Lecte-18 |1E P-)

Lot K be a Hld and Ae M, (K).

we considue K, to e R or (.

Þxl (Egtn valhe Egan vector)

EK is called a
AA monzuro vecto
there exists AE K
&uch thet Av= in K".
¬K
Glled valne of
tRis (ase
to the igen' vector v.
A cot pong
KxKM is alled an sigen poir.
(A, s) E

Remonk vactor of A. Then,

Lat EK be an sigen
also Qn

vector oP A. In deed, ne sQ0

(befe (chaactsishe pofynoial) in t

is called
The paynomsial () = det (I-A),
the charcatodshe psiymomial of A.
|P-2|
|Remork|2
We Knoa that from lingat Ag ebra
)EK is an aiqen val ne o A if and ony i
K.
P () = dat (NI-A) =0
EK is an igen valne of
A
In deeel, A= ir k
Aneh hat
in kn
(I-A)= 0

G det (NI- A)=0

in

1
A
4

G(+)= det (t)'-4=2t-3

valnes
Too wgenN
A=
 |?-3]
A has wo ijen valnes i R

Bnt if we onsi dere Ae M. (a).

eigen valne. N= , A=-i.
Then, A has

Remaek3 be an aigen poar of A.

A= AV
Then, the Veetor
directton oF
in te
acts as wke salare multiplication
A

(lut K=R).
Graomotiully :
(: , AEM (R)
e the.
It magnvector

2.

Tt ghrinks the vetor

 |A|
plane. Comglex
n
Yadis of dik in lies
o Centsed |||A
igen Sags reswlt
result aboVe lhe
valnes
Aof
pA) = whene
C. n
(Tharem |AU, (A) p Ihen,
8, 7 )
te) yple 4s9, pag-
nborinate (c) Main
veator to
Cn innom Lot
mati for that Yeall Ws
or n
4.
3
P-4
 Lichwa-18-l19 P-5)
provide betoe estimote for the loai
want provid.
the valnes of A.

befe For Ae M C).,A- (ai;)

R: (A) = ) | l iz\,kp:, n

and

it Giechgorin disk ig defned

(a)

4 1 B ,B,(4)
-
A=0 2
-2 0

3 4 7 8 9
P-6
|+2i
A=
2i -3

’B,= 8,(2i)

-3

B,- B).

Theorem1(Gerschgoin Grele thumem)

Let AE M(0) hen, avory eyen valne of A
one of Gierschgorin disks.
is contain ed in
Morovet, tf (sm sn) sf these disks
connected abset S hich is
fom a
disjoi»t fiom the (a-m) disks,
then, S containss exacty Counting mltpliaies.
valnes of A with
EC be an valwe sff A.
proo Let gen
b a corYeS Veetor
Let ve C^
(-a) =
Then,
Ke the
asthot note We
0. o
Let
that Sneh be
Then,
C: in
9 crmpononts with
Lectwa-13\19
 - aua]|Ve| (3 9)

EB
Atinson,page- 588- 98 590,
2nd givan in
Thesrom 9.1.

Let A= (aü) EM. C) and

Theorem 2]

value of A is conteined
Then, avoY yen
in One f thedhsk D;i
Rave Bame
proof: Sine, bsth A and AT
valngs and charcatuistie polynomials
Consider thuntem l ith A
Result will fello
veplaced
 |Lectuse -is19 |P-91
Pomve method hich is
Ihe powa mcthod is itorolive tichigue wscd
to determine the dominant eigen valne of
valne Hith
a matrin - that is
the me thod
nagnihde. by ma modiFging
also be waed to detemine.
slighty , it on
method prodnees not
This
other oign values.
value but also an jen vecor.
ony an agcn

| Def(Dominant eiaen-valve
AE M() i Baid to be a
valne s
An sigon
domi nont iger valwe of A. if

|Remork]4 isen-value sf o' matix

1. I a domiant
is
Rom all it sigen-valnes
be
orte 7Aro and an igen vector can
tneare syutem A-o.
Let
repaked a agebraie mtiplhate,.
|P-10 Can Teamange and r2name 4hen a

dominan oigen value o A.

have wni qne dominont

E 3. A mahix nay dovninent
ore
Or more hon
then one
valne
Aen valwe.
if do minant igen valne is
Moreo e,
wriqne, the corsponding agobraic
mult gliakes coula be
and gegmcic
more hen one and also bot
geom eic multiplicakes
algehrc and
Bame.
not be& he
Egen val nes are
A=
I, - 2,-I
dominemt
gen vale = -2
 gen valnes l, 2,-2
2
dominant sigen volves 2,-2.
not wniqe.

doninant eigen valne=2

2 I
0 2
d2 =2.

wri gne do ni vont sigen volne =2

2.

0 2 Agehaic mitiplay2.
2=2.
gemn
Descrigt o the method.
At
Lot A
Assumtton : et (R)
EM,M. (Ry hos real eger
valnes
fo thir multipliahey

wnigne nant
dowinant
domi igen value
A has
agehaic and gebmahie multipliikes
SAval to ne (.aimgle).
|P-12
(2) The wmohisc A io diagonaliza ble.
exist a bais of Rm
je. There
A:
igon
Lbt Wb danote the igen poors
ohoe

Methed: let x' R bea Veetor Gebitrary so that

Theny

=A= a, + , t

for m ¬ N

m =, t
 -e]

j=2

he note that

Hene, ’0

Hemee, provided d, t 0.
|<4 Somsll enogl
Brt it may hapgen if
m EN
too thet
=0 n Compstee

if

ituaton poill not be voey pracial

approximate is nomliyed at
In pocthce, the
Rac, iteation.
 3=2
A=
+a, A=
d, As.
yVn dy + t
Indnctvely,
A"=
)
A"x
An'
X
||A'
Axo
elaborate. sLet
Ws
mz for definl We
vecor pprooiete
gen afind To
 |Lecma-18|2) P-15

Henee, j=2 (4)

(d, t

As

and

note tat
m , in
0

0sillates betwen
if <O.
 vetor
onfonest
of kth
veatrr G=
Campnent
of Kth
l m
,: phae
that be
sachke,Y Let
appiimat
g find To
vale.
vector
frovids
Xm )
Gn
t
en
behoOsullates
+
Thoure P-14
my
 JLachva-ts1s-19 P-7]
be note het
ym= Am |Ao.
A"x
||A

(x

()
IA
(te +G'39)) j=2

(4e t
j=i

-
 Dis advantaes cf powee method
method thet the moti
The power TagwireS
one domi nan t igenvale bnt

tais informaim is not Knon.

# apriort
matix is
Knn thet the
it is not
2. Aprii.,
diagonaligable
Knonn o hoa to
Apriori it s not
he inihal Vetrr
chose

Remrar k<5 to And eigen value and

mofed
|: Poe can be cim dominem
veetor
geomchic maltiplicity gratas
Dgen valre
hen . (mosficd)
an be W,ed if thee is
The powe methed
2 bnt the algoritam
On valne,
is
Comgli atd.
 Letaa-18 P-19)
Can b also b wed ta
3. The pomee method
dominon
detuemine elgen vales othoe than
deFlator
ligen valne. This prows ts alled
method.

poirsof A witi.
et (i,) be an igen
has mult plicty 4.
L e ,ER neh thet
Then, the matix B=A- EM (R)
valnes0, a . , An wit aHsoi ata
has igen
igin veebys

The algebri argen j=2,y,n

prosf: Wkins n: velwe obem, p-596 .

there ae mony choices f he yeolor x .

(i) Wielandt deflahon: =
P20] i to

t) totelling defaton

to an eigen veetor
to the de miront igen va ne
if thu erists