HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE REVIEWER
(MIDTERM) AETAS
LESSON 1
PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE
INSULARES (FILIPINO) First used to refer the off
springs of Spanish
parents who were born in
the archipelago.
PENINSULARES Parents themselves and
others like them came
from Spain
INDIOS Already multi-colored
brown skinned natives of
the islands
LAS FILIPINAS the country’s first name,
given by the Spanish
Conquistadores in honor
of Spanish King Philip II.
FILIPINO First used to mean the
hybrids of the Malay race
such as those with
Chinese, Hindus, Arabs,
Indo-Chinese, Japanese,
and Spaniards.
BEFORE THE SPANIARDS CAME
- There was no Filipino nation but rather,
tribal groups headed by Rajahs (Lapu-
lapu, Sulayman, and Humabon) and
even sultanates in Mindanao and Sulu
- No overall central government
SPANIARDS: 375-year colonial rulership
AMERICANS: 48-year colonial rulership
JAPANESE: 3-year colonial rulership
BRITISH: 2-year colonial rulership
The Education Society if the Philippines
defined:
“Filipino” as a natural born citizen of the
Philippines who shows passions, attitudes, and
emotion of a people whose culture is a unique
integration of the indigenous and other oriental
and occidental cultures.
CULTURAL MINORITIES
TASADAYS
IGOROTS MANOBOS
MANGYANS MUSLIMS
T’BOLIS
Through the centuries, they have preserved their indigenous
cultures and racial integrity which are relegated to being second
rate citizens, as “cultural minorities”.
To consider a structure or something as an
example of Architecture, it must possess these
Immutable Precepts:
1. Vitrivius’ : Firmitas, Utilitas, Venustas
2. Morgan’s : Durability, Convenience, and
Beauty
3. Granger’s : Strength, Utility, and Grace
4. Wotton’s : Commodity, Firmness, and
Delight
Or simply put as, the logical function,
structural soundness, and durability. And
good aesthetic composition.
“Architecture is life itself and can only be
realized if religion, science, and government
become one” – Frank Lloyd Wright
In seeking for a true “Filipino Architecture”
therefore,
1. We must be true to ourselves and
express ourselves with honesty
2. Learn and adopt foreign ideas and
technologies
3. Foster our economic development
“A true Filipino ideology and Architecture
can only be achieved if an Ilocano, a
Tagalog, a Kapampangan, a Maranao, and a
Maguindanao is true to himself,”
ARCHITECTURE OF THE PHILIPPINES
- 300 and 200 B.C.: First inhabitant of the
Philippine Islands arrived. They were of
Polynesian descent.
 - Lived in groups of 30-100 families in American Colonization:
societies known as “barangay”.
- Art deco buildings
- 1521: Magellan discovered the
- Plan for modern city of Manila was
Philippines ; then followed the 300-year
designed
Spanish colonial rule and acceptance of
Roman-Catholicism, Many great
Baroque churches were built.
- 1898: sovereignty was achieved, LESSON 2
followed by the US colonization. THE ETHNIC TRADITION
- 1946: Philippines gained independence
The earliest form of shelter were probably nor
ANCIENT FILIPINO
BIG - along sheltered bays,
built but rather found
SETTLEMENTS coastal areas, and
mouths of rivers
- Tabon Cave in Palawan – earliest
known remains of humans in the
INTERIOR - Houses were typical Philippines
SETTLEMENTS built side by side along - It was nature which fashioned hollows on
the riverbanks or
seashores (Found in cliffs and mountainsides that offered
Cebu, Leyte, Bohol, protection from heat, wind, and rain
Panay, Cagayan, - The floor is the ground itself or a bed of
Manila, etc.)
leaves or platform slightly elevated
OTHER - include clustered and - A pair of lean-tos can be made as tent
SETTLEMENTS scattered communities like shelter – the beginning of a house
on the inland hills and
plains.

THE MANGYAN OF MINDORO

Swidden temporary agricultural plot: a place
- Water was a major source of food temporarily cleared for agriculture
- Transportation along bodies of water
were also practical When the Mangyan - The entrance faces the
house is built on a rise
- Forests were not strategically attractive slope
environments to live in - The steep roof is of a
- The most prominent historic cogon grass
- The sidings of the tree
constructions in the archipelago are from bark, and the floor of
the Spanish Colonial period. logs and saplings
- Philippine architecture is also influenced - No windows
by: Japanese, Malay, Hindu, Chinese, - Narrow strip of opening
between roof an wall
and American cultures
NIPA HUT made from natural materials ;
pre-colonial architecture of the TRIBES WHOSE HOUSES WERE BUILT ON
Philippines TREES 2-20M ABOVE THE GROUND:
INTRAMUROS walled city of Manila - Ilongot
BAHAY NA BATO large houses made of stone and - Tinguian
wood combining Filipino,
Spanish, and Chinese style
- Gaddang in Northern Luzon
elements. Best found and - Mandaya
preserved in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, - Manobo
and Taal, Batangas - Tinuray
- Bukidnon in Mindanao
 IFUGAO HOUSE (FALE)
One room ; distinguished by its classic simplicity,
looks like a pyramid with 4 posts
- The interior space is enclosed by slanting
walls, sloping roof and ceiling formed by the loft
– appears nearly spherical
- Four wooden posts rest on a pavement and
support three wooden transverse joists
- On the posts are wooden discs to prevent rats
from entering
- The ladder is drawn up at night or hung across
the front when occupants are away
- Its roof is high and steep
- Low stone walls
THE SAGADA HOUSE
Resembles Bontoc but is fully convered
- It is a wooden box with a steep thatched roof
as a lid
- With the granary within, it is a “house within a
house”
THE KANKANAY HOUSE
Another variation of the Ifugao prototype
- The roof is higher ad wider, thereby providing
a spacious loft above the living space
- On the ground, level wooden planks are laid to
provide additional livable space
THE IBALOY HOUSE
- Large room, flaring roof, small porch
THE ISNEG HOUSE
Boat form
- The bamboo roof suggests an inverted boat,
and wooden floor joists have the profile of a
boat
- It has 2 sets of posts ; the inner set supporting
the floor and the outer set supporting the roof
- The Isneg house is the largest among the
Cordillera houses, since the entire family, even
married, could move in it
THE KALINGA HOUSES
Octagonal
- The floor can be rolled up
- The walls are vertical boards set into grooves
that are cut into beams at floor and roof eaves
level
- A window is created by simply taking out a few
boards
- All the wall boards can be removed to make the
house a roofed platform for village celebrations
CORDILLERA HOUSES
Developed into their present forms
- Untouched by the Western influence because
the Spanish colonies failed to bring the region
under their rule
TBOLI HOUSES
Southern Cotabato in Mindanao
- Large one room houses on stilts on hilltops and
rolling land
- Roof is of dried grass, walls of woven bamboo,
and the posts of whole bamboo, and
occasionally tree stumps
- The central position of the floor is slightly lower
than the areas around it
- The side sections are for working or resting. At
one end is the entrance and the fireplace, and
at the other is the place of honor for the head
of the house
THE TAUSUG OF SULU
“seafearers” build their house away from the shore
- A site is considered lucky if its flat and dry or if
its gently sloped westward towards Mecca
- The traditional Tausug house rests on 9 posts,
each signifying a part of the body. The neck,
navel, groin, left and right sides of the
shoulders, ribs, and hips
- Basically a one room house. Includes a porch
and a separate kitchen
- Elaborately carved wooden filial called “tajuk
pasung”, placed at one or both ends of the roof
ridge.
THE SAMAL AND BADJAO
People of the sea
- They build their houses on stilts over the water,
along the shore or farther out, grouped
together in villages and connected by bridges
and catwalks
- The Badjao land house stands alone on an
expanse of water and is reached only by boat
- The earliest mosque in the Philippines – built LESSON 3
around 1380 in Simunul Island, Tawi Tawi. It
follows the traditional Middle East design THE SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
1565 – 1898 : The Philippines was colonized by
TOROGAN HOUSES Spain for 333 years
Where the Muslim chief resides ; a huge, stately,
SPANISH INFLUENCES IN ARCHITECTURE
towering house, with a single large room
IGLESIA OR CHURCH
- More than a residence
SIMBAHAN
- Also used for official meetings, social CAMPANARIO BELL TOWER
gatherings, and religious rituals CONVENTO RESIDENCE OF THE
- Only the chief, sultan, or datu is allowed to live SPANISH PRIEST
in a Torogan ESCUELA SCHOOL
- The soaring, flaring roof like a ceremonial THE FUERZA RO FORTIFICATION FOR
umbrella, is a proclamation of exalted status FORTALEZA DEFENSE
(salakot shaped) CASA REAL AND CIVIC BUILDINGS
- The massive posts serve as solid supports and TRIBUNAL
signify established power THE FAROLA LIGHTHOUSE
- Protection from earthquake: oversized posts THE BAHAY NA DWELLINGS OF WOOD AND
rests on stone BATO STONE
- Posts may be bulky or plain or may be carved THE PUENTE STONE BRIDGES
to look like clay pots or outsized chess pieces
- The most arresting feature of the Torogan is
the set of protruding beam ends, called THE BEGINNINGS
“Panolong”, Flaring out from the façade,
intricately carved, and stunningly colored 1565 – Miguel Lopez de Legaspi discovered PH
(ensemble a boat prows) and the Spanish regime begand

BAHAY KUBO
CEBU – built/erected a chapel and fort
Simplicity regarded as a prototype COLONIAL TOWN PLANNING
STREETS Built at right angles to each
- Supported on stilts high above the ground
other ; looks like a chessboard
- The lower floor is for poultries PLAZA Huge open square around the
most important buildings
- Flooring is made of bamboo slats
IMPORTANT - The Cathedral
- Walls are made of nipa BUILDINGS
- Windows are made of sliding sahes or awning - The Governor General’s
made of sawali Place
- Stairs from the ground level is made of - The Tribunal
Bamboo and same in columns - The City Council
- The bahay kubo is a house that breathes SECONDARY Constructed in different parts of
PLAZAS the city
ADDITIONAL Main plaza should be located
BATANES HOUSES ORDINANCE close to the waterfront
Located at the Northernmost islands of the PUEBLOS OR Usually located inland ; plaza in
archipelago ; high winds and heavy rain TOWNS the center
- Built to hug the ground MID 1580s Edifices began to be
- Thick stone walls and a thick grass roof constructed with stone
withstand the severest storms
- The roof is supported by posts encased I the
stone walls DOMINGO SALAZAR – first bishop of Manila
- Stone and mortar construction was introduced
in the Batanes islands during the Spanish DOMINGO SALAZAR & JESUIT ANTONIO
regime SEDEÑO – built the first stone tower which was
one of the defenses of the walled city
1587 – Governor General Santiago De Vera 1580s – BP Salazar and FR. Sedeno
required all buildings in Manila to be built of discovered stone quarries developed into the art
stone of masonry
- It was the firs Golden Age of Building in DE SILLERIA OR DE CAL Y CANTO – building
Stone as Chinese and Filipinos were of cut stone such as those in Manila
taught how to quarry and dress stone,
DE MAMPOSTERIA – known as rubble work ;
prepare and use mortar, and mold bricks
buildings were erected using various shaped
rocks and river stones
1645 – plans were dashed after a huge THE ART OF MAKING BRICKS
earthquake in Manila LADRILLOS Bricks
TEJAS Roof Tiles
Because of the earthquake, new type of BALDOZAS Floor Tiles
PIEDRA CHINA Heavy slabs of granite
Architecture emerged ARGAMASA Mortar ; mix of powdered lime
NEW EDIFICES Except churches, rarely rose and water
to more than 2 floors PALETADA Protects masonry wall from
STONE WALLS Expand to as much as 3m erosion and moisture
thick ; buttresses are TABIQUE Mortar applied over a screen
employed PAMANGO of interwoven branches and
STONE Only used for the 1st story ; wooden slates to produce a
2nd story is built of wood thin wall
INCORPORATION OF Interlocking beams and TRANSLUSCENT For window panes, filters light
PRE-HISPANIC house posts CAPIZ CLAM
FRAMEWORK
HALIGI or HARIGUE Stone walls that yielded their
load bearing role to the house ESSENTIAL BUILDING MATERIALS
posts MANILA ADOBE (Volcanic tuff quarried
from the hills)
NORTHERN BRICK
LUZON
ARQUITECTURA MESTIZA – or “Mixed
TOWNS ALONG HEWN BLOCKS OF CORAL
Architecture” , is a term used by Jesuit Ignacio THE COAST STONE
Alzina as early as 1668 VISAYAS STONE OR CORAL

MAESTRO DE OBRAS – “Master Builders” ;

natives who had practical experience and who MILITARY ARCHITECTURE
learned additional knowledge from friars,
FORT SAN PEDRO
engineers, etc.
- triangular fort near the coast of the city
FELIX ROXAS SR. – First Filipino Architect
erected in 1565 by Legazpi and his men
WOOD AND BAMBOO – materials used in - A modest palisade of timber
early churches, houses, and buildings
MOLAVE – best for house posts because it is
NUESTRA SEÑORA DE GUIA
impervious to termites
- First stone fort built in the 1580 by Fr.
NARRA – favorite for table (floorboards)
Antonio Sedeno at one corner od the
because of its deep red color and beautiful shine
walled city facing what is now, Rizal Park
when polished
- Its foundations were later incorporated
WOODEN PEGS & DOVETAIL JOINTS – used into the stone walls enclosing Manila,
instead of nails ; kept the pieces together built by Gov. Gen. Gomez Perez
Dasmarinas in the 1590s
FORT SANTIAGO MONASTERY
- Served as headquarters for the religious
- Constructed over the ruins of the - Four-sided plan with a cloister enclosing an
fortifications of the city’s previous Filipino inner courtyard or atrium and a garden where
friars could meditate
ruler, Soliman POTERIA Office where records were
- Guarded the mouth of the Pasig River kept
- Named after Spain’s patron saint RECIBIDOR Where friars me their guests
REFECTORIO Where they had their meals
PARTS OF A PORT DE PROFUNDIS Where residents prayed for
CORTINAS Three or more sides of a their deceased companions
typical stone fort CASA PARROQUAL Parish House
CASAMATAS Stone platforms on top of walls NAVE Main longitudinal body
BALUARTES OR Flanking cortinas on both ends BAUSTERIO Baptistery
BASTIONES ALTAR MAYOR Main Altar
GARITAS Perched little turrets on other RETABLO Altar screen
corners SACRISTIA Sacristy
FOSO (MOAT) Often surrounded the PULPITO Pulpit ; an elevated structure
fortification located at the nave
FALSABRAGA Low wall by which the water’s CORO Choir loft ; a high platform just
outed reaches providing yet behind the main entrance
another line of defense PATIO Site for outdoor ceremonies
REVELLINE Heavy structure; sometimes like the Hosanna of Palm
erected on one side of the Sunday
main entrance

- The church compound was the most

DEPENDING ON THE SIZE OF A FORT, IT CAN
INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING SPACES
dominant feature of any town’s
ALOJAMIENTOS Living Quarters for soldiers Architecture.
CALBOZO Jail - Another important part of the church
HERRERIA Foundry complex was the CEMETERY
ALMACENES Warehouse
POZO Well or a Chapel
- Chapels built in selected areas were
visited by priests, made of light materials
were variously called as:
OTHER FORTS BUILT BY THE SPANIARDS o CAPILLA
ISLANDS OF CUYO
PALAWAN o CAMARIN
CULION ZAMBOANGA o ERMITA
BASILAN TANDAG o SANTUARIO
CAGAYAN DE ORO COTABATO o TUKLONG
PANGUI
o VISITA
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE
WATCH TOWERS
BAHAY KUBO
- Bicol Peninsula: made of Wood The arch type for domestic architecture during the
- Coast of Ilocos, Batangas, and Cebu: Spanish regime ; designed to allow maximum
made of Stone ventilation
COMMON PARTS
RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE BULWAGAN Sala
SILID Small room where clothes,
- FIRST MONASTIC CHURCHES: built for etc. were kept
the Augustinians in Cebu and Manila KUSINA Kitchen
BANGUERA Window rack made of split
- MOTHER CHURCHES: concentrated in bamboo
Intramuros BATALAN Roofless extension next to the
kitchen
ANTILLIAN – Philippine colonial houses were CASA REAL / CASA - Smaller version of
described as Antillian because they seemed to MUNICIPAL / Ayuntamiento
MONICIPIO - Symbolize the
resemble houses in the Antilles or west indies secular power of
the state
BAHAY NA BATO
CASA HACIENDA - Administrative
COMMON PARTS buildings for the
ZAGUAN Hall on the ground floor hacienda or landed
leading to the entrance estate
CABALLERIZAS Stables
ESCALERA Grand Staircase
CAIDA or ANTE Large room where informal
MIDDLE OF 18TH CENTURY – Intramuros has
SALA entertaining took place
SALA Often the largest room ; at least 6 schools within its walls
reserved for special functions
such as TERTULIAS or UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTO TOMAS – built in
EVENING SOIREES 1611 by the Dominicans
COMEDOR Dining room
COCINA Kitchen OTHER SCHOOLS:
AZOTEA Outdoor terrace
CUARTOS Bedrooms - COLEGIO DE SAN PHELIPE
CALADOS Upper part of the partition - COLEGIO DE SAN JUAN DE LETRAN
where air is allowed to - COLEGIO DE SAN JOSE
circulate at ceiling height
- COLEGIO DE STA. ISABEL
- COLEGIO DE SAN PABLO (VIGAN)
CIVIL ARCHITECTURE - COLEGIO DE SANTA ISABEL (NAGA)
- ESCUALE DE ARTES Y OFICIOS DE
Once established in Manila, the Spaniards
BACOLOR (vocational school in
commenced the construction of a number of
Pampanga)
buildings for the various offices needed in
running the colony. These buildings may be
classified under three types based on their
SCHOOLS THAT BEGAN AS ORPHANAGES
function:
IN INTRAMUROS
- ADMINISTRATIVE
- HOSPICIO DE SAN JOSE
- SOCIAL
- ASILO DE SAN VICENTE DE PAUL
- COMMERCIAL
PLAZA MAYOR OF Location of two of the most
MANILA important administrative
building in the land
The first hospital was set up in Manila by the
CASA DEL Other names for the first Franciscans in 1578.
AYUNTAMIENTO / most important admin
CASA DEL CABILDO / building in Plaza Mayor - HOSPITAL REAL – reserved only for the
CASA CONSITORIAL / Spaniards
CASA REAL - HOSPITAL DE SAN GABRIEL – for the
PALACIO DEL - Residence of the
GOBERNADOR highest official of Chinese in Binondo
GENERAL / PALACIO the lanf - HOSPITAL DE SAN LAZARO – For
REAL - Made of stone, 2 lepers in Sta. Cruz
stories, spacious
inner courtyard
- SAN JUAN DE DIOS – in port of Cavite
MALACAÑANG - Earthquake of - NUESTRA SEÑORA DE LOS
1863 destroyed the DOLORES IN CAÑACAO
gov general’s
palace. Gov
general moved his
quarters and called
it Malacanang
OTHERS:
- TEATRO BINONDO – most substantially
built theatre
- ALCAICERIA DE SAN FERNANDO –
large commercial building that was
inaugurated in the populous Chinese
village of Binondo ; destroyed in a fire at
1810 and never rebuilt
- ESCOLTA – street where the largest
most prestigious companies were
established
- LA INSULAR CIGAR AND CIGARETTE
FACTORY – combined commerce and
art
- BANCO ESPAÑOL-FILIPINO DE
ISABEL II – first bank, originally housed
in the Aduana
- MONTE DE PIEDAD – Second bank,
first help office at the Colegio De Santa
Isabel
- 1880s – railway system was established,
central station in Tutuban was
constructed