FOREST SOCIETY & COLONIALISM

SUBJECT: SOCIAL SCIENCE

CLASS: IX
SUBMITTED TO: Mrs. Rinku Olla
SUBMITTED BY: DEVANSH, RIDDHI, RUDRAKSHI, SEJAL,
YASHIKA
GROUP LEADER: RUDRAKSHI BISHNOI
~A FOREST SOCIETY & COLONIALISM PROJECT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Special thanks to Mrs. Rinku Olla Ma'am

for her guidance and her support. She
helped throughout the project.
We thank our respected principal Ma'am
for her support.
We thank our group members for their
contribution and cooperation for making
this project. This project was made from
the support and contribution of our group
members. So we will thank each one of us.
 The British rulers had
requirements of wood and
some commercial crops.
 They used the forest area for
commercial crop cultivation,
which increased the rate of
deforestation. In 1865, they
enacted the Indian Forest Act.
After that, they introduced the
term commercial forestry in
1878.
HOW WERE THE LIVES OF PEOPLE AFFECTED?
 The Forest Act meant severe hardship for villagers
across the country.
 Their day-to-day practices became illegal.
 They were at the mercy of the forest guards who
would take bribes from them.
 It was common for police constables and forest
guards to harass people by demanding free food from
them.

HOW DID FOREST RULES AFFECT CULTIVATION?

 Major Impact Was On Shifting Cultivation.
 The rulers felt if the lands are burnt then it would no more
be productive to grow trees for their use.
 It was hard for them to calculate taxes of shifting
agriculture.
 It was banned by the government then.
 People had to be displaced from their land in search of
jobs.
WHO COULD HUNT?
 Hunting became illegal for the people who used to
live there.
 Hunting of tigers and other animals had been a part of
the culture of the court and nobility for centuries.
 Britishers gave reward to those who hunt tigers, wolves
and other large animals.
 Due to environmentalists, all these species were
protected later.

NEW TRADERS, NEW EMPLOYMENTS AND NEW SERVICES

 Many communities left their traditional occupations and
started trading in forest products.
 The British government gave many large European
trading firms the sole right to trade in the forest products
of particular areas.
 Grazing and hunting by local people were restricted.
 Many nomaids were forced to work in the factories under
government supervision.
 New opportunities of work did not always mean improved
well-being for the people as their wages were low and
conditions were very bad.
 The initiative was taken by the
Dhurwas of the Kanger forest,
where reservation first took
place.
 In 1910, mango boughs, a lump
of earth, chillies and arrows,
began circulating between
villages.
 These were actually messages
inviting villagers to rebel
against the British.
THE PEOPLE OF BASTAR
 Communities like Maria and Muria Gonds, Dhurwas,
Bhatras and Halbas were included in people of Bastar.
 They share common customs and beliefs.
 They show respect to the spirits of rivers, forests and
mountains.
 In a year, a big hunt where the headmen of villages
meet and discuss issues of concern, including forests.

THE FEARS OF PEOPLE

 The fear of the people of Bastar includes many, for
instance, the attitude of the colonial government,
increased land rents, and the demand for free labor,
the displacement of the community and the
introduction of various forest acts etc.
 As a result, the people of Bastar launched a revolt
against the British government as the government
banned the shifting cultivation, hunting and gathering
and introduced the reserved forest acts, which
affected the lives of the people of this area.
 Forest transformation in Java
refers to the process of
converting an existing decision
tree into a random forest
model.
 The random forest model is an
ensemble learning method that
combines multiple decision
trees to improve the accuracy
and robustness of the
classification or regression
model.
THE WOODCUTTERS OF JAVA
 The kalangs of Java were a community of skilled forest
cutters and shifting cultivator.
 They were so valuable that in 1755 when the Mataram
Kingdom of java split the 6,000 kalangs families were
equally divided between the to kingdoms.
 In 1770, the kalangs resisted by attacking a Dutch fort
of Joana but the appraising was suppressed.

DUTCH SCIENTIFIC FORESTRY

 In the 19th Century, when it become important to control
territory and not just people, the Dutch enacted forest law
in Java , restricting villagers' excess to forests.
 Villagers were punished for grazing cattle in young stands,
transporting wood without a permit, or travelling on forest
Road with horse cards or cattle.
 The Dutch first imposed rent on land being cultivated in
the forest and then exempted some villages from these
rents if they work collectively to provide free labour and
buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber.
SAMIN’S CHALLANGE
 Around 1890, surontiko samin of Randublatunge
village ,a teak forest village, begin questioning state
ownership of the forest.
 The state had not created the wind, water, Earth and
wood so it could not own it.
 By 1907, 3000 families started protesting for the same.

WAR AND DEFORESTATION

 First world war and the second world war had a
major impact on forest.
 In India, working plans were abandoned at this time
and the forest department cut dress for freely to
meet British war needs.
 Please exploited the forest recklessly for their war
Industries, forcing forest villages to cut down forest.
 After the war it was difficult for the Indonesian Forest
Service to get these land back.
 As in India, people's need for agriculture land has
bought them into conflicts with the forest department
to Desire control the land and exclude people from it.
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN FORESTRY
 Since the 1980's, government across Asia and
Africa has begun to see the Scientific Forestry
and policy of keeping forest communities away
from forest has resulted in many conflicts.

 Reservation of forest rather than collecting

Timber had become a more important goal.

 The government has recognised that in order to

meet this goal ,the people who live near the
forest must be revolved: in many case across
India from Mizoram to Kerala dense forest have
survived only because villagers protected them
in sacred groves known as sarnas, devarakuda,
kan, rai, etc.

 Local forest communities and environment list

today are thinking of different forms of forest
management.
Title Of The Project: FOREST SOCIETY & COLONIALISM

Class: IX

Subject: Social Science (SSC)

Name Of The Leader: RUDRAKSHI

Members Of Team: Devansh, Riddhi, Rudrakshi, Sejal, Yashika

No. of team members: 05

SOCIAL SCIENCE PROJECT
CLASS IX
2023-24
TEAM LEADER: RUDRAKSHI BISHNOI

DAYS TEAM MEMBERS ROLE OF TEAM MEMBERS

DAY 1 RUDRAKSHI Work Distribution And Data
DAY 2 DEVANSH INTRODUCTION
DAY 3 YASHIKA DATA
DAY 4 SEJAL IMAGES
DAY 5 RUDRAKSHI Preparing Of Presentation
DAY 6 RIDDHI PRINTOUT.