INVENTIONS DESCRIPTION
Ancient Wheels Wheel, a circular frame of hard
material that may be solid, partly
solid, or spoked and that is capable
of turning on an axle (Britannica,
2024). Wheels, in conjunction with
axles, allow heavy objects to be
moved easily facilitating movement
or transportation while supporting a
load, or performing labor in
machines. Wheels are also used for
other purposes, such as a ship's
wheel, steering wheel, potter's
wheel, and flywheel (Wikipedia).
Papyrus Papyrus, from which we get the
modern word paper, is a writing
material made from the papyrus
plant, a reed which grows in the
marshy areas around the Nile River.
Papyrus was used as a writing
material as early as 3,000 BC in
ancient Egypt, and continued to be
used to some extent until around
1100 AD (University of Michigan).
Shadoof A shaduf is a hand-operated device
used for lifting water out of a well
or reservoir (Primary Facts, n.d.).
The shaduf is known as the first
device used for lifting water in
several ancient civilizations
(Yannopoulos et al., 2015).
Antikythera The Antikythera Mechanism is a
Mechanism cultural treasure that has engrossed
scholars across many disciplines. It
was a mechanical computer of
bronze gears that used ground-
breaking technology to make
astronomical predictions, by
mechanizing astronomical cycles
and theories (Freeth et al., 2021).
INVENTORS
It is believed that
Mesopotamian cultures, namely
the Sumerians, invented the wheel
around the 4th millennium BCE
(History Cooperative, 2024). It is
where the Sumerian people
inserted rotating axles into solid
discs of wood. It was only in 2000
BC that the discs began to be
hollowed out to make a lighter
wheel (CiteCo, n.d.).
Invented by the Egyptians in
approximately 3000 B.C., papyrus
leaves for writing were made from
the papyrus water-plant which
grew abundantly in the marshy
delta of the river Nile (University
of Adelaide).
A shaduf is an irrigation tool
invented by the Egyptians and used
ever since by many cultures
(Poughkeepsie Journal, 2015). It
was invented by the Ancient
Egyptians and is still used today, in
Egypt, India and other countries
(Primary Facts, n.d.).
Thought to have been constructed
by Archimedes at Syracuse or by
Posidonius at Rhodes, the
mechanism was recovered from a
ship wreck near the Greek island
of Antikythera in 1900-1
(Maloney, 2014).
Aeolipile The aeolipile was a hollow sphere
mounted so that it could turn on a
pair of hollow tubes that provided
steam to the sphere from a cauldron.
The steam escaped from the sphere
from one or more bent tubes
projecting from its equator, causing
the sphere to revolve. The aeolipile
is the first known device to
transform steam into rotary motion.
Like many other machines of the
time that demonstrated basic
mechanical principles, it was simply
regarded as a curiosity or a toy and
was not used for any practical
purpose (Britannica).
Heavy Plough The heavy plow was used during
the Middle Ages in Europe. The
purpose of plowing is so that the
fresh nutrients are brought up to the
surface by turning over the upper
layer of the soil, while
simultaneously burying weeds and
the remains of previous crops for
them to break down (Bartleby, n.d.).
Gunpowder Gunpowder is the first explosive to
have been developed (Wikipedia).
Gunpowder is a mixture of sulfur,
carbon (charcoal), and potassium
nitrate (saltpeter) that is also
commonly known as “black
powder” due to its color. Compared
to other chemical explosives,
gunpowder is relatively simple to
produce (Holmes et al., 2023).
Paper Money Paper money is a country's official,
paper currency that is circulated for
the transactions involved in
Heron, the great inventor of
Alexandria, described in detail
what is thought to be the first
working steam engine. He called it
an aeolipile, or "wind ball" (Fisher,
n.d.).
The heavy iron moldboard plow
was invented in China's Han
Empire in the 1st and 2nd century
and from where it was spread to
Holland which led the Agricultural
Revolution. The mould-board
plough introduced in the 18th
century was a major advance in
technology (Wikipedia).
The invention of gunpowder can be
traced back to the middle of the 9th
century in the Chinese Tang
Dynasty. Chinese alchemists, using
the chemical saltpeter (potassium
nitrate), were attempting to create a
potion of immortality. Instead, they
created one of the most destructive
tools in human history: gunpowder.
The earliest written formulas for
gunpowder can be found in the
Wujing Zongyao, a Chinese
military manual from 1044 CE.
(Study Smarter).
Paper currency first developed in
Tang dynasty China during the 7th
century, where it was called
 acquiring goods and services. The
printing of paper money is typically
regulated by a country's central
bank or treasury in order to keep the
flow of funds in line with monetary
policy (Barone, 2023). Paper money
is the authorized medium of
exchange in most countries. These
are banknotes of a country with
specific values circulated for all
manner of transactions. Paper
money is also called as paper
currency (Navi, 2023).
Mechanical Clock The mechanical clock comprises an
oscillating mechanism that marks
the passing of time, and an
escapement that counts its beats. By
comparison with astronomical
systems for measuring time, the
mechanical clock is less accurate,
but can be consulted at any time of
day or night, even in adverse
weather conditions (Institute and
Museum of the History of Science).
Spinning Wheel A spinning wheel is a machine used
to turn fiber into thread or yarn.
This thread or yarn is then woven as
cloth on a loom. The spinning
wheel's essential function is to
combine and twist fibers together to
form thread or yarn and then gather
the twisted thread on a bobbin or
stick so it may be used as yarn for
the loom (Encyclopedia, 2018).
"'flying money'", although true
paper money did not appear until
the 11th century, during the Song
dynasty (Wikipedia). Paper bills
were first used by the Chinese,
who started carrying folding
money during the Tang Dynasty
(A.D. 618-907) (Time Magazine).
The use of paper currency was
initiated by merchants. To avoid
having to carry thousands of
strings of coins long distances,
merchants in late Tang times (c.
900 CE) started trading receipts
from deposit shops where they had
left money or goods (Columbia
University).
The world’s first mechanical
clocks are thought to have been
tower clocks built in the region
spanning northern Italy to southern
Germany from around 1270 to
1300 during the renaissance
period. These clocks did not yet
have dials or hands, but told the
time by striking bells. The clocks
used the suspended weights to
move their wheels. There were two
such weights, one to move the
clock and the other to ring the bell
(Seiko, n.d.).
Dieter Kuhn and Weiji Cheng
propose the spinning wheel
originated in Zhou dynasty China.
C. Wayne Smith and J. Tom
Cothren, propose the spinning
wheel was invented in India as
early as 500-1000 AD.Arnold
Pacey and Irfan Habib propose the
spinning wheel was most likely
invented in the Islamic world by
the early 11th century. K. A.
Nilakanta Sastri and Vijaya
Ramaswamy suggest there is clear

Jansen’s Janssen's microscope consists of
Compound three draw tubes with lenses
Microscope inserted into the ends of the
flanking tubes. The eyepiece lens
was bi-convex and the objective
lens was plano-convex, a very
advanced compound design for this
time period. Focusing of this hand-
held microscope was achieved by
sliding the draw tube in or out while
observing the sample. The Janssen
microscope was capable of
magnifying images approximately
three times when fully closed and
up to ten times when extended to
the maximum (Florida State
University).
Galileo’s Galilean telescope, instrument for
First viewing distant objects, named after
Telescope the great Italian scientist Galileo
Galilei (1564–1642), who first
constructed one in 1609. With it, he
discovered Jupiter’s four largest
satellites, spots on the Sun, phases
of Venus, and hills and valleys on
the Moon. It consists of a
convergent lens as objective (i.e.,
the lens that forms the image); and
its eyepiece (or ocular), placed in
front of the focus, is a divergent
lens. An upright image is produced.
This simple refracting telescope is
still used in modern opera glasses,
which are low-powered binoculars
(Britannica).
Jacquard Loom The Jacquard machine is a device
fitted to a loom that simplifies the
process of manufacturing textiles
reference to the use of a spinning
wheel (with a description of its
parts) by the 12th century in India,
by Kannada poet, Remmavve
(Wikipedia).
Zacharias Janssen is generally
believed to be the first investigator
to invent the compound
microscope. However, because the
accomplishment is generally
agreed among historians to be
dated in the 1590s, most scholars
believe that his father, Hans, must
have played an important role in
the creation of the instrument. The
pair worked together as spectacle
makers in Middleburg, Holland not
far from Hans Lippershey, another
optical scientist who is often
alternatively credited with the
invention of the microscope
(Florida State University).
Many people believe that Galileo
Galilei was the first astronomer to
invent and build the telescope;
however, the first telescope was
made by Hans Lippershey in the
early 1600s. Lipperhey was a
German-Dutch glass maker, and he
managed to reduce the amount of
light in his telescope while
focusing it. His model inspired
other scientists to work on
perfecting the telescope (The Nine
Planets, 2019). Galileo Galilei did
not invent the telescope but was
the first to use it systematically to
observe celestial objects and
record his discoveries. (Australia
Telescope National Facility).
The machine was patented by
Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1804,
based on earlier inventions by the
 with such complex patterns as
brocade, damask and matelassé.
The resulting ensemble of the loom
and Jacquard machine is then called
a Jacquard loom (Wikipedia).
Engine-powered An aircraft engine, often referred to
Airplane as an aero engine, is the power
component of an aircraft propulsion
system. Aircraft using power
components are referred to as
powered flight. Most aircraft
engines are either piston engines or
gas turbines, although a few have
been rocket powered and in recent
years many small UAVs have used
electric motors (Wikipedia).
Modern Television A modern television is usually flat
and has a size ranging from 21
inches to as much as 71 inch.
Modern television set has standard
ports of HDMI, USB, VGA, A/V
inputs, composite video, ethernet,
an RF connector (Student Share).
Philippin The Electric Jeepney (E-Jeepney) is
e E- a recent development in the
Jeepney Philippines that provides a the visionary Mr. Robert Puckett in
sustainable, clean form of public
transportation. E-jeepney is more
cost-effective; has 87% lower
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions;
does not produce smog; reduces air
pollution and its associated health
effects; and is more preferred by the
majority of the riding public due to
its safety, environment-friendly, and
comfortable ride. (Appropedia).
Frenchmen Basile Bouchon
(1725), Jean Baptiste Falcon
(1728), and Jacques Vaucanson
(1740) (Wikipedia).
The Wright brothers inaugurated
the aerial age with the world's first
successful flights of a powered
heavier-than-air flying machine.
Wilbur and Orville Wright spent
four years of research and
development to create the first
successful powered airplane, the
1903 Wright Flyer. It first flew at
Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, on
December 17, 1903, with Orville at
the controls (National Air and
Space Museum).
Modern Television is a British
production company based in
Cardiff and London. It was
founded in 2005 by Griff Rhys
Jones and Simon Mansfield, who
left in 2011 (Wikipedia).
The electric jeepney (E-Jeepney)
was introduced in the country by
2007 (Solaready PH). This (e-
jeepney) was made by the
engineers of EVAP, while the
research and development,
prototyping was funded by the
DOST for PHP4.9 million,"
DOST-Philippine Council for
Industry, Energy, Emerging
Technology Research and
Development (DOST PCIEERD)
executive director Enrico Paringit
told the Philippine News Agency
(Arayata, 2022).
Erythromycin Erythromycin is used to prevent and
treat infections in many different
parts of the body, including
respiratory tract infections, skin
infections, diphtheria, intestinal
amebiasis, acute pelvic
inflammatory disease, Legionnaire's
disease, pertussis, and syphilis
(Mayo Clinic, 2024).
Medical Incubator Incubators are device that provides
sufficient warmth to the body to
maintain a desired temperature.
Premature babies have very less fat
around them and lose heat rapidly
to the surrounding environment.
The incubator plays an important
role in maintaining the small
environment of desired temperature
which minimizes the heat loss.
Once the heat loss is reduced, the
nutrition given to premature babies
will be utilized in organ
development and weight gain
(Pediatric Oncall).
Mole remover A skin cancer treatment cream
made of cashew nut and kakawate
(Gliciridia sepium) scraped first
place in the recent National
Inventions Contest held at the
Philippine Trade Training Center in
Pasay City last Nov. 17-21
(Department of Science and
Technology, 2009).
Banana Ketchup Banana ketchup, also known as
banana sauce (in export markets), is
a Philippine fruit ketchup
condiment made from banana,
sugar, vinegar, and spices. Its
natural color is brownish-yellow but
it is often dyed red to resemble
tomato ketchup. Banana ketchup
Dr. Abelardo Aguilar, a Scientist
from the Philippines discovered
the Erythromycin in 1949. Dr.
Abelardo was testing samples of
soils from his backyard and
isolated micro-organisms – a
bacteria that lead to the
development of the Antibiotic
called Erythromycin (San Pedro
College of Business
Administration, 2020).
Del Mundo revolutionized
Philippine medicine, making major
breakthroughs in immunization
and in the treatment of jaundice,
and providing healthcare to
thousands of poor families. She is
credited with studies that led to the
invention of the incubator and a
jaundice relieving device (Hobart
and William Smith Colleges).
Rolando Dela Cruz, is a multi-
awarded Filipino scientist and
inventor who developed an
ingenuous formula that could
easily remove deeply grown moles
or warts from the skin without
leaving marks or hurting the
patient (Steemit, 2018).
Maria Orosa is the female scientist
behind the iconic banana ketchup.
A Filipino condiment, banana
ketchup was created by Orosa
between the 30s and 40s. At this
time, Orosa had dedicated herself
to bolstering Philippine food
supply by creating alternatives to
 was first produced in the
Philippines during World War II
due to a wartime shortage of
tomatoes but a comparatively high
production of bananas (Wikipedia)
imported fare. She was advocate
for using locally available
ingredients, so when a tomato
shortage ensued, she found a way
to create ketchup from bananas. In
1942, Universal Food Corporation
(UFC) distributed the first mass-
produced banana ketchup, which is
still a staple today (Tatler Asua,
2021).

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