Wastewater treatment

technologies
Biological treatment
 Technological state
Secondary (biological) treatment
Technological

Organic material removal, nitrification-

goal

denitrification, biological phosphorus removal

stabilization Trickling filter Activated Anaerobic

Procedures

lakes system sludge system digestion

applied
Main bacterias used in wastewater
cleaning technologies
 Biological wastewater treatment
• In aerobic and anaerobic wastewater
treatment processes, the controlled activities
of microorganisms are used to decompose
organic matter and both processes consist of a
series of enzyme-catalyzed biochemical
reactions.
Main processes in the cell
 Main biological processes

Reproduction
Microorganism Substrate Process
rate

Organic C + O2 + (N and P) Organic C oxidation Big

Heterotrophic
Organic C + NO3- + (N and P) NO3- reduction Big

HCO3- + NH4+ + O2 + (N and

Autotrophic NH4+ oxidation Small
P)

Heterotrphic
Organic C (acetate) P delivery, C uptake Small
phosphate-
O2 + (N and P) P uptake, C oxidation Small
accumulating
 Carbon Electron Electron
Zone Microorganism Product
source donor acceptor

Aerob
Heterotrophe bacterias Organic C Organic C O2 CO2, H2O
heterotrophic

Nitrification, ammonium
Aerob oxidation(Nitrosomonas), NH4+ NO2-
CO2 O2
autotrophic Nitrite oxidation NO2- NO3-
(Nitrobacter)

Denetrification, Organic C Organic C NO2- N2

anoxic
nitrate reduction NO3- NO2-

Anaerob bacterias
Organic C Organic C CO2 CH3COOH
anaerob Acetogenic bacterias
HCO3- CH4
Metagnogenic bacterias
Biofilm
Biofilm
 Substrate
• Growth substrate: the enzyme system of the
microorganism is able to degrade and the substrate or its
degradation products are involved in the energy production
process
• Non-growth substrate: neither the substrate nor its
degradation products are involved in the energy production
process
• Enzyme-inducing substrate: activates the enzyme system of
the microorganism, thereby enabling the microorganism to
biodegrade.
• Non-enzyme-inducing substrate: It does not induce the
enzyme system of the microorganism, thus it is not capable
of itself causing biodegradation.

Cometabolism: biotransformation of a non-growth substrate

in the presence of a growth substrate obligate.
Kinetics of contaminant degradation
Monod kinetics
Andrews kinetics
 Energy management of
microorganisms

Electron acceptor redox pair:

Metabolism
 Energy need
• consumption = energy + formation of new cellular material
• energy = maintenance + reproduction
Energy need= maintenance + reproduction + formation of
new cellular material
Oxygen demand:
• Oxidation Microorganism
organics + oxygen ---------------------> CO2 + H2O + E
• Endogen respiration
+E
• Substrate respiration (Synthesis)
Energy paths
Growth pattern
Sludge Volume Index
F:M Ratio
 Settleability
• The structure and size of the flocculants
greatly influence the settleability of the
activated sludge
• Bacterias has two morphology:
– Filamentous
– flocculent
Growth rate
Sludge age
Sludge age
 types of sewage plants according to
the activated sludge
• biological partial cleaning
– some of the organic matter in the wastewater is
decomposed
– SRT: 5-20 hours
• biological full cleaning
– organic matter is degraded, but the cellular material of
microorganisms is not
– SRT: 4-15 day
• Total oxidation system
– organic matter in wastewater degraded, and most of the
cellular material in microorganisms is also degraded
– SRT: 25-100 day
SRT