Wastewater treatment

technologies
Introduction
 Wastewater
• Wastewater came from
– 50% industrial
– 25 agricultural-25% municipal
• Contaminants are substances that, when they
enter the recipient, significantly alter the
biological processes that take place there, and
reduce the water usability for further human use.
• Contaminants could be living being, materials,
energies
 Contaminants

Floating materials Dissolved material

Settling Organic Inorganic

(size > 0,1 mm) Non-settling

Organic Inorganic

Flotaing Brown motion

(0,1 mm – 10-3mm) (10-3mm - 10-6mm
 Contaminant sources

Emission Transmission Imission

Contaminants spreading
 Water pollutants
• agents causing the disease (bacteria , viruses, protozoa, parasites)

• oxygen-consuming wastes (domesti c sewage, animal manure and other

biodegradable organic materials that reduce the dissolved oxygen content

of water)

• water-solubl e inorganic substances (acids, salts, toxic heavy metals and

their compounds )

• inorganic plant nutrients (nitrate, phosphate)

• organic compounds (water-solubl e or insoluble oil, petroleum derivatives ,

pesticides, detergent s , etc.)

• sediment or suspended matter (insoluble soil particles and other inorganic

or organic matter that remains in water in suspension form)

• radioactive substances
Pollution Effect Removal method

Biodegradable Consumes dissolved oxygen, Aerobic and anaerobic

causing fish destruction, and it fermentation
can cause stench spreading
Biodegradable Unpleasant taste and odor, Chemical oxidation,
causing cancer and other adsorption
health harming effect
Float material Sedimented on the river Sedimentation, flotation
bottom, covers the fish
nutrition. If it’s organic, it will
rot
Mineral Increase water hardness, Ion exchange, reverse
water is unusable for irrigation ozmosis, dialysis, destillation

Substances that threat the Eutrofization, rottening Ion exchange, denitrification,

biological balance precipitation

Toxic materials Destroy aquatic life (bacteria Chemical oxidation,

as well), thereby blocks the adsorption, precipitation, ion
self-cleaning processes exchange
 Physical parameters
Parameter
Colour Colorless
Yellow
Braun
grey
Odor Earthy
Musty
Rotten eggs
Dissolved gases (DO) Oxygen
Sulfur hydrogen
Ammonia
Methane
Temperature Municipal wastewater:12-16 0C
Turbidity (SuspendedSolids) Transparent
Opaque
strongly or slightly cloudy
Non-dissolved materials (settling, Settling (sand, organic sludge)
floating, suspended) Floating (fat, oil)
Suspended solids (collodis)
 Chemical properties
• pH
• total dissolved substences
• dissolved inorganic (mineral) material (salt
content)
• dissolved organic matter
• total phosphorus content (total P, g/m3)
• organic nitrogen (organic N, g/m3)
• indicators of organic contamination (BOD, COD,
TOD, TOC)
 Inorganic materials
• Water-soluble inorganic materials
– E.g.: Acids, salts, toxic heavy metal compounds
– Mainly from fertilizers and mining waters
• Measure techniques
– evaporation residues (105 0C)
– specific electrical conductivity
• 8 main ion in the water:
– Kation: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
– Anion: CO32-, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-
• Metal ions
– From geological or anthropogenic source
– Essential elements: Ca, Mg, B, Zn, Cr, Ko, Mn, Mo, Fe, Cu, Sn
– Harmful elements: Ag, Hg, Pb, Cd, As(metalloid),
• Ca2+, Mg2+
• P, N
 Organic materials
• Organic material content
– Biologicaly degradable organic material (BOD)
– Organic compounds oxidation (COD)
– Organic material carbon content (TOC)
• Organic microcontaminants
– PCB, Phenol, pesticides, petroleum products, detergents
• Humic substances
– Humic and fulvic acids
• Hydrocarbons
– Aliphatic and cyclo-alpihatic hydrocarbons
– Mineral oil
 Biological properties
• Main microorganism
– Algae
– Protozoa
– Fungi
– Blue algae
– Bacteria
– Virus
• Eutrofization
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLbDbm
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