 Sound is analog and it transfer in waves, the distance between waves is called period or also

called wavelength and the length is called the amplitude.

 Computer can’t process analog data so it’s converted via ADC (analog digital converter) into
digital data to processed or stored.
 the number of bits per sample is known as sampling resolution
 Sampling rate is the number of sound samples taken per second. This is measured in hertz (Hz),
where 1 Hz means ‘one sample per second’.
 Sampling resolution is the number of bits per sample.

Data Transmission

 Data packet: when data is broken down into pieces to send over long distance it’s a
transmission, the broken down pieces of data are called Data packet
 These packets are usually small (up to 64 KiB or KB) since it’s easier to control then a long form
of Data.
 It’s also used to send Data through multiple location at the same time.
 This is greatly beneficial if a particular transmission route is out of action or very busy, but the
data needs to be assembled at its destination.
 Packet structure: A typical package is split into a packet header, the payload and the trailer
 Header: it includes IP address of the send and the receiver, sequence number of the packet and
the size of the packet in bytes
 Payload: it’s the actual data packet
 Trailer: it has method of identifying the end of the data and some error checks to ensure that
the data arrives error-free
 Router: when data is send from a computer to another, each stage in the route of the
transmission is called routers, a router receive a data packet and based on the information in
the header, decides where to send it next.
 Packet switching: it’s a method of data transmission in which Data is broken up into a number
of packets. Each of the packets can be send independently from start point to the end point. At
the destination the packets will be assembled in the correct order from the information in the
header. At each stages in the transmission, there are nodes that contain a router, each router
will determine the route of the packet to reach its destination (IP address is used as a part of this
process to get the destination)
 Each packet will follow its own path (route)
 Router will determine the route of each packets
 The shortest possible path available is always selected-this may not always be the shortest path
that could be taken, since certain parts of the route may be too busy or not suitable.
 Unfortunately, packets can reach the destination in a different order to that in which they are
sent.
 The benefits of packet switching are:

 There is no need to tie up a single communication line.

 It’s possible to overcome failed, busy or faulty lines by simply re-routing packets.
 It is relatively easy to expand package usage.
 A high data transmission rate is possible.

 The drawbacks of packet switching include:

1. Packets can be lost and need to be re-sent.

2. The method is more prone to error with real-time streaming (example: live sporting
event being transmitted over the internet)
3. There is a delay at the destination whilst the packets are being re-ordered.
4. Packets can also be lost because of so much bouncing around.

 Hopping: a hop number is added to the header of each packet, and this number is reduce every
time it leaves a router.
 Simplex: a transmission method that operates in one direction, (for examples sender from
receiver or sending data from computer to a printer).
 Half-duplex: it is a form of data transmission what operates in both direction but data can’t be
transferred from both sides at the same time, (For example walkie-talkie).
 Full-duplex: a form of transmission of data which occurs both ways and can happen at the same
time, (For example broadband internet connection).
 Type of data transmission:

 Parallel data transmission

 Serial data transmission

 Serial data transmission: occurs when data is sent one bit at a time over single wire/channels, it
can occur in simplex, half and full duplex, it works over long distance but its slower, (For
example the connecting a computer to printer via USB connection)
 Parallel data transmission: occurs when several bits of data (usually one byte) are sent down
several channel/wires all at the same time. It can occur in simplex, half and full duplex, it
transmits data over short distance, over longer distance the data can arrive unsynchronized
(skewed) and bits can arrive out of order, but it’s faster (it is used by internal circuit of
computer). For example connections between a computer and a printer (parallel printer port
and cable)