Değerlendirmesi ENDÜSTRİYEL SİMBİYOZ
EKONOMİ
Örneği Temel olarak, farklı endüstrilerin
karşılıklı olarak materyal, enerji, su
ve/veya yan ürün değişiminde
bulunarak fayda sağladığı ortak girişim
Materyal Yaşam Döngüsü yaklaşımı endüstriyel simbiyoz olarak
Değerlendirmesi adlandırılmaktadır.

Örneği

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 concern over plastic
pollution

concern about global

environmental issues

greenwashing
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Yaşam Döngüsü
Çevresel Etki
Değerlendirmesi
Solid Waste – Solid Waste Disposal – RESOURCE RECOVERY - Hazardous Waste

PRETREATMENT PROCESSES FOR EFFECTIVE WASTE

UTILIZATION APPLICATIONS

Size reduction

Also known as shredding, is a process of breaking down MSW components

into smaller parts by swinging hammers.

There are two types of shredders:

1. Vertical hammermills

2. Horizontal hammermills
Solid Waste – Solid Waste Disposal – RESOURCE RECOVERY - Hazardous Waste

Recovery

Screens are used to separate materials in the shredded refuse by size, and
not by any other property.

Air classifiers

 Air classifiers separate materials in the refuse according to their

aerodynamic properties. The light materials are organic, heavy materials
are inorganic.

 Air classifiers can be used to produce refuse-derived fuel (RDF).

 RDF is a fuel product produced from the combustible fraction of the

municipal waste.
Solid Waste – Solid Waste Disposal – RESOURCE RECOVERY - Hazardous Waste

Recovery

Magnets

Magnets are used for separation of ferrous materials from the refuse

Belt magnets are widely used for this purpose. Magnetic materials stick to
the belt are collected while non-magnetic materials fall off
Solid Waste – Solid Waste Disposal – RESOURCE RECOVERY - Hazardous Waste

Energy Recovery

Energy recovery can be achieved from two different routes:

1. Energy recovery from the Organic Fraction of the MSW: Combustion of

the shredded and classified product as a supplemental fuel in existing power
plants or as a pure fuel in separate boilers, such as (refuse derived fuel) RDF
facilities.

2. Energy recovery from Unprocessed Refuse: Combustion of unprocessed

refuse in mass burn facilities. The energy produced from the combustion
process is used to produce electricity.

However, the latter practice is still twice as expensive as landfilling!

Solid Waste – Solid Waste Disposal – Resource Recovery – HAZARDOUS WASTE

Hazardous waste is a type of waste (solid, liquid, or gas) which because

of its quantity, concentration, or chemical, physical, or infectious
characteristics pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human
health or the environment.

Hazardous waste possesses at least one of four characteristics:

•Corrosivity

•Reactivity

•Toxicity

•Ignitability
Solid Waste – Solid Waste Disposal – Resource Recovery – HAZARDOUS WASTE

Transport of Hazardous Wastes

Haulers

 Hazardous waste haulers are large trucks that are used to transport
hazardous waste between different locations.

 Require operator training, insurance coverage and special registration

requirements

 Handling precautions include gloves, face masks and coveralls for workers
Solid Waste – Solid Waste Disposal – Resource Recovery – HAZARDOUS WASTE

Transport of Hazardous Wastes

Hazardous Waste Manifest

These are documents that accompany each barrel with toxic substance,
which describes the exact contents of the barrel.

Purposes of the manifest:

 Provides the government with the means of tracking the hazardous waste
 Provides an accurate description of the waste for the managers at
processing/disposing facilities
 Provides information about the steps that need to be taken in case of
emergency
 Provides a database for future references
Solid Waste – Solid Waste Disposal – Resource Recovery – HAZARDOUS WASTE

Transport of Hazardous Wastes

Labeling and Placing

Labeling the containers with appropriate warnings depending on the

properties of the hazardous waste

Hazardous materials: Explosives, flammable liquids, corrosive material,

strong oxidizers, compressed gases, poisonous/toxic substances

Accident and Incident Reporting

Accidents involving hazardous wastes must be reported immediately to the

proper government agencies and health officials.
Solid Waste – Solid Waste Disposal – Resource Recovery – HAZARDOUS WASTE

Hazardous Waste Recovery

There are five main waste groups with transfer value:

1. Waste with high concentration of metals

2. Solvents

3. Concentrated acids

4. Oils

5. Combustibles for fuel

Solid Waste – Solid Waste Disposal – Resource Recovery – HAZARDOUS WASTE

Hazardous Waste Management

Choosing the site of the management facility

Hydrology: Hazardous waste landfill should not be located in the areas with
high groundwater tables, in order to avoid water contamination

Climatology: Hazardous waste management facilities should not be located

in areas where severe storms such as hurricanes and tornadoes are
frequently observed

Geology: Hazardous waste disposal areas should be built on stable

geologic formations such as impervious rocks
Solid Waste – Solid Waste Disposal – Resource Recovery – HAZARDOUS WASTE

Hazardous Waste Management

Choosing the site of the management facility

Ecology: Hazardous waste management facilities should be located in

areas with low fauna and flora density.

These facilities must be avoided in areas with unique or endangered plant

and animal species

Alternative land use: Hazardous waste disposal areas ideally should be

built on areas with low ultimate land use.
Solid Waste – Solid Waste Disposal – Resource Recovery – HAZARDOUS WASTE

Hazardous Waste Management

Choosing the site of the management facility

Environmental health: Hazardous waste landfills should be located away

from municipal water supplies and densely populated areas.

Transportation: Hazardous waste management facilities should be as close

to the waste generators as possible to minimize the probability of road
accidents and spills.

Socioeconomic factors: Such factors include public acceptance, costs,

long-term management and monitoring, post closure maintenance etc.