‭ E101-‬‭MATHEMATICS‬‭IN‬‭THE‬‭MODERN‬‭WORLD‬

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‭PRELIM-MIDTERM‬‭PERIOD‬
‭TOPIC‬‭1‬

‭Nature‬‭of‬‭Mathematics‬
‭ athematics‬‭reveals‬‭hidden‬‭patterns‬‭that‬‭help‬‭us‬‭understand‬‭the‬‭world‬‭around‬‭us.‬‭Now‬‭much‬
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‭more‬‭than‬‭arithmetic‬‭and‬‭geometry,‬‭mathematics‬‭today‬‭is‬‭a‬‭diverse‬‭discipline‬‭that‬‭deals‬‭with‬
‭data,‬‭measurements,‬‭and‬‭observations‬‭from‬‭science;‬‭with‬‭inference,‬‭deduction,‬‭and‬‭proof;‬‭and‬
‭with‬‭mathematical‬‭models‬‭of‬‭natural‬‭phenomena,‬‭of‬‭human‬‭behavior,‬‭and‬‭of‬‭social‬‭systems.‬

‭ s‬‭a‬‭practical‬‭matter,‬‭mathematics‬‭is‬‭a‬‭science‬‭of‬‭pattern‬‭and‬‭order.‬‭Its‬‭domain‬‭is‬‭not‬‭molecules‬
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‭or‬‭cells,‬‭but‬‭numbers,‬‭chance,‬‭form,‬‭algorithms,‬‭and‬‭change.‬‭As‬‭a‬‭science‬‭of‬‭abstract‬‭objects,‬
‭mathematics‬‭relies‬‭on‬‭logic‬‭rather‬‭than‬‭on‬‭observation‬‭as‬‭its‬‭standard‬‭of‬‭truth,‬‭yet‬‭employs‬
‭observation,‬‭simulation,‬‭and‬‭even‬‭experimentation‬‭as‬‭means‬‭of‬‭discovering‬‭truth.‬

‭Patterns‬‭and‬‭Symmetry‬

‭ s‬‭rational‬‭creatures,‬‭we‬‭tend‬‭to‬‭identify‬‭and‬‭follow‬‭patterns‬‭whether‬‭consciously‬‭or‬
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‭subconsciously.‬‭Recognizing‬‭patterns‬‭feels‬‭natural,‬‭like‬‭our‬‭brain‬‭is‬‭hardwired‬‭to‬‭recognize‬
‭them.‬

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‭ ‬ ‭Patterns‬

🙂🙁🙂🙁🙂🙁?‬
‭-‬ r‭ egular,‬‭repeated,‬‭or‬‭recurring‬‭forms‬‭or‬‭designs.‬

‭Example‬‭1:‬

‭
‭Example‬‭2:‬

‭a.‬ ‭b.‬
‭Example‬‭4:‬

‭1.‬ ‭What‬‭number‬‭comes‬‭next‬‭in‬‭1,‬‭3,‬‭5,‬‭7,....?‬

‭2.‬ ‭What‬‭number‬‭comes‬‭next‬‭in‬‭1,‬‭4,‬‭9,‬‭16,‬‭25,....?‬

‭Patterns‬‭in‬‭Nature‬

‭ arly‬‭Humans‬‭recognized‬‭the‬‭repeating‬‭interval‬‭of‬‭the‬‭day‬‭and‬‭night,‬‭the‬‭cycle‬‭of‬‭the‬‭moon,‬‭the‬
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‭rising‬‭and‬‭falling‬‭of‬‭tides‬‭and‬‭the‬‭changing‬‭of‬‭seasons.‬

‭Tiger’s‬‭Stripes‬‭and‬‭Hyena’s‬‭Spots‬
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● ‭ atterns‬‭are‬‭also‬‭exhibited‬‭in‬‭the‬‭external‬‭appearances‬‭of‬‭animals.‬
‭●‬ ‭These‬‭seemingly‬‭random‬‭designs‬‭are‬‭believed‬‭to‬‭be‬‭governed‬‭by‬‭mathematical‬
‭equations.‬
‭●‬ ‭According‬‭to‬‭a‬‭theory‬‭by‬‭Allan‬‭Turing,‬‭a‬‭chemical‬‭reactions‬‭and‬‭diffusion‬‭processes‬‭in‬
‭cells‬‭determine‬‭these‬‭growth‬‭patterns.‬
‭ acking‬‭Problems‬
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‭Packing‬‭Problems‬‭-‬‭involve‬‭finding‬‭the‬‭optimum‬‭method‬‭of‬‭filling‬‭up‬‭a‬‭given‬‭space‬‭such‬‭as‬‭a‬
‭cubic‬‭or‬‭spherical‬‭container.‬

‭Honeycomb‬
‭●‬ I‭t‬‭is‬‭observed‬‭that‬‭such‬‭formation‬‭enables‬‭the‬‭bee‬‭colony‬‭to‬‭maximize‬‭their‬‭storage‬‭of‬
‭honey‬‭using‬‭the‬‭smallest‬‭amount‬‭of‬‭wax.‬
‭●‬ ‭An‬‭example‬‭of‬‭a‬‭packing‬‭problem‬‭is‬‭the‬‭structure‬‭and‬‭shape‬‭of‬‭a‬‭honeycomb.‬
‭●‬ ‭It‬‭is‬‭observed‬‭that‬‭such‬‭formation‬‭enables‬‭the‬‭bee‬‭colony‬‭to‬‭maximize‬‭their‬‭storage‬‭of‬
‭honey‬‭using‬‭the‬‭smallest‬‭amount‬‭of‬‭wax.‬

‭Flower‬‭Petals‬
‭●‬ I‭f‬‭you‬‭look‬‭more‬‭closely,‬‭you‬‭will‬‭note‬‭that‬‭different‬‭flowers‬‭have‬‭different‬‭numbers‬‭of‬
‭petals.‬
‭●‬ ‭Flowers‬‭with‬‭five‬‭petals‬‭are‬‭said‬‭to‬‭be‬‭the‬‭most‬‭common.‬
‭The‬‭Sunflower‬
‭●‬ T ‭ here‬‭is‬‭a‬‭definite‬‭pattern‬‭of‬‭clockwise‬‭and‬‭counterclockwise‬‭arcs‬‭or‬‭spirals‬‭extending‬
‭outward‬‭from‬‭the‬‭center‬‭of‬‭the‬‭flower.‬
‭●‬ ‭This‬‭arrangement‬‭allows‬‭the‬‭sunflower‬‭seed‬‭to‬‭occupy‬‭the‬‭flower‬‭head‬‭in‬‭a‬‭way‬‭that‬
‭maximizes‬‭their‬‭access‬‭to‬‭light‬‭and‬‭nutrients.‬

‭Snail’s‬‭Shell‬
‭●‬ S ‭ nail‬‭are‬‭born‬‭with‬‭their‬‭shells,‬‭called‬‭Protoconch,‬‭which‬‭start‬‭out‬‭as‬‭fragile‬‭and‬
‭colorless.‬
‭●‬ ‭The‬‭figure‬‭in‬‭the‬‭bottom‬‭is‬‭called‬‭an‬‭equiangular‬‭spiral,‬‭follows‬‭the‬‭rule‬‭that‬‭as‬‭the‬
‭distance‬‭from‬‭the‬‭center‬‭increases,‬‭the‬‭angle‬‭formed‬‭by‬‭the‬‭radii‬‭to‬‭the‬‭point‬‭and‬‭the‬
‭tangent‬‭to‬‭the‬‭point‬‭remain‬‭constant.‬
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‭ ‬ ‭Symmetry‬
‭-‬ I‭ndicated‬‭that‬‭you‬‭can‬‭draw‬‭an‬‭imaginary‬‭line‬‭across‬‭an‬‭object‬‭and‬‭the‬‭resulting‬‭parts‬
‭are‬‭mirror‬‭images‬‭of‬‭each‬‭other.‬

‭-‬ ‭This‬‭type‬‭of‬‭symmetry‬‭is‬‭line,‬‭line‬‭or‬‭bilateral‬‭symmetry.‬

‭The‬‭Vintruvian‬‭Man‬
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‭ eonardo‬‭da‬‭Vinci’s‬‭Vitruvian‬‭Man‬‭shows‬‭the‬‭proportions‬‭and‬‭symmetry‬‭of‬‭the‬‭human‬
‭body.‬
‭Other‬‭Types‬‭of‬‭Symmetry‬
‭●‬ ‭There‬‭are‬‭other‬‭types‬‭of‬‭symmetry‬‭depending‬‭on‬‭the‬‭number‬‭of‬‭sides‬‭of‬‭faces‬‭that‬‭are‬
‭symmetrical.‬

‭Rotational‬‭Symmetry‬‭and‬‭the‬‭Angle‬‭of‬‭Rotation‬
‭-‬ ‭It‬‭is‬‭the‬‭property‬‭a‬‭shape‬‭has‬‭when‬‭it‬‭looks‬‭the‬‭same‬‭after‬‭some‬‭rotation‬‭by‬‭a‬‭partial‬
‭turn.‬
‭-‬ ‭The‬‭smallest‬‭that‬‭a‬‭figure‬‭can‬‭be‬‭rotated‬‭while‬‭still‬‭preserving‬‭the‬‭original‬‭formation‬‭is‬
‭called‬‭the‬‭angle‬‭of‬‭rotation.‬

‭Angle‬‭of‬‭Rotation‬‭=‬‭360‬
‭n‬
‭Where‬‭n‬‭is‬‭the‬‭order‬‭of‬‭rotation.‬

‭Sequence‬
‭-‬ ‭Is‬‭an‬‭ordered‬‭list‬‭of‬‭numbers,‬‭called‬‭terms,‬‭that‬‭may‬‭have‬‭repeated‬‭values.‬‭The‬
‭arrangement‬‭of‬‭these‬‭terms‬‭is‬‭set‬‭by‬‭a‬‭definite‬‭rule.‬

‭Exercise:‬
‭a)‬ ‭1,‬‭10,‬‭100,‬‭1000,‬‭….‬
‭b)‬ ‭2,‬‭5,‬‭9,‬‭14,‬‭20,‬‭….‬
‭c)‬ ‭16,‬‭32,‬‭64,‬‭128,‬‭….‬
‭d)‬ ‭1,‬‭1,‬‭2,‬‭3,‬‭5,‬‭8,‬‭….‬
‭Fibonacci‬‭Sequence‬
‭-‬ ‭It‬‭is‬‭named‬‭after‬‭the‬‭Italian‬‭mathematician‬‭Leonardo‬‭of‬‭Pisa,‬‭who‬‭was‬‭better‬‭known‬‭by‬
‭his‬‭nickname‬‭Fibonacci.‬

‭1,‬‭1,‬‭2,‬‭3,‬‭5,‬‭8,‬‭13,‬‭21,‬‭34,‬‭55,‬‭89,‬‭144,‬‭….‬

‭We‬‭define‬‭Fib(n)‬‭be‬‭the‬‭nth‬‭term‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Fibonacci‬‭sequence‬‭with,‬

‭Fib(1)=‬‭1,‬‭Fib(2)=1,‬‭Fib(3)=2,‬‭Fib(4)=3,‬‭….‬

‭ eometrically,‬‭it‬‭can‬‭also‬‭be‬‭visualized‬‭as‬‭a‬‭rectangle‬‭perfectly‬‭formed‬‭by‬‭a‬‭square‬‭and‬
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‭another‬‭rectangle,‬‭which‬‭can‬‭be‬‭repeated‬‭infinitely‬‭inside‬‭each‬‭section.‬
‭Mathematic‬‭for‬‭our‬‭World‬

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‭ ‬ ‭ athematics‬‭for‬‭Organization‬
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‭➢‬ ‭Mathematics‬‭for‬‭Prediction‬
‭➢‬ ‭Mathematics‬‭for‬‭Control‬
‭➢‬ ‭Mathematics‬‭is‬‭indispensable‬