Q1)

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

Definition

It is a long polymer. It has a deoxyribose and phosphate backbone having four distinct bases: thymine, Is a polymer with a ribose and phosphate backbone with four varying bases: uracil, cytosine,
adenine, cytosine and guanine. adenine and guanine.

Location

It is located in the nucleus of a cell and in the mitochondria. It is found in the cytoplasm, nucleus and in the ribosome.

Sugar portion

It has 2-deoxyribose. It has Ribose.

Function

The function of DNA is the transmission of genetic information. It acts as a medium for long-term RNA is critical for the transmission of the genetic code that is necessary for protein creation
storage. from the nucleus to the ribosome.

Predominant Structure

DNA is a double-stranded molecule that has a long chain of nucleotides. RNA is a single-stranded molecule which has a shorter chain of nucleotides.

Q2)

Vitamin Sources Deficiency diseases

A It occurs in free state or as ester in milk, butter, eggs, fish and vegetables such as cabbage and carrots. Night blindness, retardation of growth and dryness of skin/hair.

C Citrus fruits and green vegetables. Scurvy

D Cod liver oil, fish liver oil, meat, egg, butter etc. Rickets, a disease related to bones

Q3) α-amino acids:

1. The smallest unit to which the protein can be broken down is called amino acids.
2. The α-amino acids are the amino acids whose one carbon contains both the amino group (NH 2) and carboxyl group (COOH).
3. Such type of carbon is called α-carbon.
4. Thus, the amino acid that contains an α-carbon is called an α-amino acid.

Q4) Proteins are very large molecules composed of basic units called amino acids. Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and sulphur.

Protein molecules are large, complex molecules formed by one or more twisted and folded strands of amino acids. Proteins are
highly complex molecules that are actively involved in the most basic and important aspects of life. These include metabolism,
movement, defense, cellular communication, and molecular recognition

Proteins serve as structural support, biochemical catalysts, hormones, enzymes, building blocks

Q5)essential lysine,
methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan
non essential arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid,
Q6) Fehling’s solution is a deep blue alkaline solution which is used to identify the presence of aldehydes or groups that contain
any aldehyde functional group -CHO, and in addition with Tollen’s reagent to differentiate between reducing and non-reducing
sugars. Fehling’s solution is also used to differentiate a ketone group and water-soluble carbohydrates.

Q7) Tollen's reagent ([Ag(NH3)2]+)→

Tollens' reagent is a chemical reagent used to determine the presence of an aldehyde, aromatic aldehyde and alpha-hydroxy
ketone functional groups. The reagent consists of a solution of silver nitrate and ammonia.

Q8) significant bleeding, poor bone development, osteoporosis, and increased cardiovascular disease. the best dietary
sources of vitamin K are dark green leafy vegetables like spinach, parsley, broccoli.

Q9)aspartame

Q10)fructose

Q11) Carbohydrate is a group of organic compounds occurring in living tissues and foods in the form of starch, cellulose, and
sugars. The ratio of oxygen and hydrogen in carbohydrates is the same as in water i.e. 2:1. It typically breaks down in the animal
body to release energy.

Simple Carbohydrates (Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Oligosaccharides)

1. Monosaccharides
Glucose is an example of a carbohydrate monomer or monosaccharide. Other examples of monosaccharides include mannose,
galactose, fructose, etc. The structural organization of monosaccharides is as follows:

2. Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide. Examples of carbohydrates having two monomers include- Sucrose,
Lactose, Maltose, etc.

3. Oligosaccharides
Carbohydrates formed by the condensation of 2-9 monomers are called oligosaccharides. By this convention, trioses, pentoses,
hexoses are all oligosaccharides.
Complex Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides)
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates formed by the polymerization of a large number of monomers. Examples of
polysaccharides include starch, glycogen, cellulose, etc. which exhibit extensive branching and are homopolymers – made up of
only glucose units.

Q12)acetic anhydride

Hydroxyl amine

Q13)a) A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino acid group of the
other molecule, resulting into the formation of an amide group along with a molecule of water. The reaction is known as dehydration synthesis/ condensation

reaction and the resulting CO−NH bond is known as a peptide bond.

b) Denaturation of the proteins is a condition when the unique three-dimensional structure of a protein is exposed to changes. Due
to changes in temperature, pH or other chemical activities, the hydrogen bonds present in the proteins get disturbed.

Q19) Vitamins are a group of organic compounds that are extremely necessary and essential for normal growth and functioning of the
human body. They are required in very small quantities but cannot be synthesized by the body itself, and can only be sourced from
outside.

Whereas they are not possible to be synthesized in our bodies they are easily synthesized in plants. So we must rely on these sources
for our daily requirements of vitamins. Like for example, we eat oranges and lemons for Vitamin C. So all our vitamins are obtained
via our diet or other supplements

Q20) Phospholipids are compound lipids, consisting of phosphoric acids, nitrogen base, alcohol and fatty acids. These
compound lipids are major components of the cell membrane and also provide a fluid character to the membranes. In cell
membranes, these phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail, which forms the inside of the bilayer.

1. It regulates the permeability of the membrane.

2. It is also involved in the absorption of fat from the intestine.
3. It helps in ETC- Electron Transport Chain in the mitochondria.
4. Phospholipids help by preventing the accumulation of fats in the liver.
5. ex Phosphatidylserine and Phosphatidylcholine

Q21) Secondary Structure : The conformation which the polypeptide chain assumes as a result of hydrogen bonding is
known as secondary structure. The two of secondary structures are �-helix and �-pleated sheet structures.
In �-helix structure, the polypeptide chain forms all the possible hydrogen bonds by twisting into a right-handed screw
(helix) with the −�� group of each amino acid residue hydrogen bonded to the >�=� groups of an adjacent turn of the
helix. In �-pealed structure. , all peptide chains are stretched out to nearly maximum extension and then laid side by and are
held together by hydrogen bonds.