In 1916, in the Philippines, an offensive style of
This was How Volleyball was Introduced – Facts and
Information About the Game
The game of volleyball, originally called “mintonette,”
was invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan after the
invention of basketball only four years before. Morgan,
a graduate of the Springfield College of the YMCA,
designed the game to be a combination of basketball,
baseball, tennis, and handball.
Indoor Volleyball Scholarships
Beach Volleyball Scholarships
The first volleyball net, borrowed from tennis, was only
6’6″ high (though you need to remember that the
average American was shorter in the nineteenth
century).
The offensive style of setting and spiking was first
demonstrated in the Philippines in 1916. Over the
years that followed, it became clear that standard
rules were needed for tournament play, and thus the
USVBA (United States Volleyball Association) was
formed in 1928.
Latest Volleyball News from the NCAA and NAIA.
Two years later, the first two-man beach volleyball
game was played, though the professional side of the
sport did not emerge until much later. Not surprisingly,
the first beach volleyball association appeared in
California (1965), and the professional players united
under the auspices of the AVP (American Volleyball
Professionals) in 1983.
During the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, American
men and women took gold and silver medals in indoor
volleyball competitions. Four years later at the
Olympics in Korea, the men once again scored gold.
Starting in 1996, two-man beach volleyball was
officially introduced to the Olympics. Today, there are
more than 800 million volleyball players worldwide, 46
million of them in the U.S.
Timeline of Significant Volleyball Events
In 1900, a special ball was designed for the sport.
passing the ball in a high trajectory to be struck by
another player (the set and spike) were introduced.
In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points.
In 1920, three hits per side and back row attack rules
were instituted.
In 1922, the first YMCA national championships were
held in Brooklyn, NY. Twenty-seven teams from 11
states were represented.
In 1928, it became clear that tournaments and rules
were needed, so the United States Volleyball
Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was
formed. The first U.S. Open was staged, as the field
was open to non-YMCA squads.
In 1930, the first two-man beach game was played.
In 1934, national volleyball referees were approved
and recognized.
In 1937, at the AAU convention in Boston, action was
taken to recognize the U.S. Volleyball Association as
the official national governing body in the U.S.
In 1947, the Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball
(FIVB) was founded.
In 1948, the first two-man beach tournament was
held.
In 1949, the initial World Championships were held in
Prague, Czechoslovakia.
In 1964, volleyball was introduced to the Olympic
Games in Tokyo.
In 1965, the California Beach Volleyball Association
(CBVA) was formed.
In 1974, the World Championships in Mexico were
telecast in Japan.
In 1975, the U.S. National Women’s team began a
year-round training regime in Pasadena, Texas
(moved to Colorado Springs in 1979, Coto de Caza
and Fountain Valley, CA, in 1980, and San Diego, CA,
in 1985).
In 1977, the U.S. National Men’s Team began a year-
round training regime in Dayton, Ohio (moved to San
Diego, CA, in 1981).
In 1983, the Association of Volleyball Professionals
(AVP) was formed.
In 1984, the U.S. won their first medals at the
Olympics in Los Angeles. The men won the gold, and
the women the silver.
In 1986, the Women’s Professional Volleyball
Association (WPVA) was formed.
In 1988, the U.S. men repeated the gold in the
Olympics in Korea.
In 1990, the World League was created.
In 1995, the sport of volleyball was 100 years old!
In 1996, two-person beach volleyball became an
Olympic sport.
Volleyball Fundamentals Are Key
Like most sports, volleyball requires every player to get
good at some basic skills before they can truly excel at the
sport. Here are the six basic skills you absolutely need to
master to be a competent volleyball player – then on your
way to being an expert
1. Passing
Passing is simply getting the ball to someone else
on your team after it’s been served or hit over the
net by the opposing team. It’s commonly thought
of as the most important skill in all of volleyball,
because your team can’t return the ball without a
solid volleyball pass. Forearm volleyball passes
are often used to direct the ball in a controlled
manner to a teammate, but overhead passing is
another option.
2. Setting
The setter has the most important position on the
team, and is often the team leader for this reason.
It’s their job to make it easy for a teammate to get
the ball over the volleyball net, preferably with a
spike that the other team can’t return. The setting
motion gets the ball hanging in the air, ready to be
spiked by another teammate with force.
3. Spiking
A real crowd-pleaser, spiking is the act of
slamming the ball in a downward motion across
the volleyball net to the other team’s side of the
court. When done well, spiking is very difficult to
return, which is why it’s an essential skill. A
proper spike will help accumulate points quickly.
4. Blocking
Blocking is another important skill, although it’s
probably the most expendable of the fundamentals.
Still, it adds a great dimension to the game,
keeping the other team on their toes, so to speak.
By timing it right, you can jump up and deflect or
block the opponent’s attack before it even crosses
the volleyball net, which can take them by surprise
and give your team an easy point.
5. Digging
Digging is a defensive maneuver in volleyball that
can save your team from an offensive spike or
attack. Your job is to keep the ball from hitting the
floor, and you do that by diving and passing the
ball in a fluid motion. Unlike a typical pass, you’ll
probably be trying to recover the ball from a steep
downward trajectory. This is another great skill to
have, but isn’t as important as passing, setting, or
spiking.
6. Serving
Our final fundamental skills is serving. How can
you be a great volleyball player without knowing
how to serve? There are a variety of ways to serve,
but you’ll most often see the underhand or
overhand serves.
Basic Volleyball Rules
 6 players on the floor at any one time - 3 in the
front row and 3 in the back row
 Maximum of 3 hits per side
 Points are made on every serve for wining
team of rally (rally-point scoring).
 Player may not hit the ball twice in succession.
(A block is not considered a hit.)
 Ball may be played off the net during a volley
and on a serve.
 A ball hitting a boundary line is in.
 A ball is out if it hits an antennae, the floor
completely outside the court, any of the net or
cables outside the antennae, the referee stand
or pole, the ceiling above a non-playable area.
 It is legal to contact the ball with any part of a
player’s body.
 It is illegal to catch, hold or throw the ball.
 A player cannot block or attack a serve from on
or inside the 10-foot line.
 After the serve, front-line players may switch
positions at the net.
 Matches are made up of sets; the number
depends on level of play. 3-set matches are 2
sets to 25 points and a third set to 15. Each set
must be won by two points. The winner is the
first team to win 2 sets. 5-set matches are 4
sets to 25 points and fifth set to 15. The team
must win by 2 unless tournament rules dictate
otherwise. The winner is the first team to win
three sets.
Basic Volleyball Rule Violations
Rule violations that result in a point for the
opponent
 When serving, the player steps on or across
the service line as while making contact with
the ball.
 Failure to serve the ball over the net
successfully.
 Ball-handling errors. Contacting the ball illegally
(double touching, lifting, carrying, throwing,
etc.)
 Touching the net with any part of the body
while the ball is in play.
 When blocking a ball coming from the
opponent’s court, it’s illegal to contact the ball
when reaching over the net if both your
opponent has not used 3 contacts AND they
have a player there to make a play on the ball.
 When attacking a ball coming from the
opponent’s court, contacting the ball when
reaching over the net is a violation if the ball
has not yet broken the vertical plane of the net.
 Crossing the court centerline with any part of
your body is a violation. Exception: if it is the
hand or foot. In this case, the entire hand or
entire foot must cross for it to be a violation.
 Serving out of rotation/order.
 Back-row player blocking (deflecting a ball
coming from the opponent) when, at the
moment of contact, the back-row player is near
the net and has part of his/her body above the
top of the net. This is an illegal block.
 Back-row player attacking a ball inside the front
zone (the area inside the 3M/10-foot line)
when, at the moment of contact, the ball is
completely above the net. This is an illegal
attack.
 Basic Volleyball Terminology
 A
 Ace: A serve that results directly in a point,
usually when the ball hits the floor untouched
on the receiving team’s side of the court.
Assist: Helping a teammate set up for a kill.
Attack: The offensive action of hitting the ball.
Attacker: Also “hitter” and “spiker.” A player
who attempts to hit a ball offensively with the
purpose of terminating play.
Attack Block: The defensive team’s attempt
to block a spiked ball.
Attack Error: An attack botched in one of 5
ways: ball lands out of bounds; ball goes into
net; attacker commits center line or net
violation or attacker illegally contacts ball.
Attack Line: A line 3 meters/10 feet away
from, and parallel to, the net. Separates the
front-row players from the back-row players. A
back-row player cannot legally attack the ball
above the net unless he takes off from behind
this line.

 B
 Back row/court: Space from baseline
(endline) to attack line. There are 3 players
whose court positions are in this area
(positions 1, 6 & 5 on court)
Back Row Attack: When a back-row player
takes off from behind the attack line
(10-foot/3-meter) line and attacks the ball.
Various terms A-B-C-D-PIPE-BIC.
Back set: Set delivered behind the setter.
Baseline: The back boundary of the court.
Also called the end line
Block: One of the 6 basic skills. A defensive
play by one or more front-row players meant
to intercept a spiked ball. The combination of
one, 2 or 3 players jumping in front of the
opposing spiker and contacting the spiked ball
with the hands.
Blocking Error: Touching the net, crossing
the centerline, blocking a set or serve or any
other “local” violation that occurs while making
a block attempt.

 C
 Center line: The boundary that runs under
the net and divides the court into two equal
halves.
Closing the block: The responsibility of the
assisting blocker(s) to angle their body
relative to the first blocker.
“Cover”: Refers to the hitter having his/her
teammates ready to retrieve rebounds from
the opposing blockers.
Cross-court attack: An attack directed
diagonally from the point of attack. Also called
an angle hit.
Cut shot: A spike from the hitter’s strong side
that travels at a sharp angle across the net.

 D
 Deep: Refers to sending the ball away from
the net, toward the baseline of the opponent’s
court.
Defense: One of the 6 basic skills. The key
skills used to receive the opponent's attack
are digging and sprawling. The dig resembles
a forearm pass from a low ready position and
is used more for balls that are hit near the
defender. The sprawl is a result of an
attempted dig for a ball hit farther away from
the defender. It resembles a dive.
Dig: Passing a spiked or rapidly hit ball and
low to ground. Defensive play. Slang for
retrieving an attacked ball close to the floor.
Statistically scored on a 3.0 point system.
Dink: A one-handed, soft hit into the
opponent’s court using the fingertips. Also
called a tip.
Double block: Two players working in unison
to intercept a ball at the net.
 Double hit: Violation. Two successive hits by
the same player.
Down Ball: Type of attack. “Down” refers to
the blockers who neither jump, nor raise their
hands above the net.
Dump: Usually performed by the setter, who
delivers the ball into the opponent’s court on
the second contact.
 skills. This player must wear a contrasting
 F
 Five-One (5-1): An offensive system that
uses five hitters and one setter.
Floater: A serve with no spin so the ball
follows an erratic path.
Follow: To move with and block an attacker.
Athletes may change positions with another
blocker in the process.
Forearm Pass: Sometimes referred to as the
“pass,” “bump” or “dig”.
Four-Two (4-2): An offensive system using
four hitters and two setters.
Free ball: Returning the ball to the opponent
without the intent to get a kill. Usually a slow,
arcing pass or “roll” shot rather than a spike.
Front: Position of a blocker so that she/he
can block the attacker.
Front-row: Three players whose court
position is in front of the attack line (3M/10
Foot), near the net. These players are in
positions 2, 3 & 4 on the court.
 Load: Body position for the blockers so that
 G
 Game plan: Offensive and defensive
emphasis for an opponent. Usually organized
for each rotation by the coaching staff.
 the middle back player in 6 to cover deep
 H
 Held ball: A ball that comes to rest during
contact resulting in a violation.
Hit: One of the 6 basic skills. To jump and
strike the ball with an overhand, forceful shot.
Hitter: Also “spiker” or “attacker.” The player
who is responsible for hitting the ball.
Hitting percentage: A statistic derived from
total kills minus total attack errors, divided by
total attempts.
 
 J
 Joust: When 2 opposing players contact the
ball simultaneously above the net causing the
ball to momentarily come to rest; the point is
replayed if this is called by the official.
Jump serve: The server uses an approach,
toss, takeoff and serves the ball with a spiking
motion while in the air. There are two main
types: jump float, jump spin.
 intentionally slow. Ball spiked with less than
 K
 Key player/play : To discern a team’s best
player or probable next play by observation of
patterns or habits.
Kill: An attack that results directly in a point or
sideout.

 L
 Libero: A player specialized in defensive
jersey color from his or her teammates and
cannot block or attack the ball when it is
entirely above net height. When the ball is not
in play, the libero can replace any back-row
player without prior notice to the officials.
Lines: The marks that serve as boundaries of
a court. 2 inches (5cm) wide.
Linesman: Officials located at the corners of
the court; each linesman is responsible for
ruling if the ball is legally in play along the
lines for which he or she is responsible. For
indicating touches and play outside of the
antennae on their side of net.
Lineup: Players starting rotation and,
therefore, serving order. Numbered
1,2,3,4,5,6.
Line serve: A straight-ahead serve landing
near the opponent’s left sideline.
Line shot: A ball spiked along an opponent’s
sideline, closest to the hitter and outside the
block.
they are most effective.

 M
 Middle back: A defensive system that uses
spikes. Also called “6 back” defense.
Middle blocker: Usually plays in the middle
of the net when in the front row and moves
laterally to her blocking assignments.
Middle Up: A defensive system that uses the
middle-back player in 6 to cover tips or short
shots along the 3 meter/10 foot line. Also
called a “6 up” defense
Mintonette: The original name of the game of
volleyball, created by William Morgan.
 N
 Net Height: Women – 7 feet, 4-1/8 inches
high (2.24m),
Men – 7 feet, 11-5/8 inches high (2.43m).

 O
 Off-blocker: Outside blocker not included in
the double block. Also called off-side blocker.
Off-Speed Shots: An attack that is
maximum force but with spin. Also called “roll”
shot.
 Opposite: Player who plays opposite the
setter in the rotation. In some systems, this
player is also a setter. In other systems, this
player is called a right-side.
Outside hitter: Usually plays at the ends of
the net when in the front row. Also called
right-side (opposite) or left side (power).
Overhand pass: A pass with both hands
open that is controlled by the fingers, with the
face below the ball. Both hands
simultaneously contact the ball above the
head and direct it to the intended target.
Overhand serve: Serving the ball and striking
it with the hand above the shoulder. Float or
spin.
Overlap: A violation called if a team is lined
up out of rotation when the ball is served.
Overpass: A ball passed across the net.
Overset: An errant set that crosses the net
without being touched by another offensive
player.
 Sets can be set at different heights and
 P
 Pass: One of the 6 basic skills. Receiving a
serve or the first contact of the ball with the
intent to control the ball to another player.
Also called a “bump”.
Pancake: One-hand floor defensive
technique where the hand is extended and
slid along the floor palm down while the player
dives or extension rolls so the ball bounces off
the back of the hand and is considered legal.
Party ball: When the ball is passed across
the net in front of attack line so the front-row
attacker can immediately hit the ball on the
first contact.
Penetration: The blocker’s ability to reach
over the net above the opponent’s court.
Perimeter: Backcourt defense where 4
players arrange themselves near the
boundaries of the court.
Pipe: A back-row attack from the middle of
the court. Position 6.
Play: An attack with a planned fake, usually
including 2 or more hitter.
 contacted with force by a player on the
 Q
 Quick set: An extremely low vertical set used
to beat the opponent’s block. Can be set at
any position on the net.
 space between the blockers.
 R
 Rally scoring: Scoring method where points
can be won by the serving or receiving team.
Ready position: The flexed, yet comfortable,
posture a player assumes before moving to
the point of contact.
Red card: Given by the official to a player or
coach for flagrant misconduct resulting in a
point/side out to the opponent. Results in
automatic ejection and a point/side out for the
opponent.
Roof: To block a spike, usually straight down
for a point.
Rotation: The clockwise movement of
players around the court and through the
serving position following a side out. Players
must retain their initial rotational order
throughout the entire game, but once the ball
is contacted on serve they are allowed to
move anywhere.

 S
 Seam: The mid-point between 2 players.
Serve: One of the 6 basic skills. Used to put
the ball into play. It is the only skill controlled
exclusively by one player.
Set: One of the 6 basic skills. The tactical skill
in which a ball is directed to a point where a
player can spike it into the opponent’s court.
different locations on the net and offensively
there are names for each of these. First
number is location on net and second number
height of set. (Example: 13.) Sets can also be
named.
Set attack: When a setter attempts to score
rather than set the ball to a setter. Also called
a shoot set. Setter: The second passer whose
job it is to position a pass to the hitter.
Shallow: Near the net.
Shank: Severely misdirected pass.
Side out: Change of service when a serving
team has failed to score a point. Occurs when
the receiving team successfully puts the ball
away against the
serving team, or when the serving team
commits an unforced error.
Six-pack: Being hit in the face with the ball.
Six-two (6-2): An offense with four spikers
and two spiker/setters. Setter comes from the
back row.
Slide/step: A quick attack behind the setter.
Spike: Also called a hit or attack. A ball
offensive team who intends to terminate the
ball on the opponent’s floor or off the
opponent’s blocker.
Split block: A double-block that leaves a
Stuff: A ball deflected back to the attacking
team’s floor by the opponent’s blockers.
Substitution: Allows one player to replace
another player already on the court. Rules
dictate number of subs each team is allowed.
Switch: To change court positions after a ball
is served to facilitate strongest player
positions.

  T The first referee should have a talk with the
 Tandem: A combination in which one player second referee before the match starts
attacks immediately behind another. discussing issues such as pre-match protocol and
Tape: The top of the net. anything that will help the match run more
Telegraph: To show one’s intention to the smoothly.
opponents.
Three-meter line: The line extended across The second referee should establish a rapport with
the court to signify the point which a back-row thescorekeeper and libero tracker. If the scorer and libero
player must leave the ground behind to attack tracker have a problem or don’t understand something, they
the ball. Also call “attack line” and 10-foot line should be comfortable enough to ask the second referee for
Tip: A one-handed, soft hit into the help.
opponent’s court using the fingertips. Also
called a dink.
Tool: When an attacker hits the ball off an
opposing blocker’s arms out of bounds. Also
Scorekeeper - Volleyball officials
called a wipe.
Touch: A player contacting the ball on the
defensive play. The scorekeeper’s main job is to make sure
Transition: To switch from offense to defense the score is correct at all times. The scorekeeper
and vice versa. uses a score sheet to keep track of the game.
Triple-block: Block formed by all 3 front-row
players. If there is a difference between the score on the score sheet
 and the visual score (flip score, electronic scoreboard, etc.)
 U the visual score should be changed to match the score on
 Underhand serve: A serve performed with an the scoresheet unless the mistake on the scoresheet can be
underhand striking action. The ball is usually determined and corrected.
contacted with the heel of the hand.
 One of the referees should check the accuracy of the
scoresheet at the end of each set.
 W
 W serve-receive formation: Three players in
THE SCOREKEEPER…
the front row, two in the back.
Wipe: To deliberately spike the ball off an
Pre-match,
opponent’s hands and out of bounds. Also
called a tool.
  Before the match starts,
 Y the scorekeeper should fill in the pre-
 Yellow Card: Given by the official to a player match info – team names, starting line
or coach as a warning of misconduct. Two ups, etc.
yellow cards result in an automatic red card
During the match,
Volleyball Officials  Records points when they are scored
Responsibilities of Referees &
Work Team Watches the servers and indicates
immediately to the referees when a server has
Volleyball officials that make up the officiating served out of order. It's also good preventive
crew are first referee, second referee,s officiating to watch teams rotation in case
corekeeper, assistant scorer, and line judges. assistance is needed for the second referee to
determine the correct team alignment.
The first referee is in charge from the beginning of the
match until the end. Records player substitutions and team
timeouts
The first referee has authority over all other members of
the officiating crew.
-Records any sanctions
The first referee should talk to all the officiating crew
members before the match starts, going over any questions
officials might have about their responsibilities.
  Records all other events as instructed Line judge’s main responsibility is to make signals to help
by the referees out the referees in making judgment calls.

Line judges may be instructed to use flags to make the

signals.
 Records the final result of the set

THE LINE JUDGES SIGNAL…

 In the case of a protest, after the first
referee gives authorization, the
scorekeeper lets the game captain write
a statement for protest on the
scoresheet.
After the match,
 Records the final result of the match
 Ball “in” and “out” whenever the ball
lands near the lines
 Touches of “out” balls by players
receiving the ball
 Ball touching the antennae
 A served ball crossing the
net outside the crossing space (the
space between the antennae’s)
 Any player standing off the court at the
moment of service
 Server foot faults

 Signs the scoresheet

Assistant Scorer - Volleyball officials

The assistant scorer (or libero tracker) sits at the scorer’s

table next to the scorekeeper.

The assistant scorer’s main function is to record libero

replacements on to a libero tracking sheet.

THE ASSISTANT SCORER…

 Notifies any fault with libero

replacements
 Operates the manual scoreboard on the
scorer’s table
 Checks the score on the scoreboard
with the score on the scoresheet
 Line Judges - Volleyball officials

If only two line judges are used, they stand at the corner
of the endline that is closest to the right hand of each
referee, diagonally from the corner.

The line judges watch the endline and sideline of their

respective corners.

For FIVB and Official Competitions, four line judges are

used. Each line judge stands in the free zone 1 to 3 meters,
lined up with the imaginary extension of their respective
line.
FIVE MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT

PLANNING

ORGANIZING

STAFFING

LEADING
Officials & Their Duties in Volleyball
On the sidelines, at the back corners and at the net,
someone always has an eye on the volleyball court
during a game. Although their duties vary, volleyball
officials ensure that the game is played fairly, cleanly
and that points are given when they are deserved.
Those officials are the referees, the scorekeeper,
assistant scorekeeper or libero tracker, and the line
judges.
Referees
The referee is the individual at the center of the court,
dressed in black and white stripes. A referee’s duties
include signaling when a rally begins and ends. The
referee is responsible for officially recognizing team
requests, substitutions, time-outs and communicating
with the coaches at the appropriate times. There are
often multiple referees in a match, according to the
Strength and Power for Volleyball website.
Scorekeeper
The scorekeeper creates official records of volleyball
games. Before play begins, the scorekeeper records
team and player information. Once the game begins,
scorekeepers not only track points, but also player
substitutions, sanctions and time-outs. The
scorekeeper keeps an eye on the individual serving
the ball to track the rotation and notify referees of
potential lapses. At the close of the game, the
scorekeeper records the final score of the game.
Assistant Scorekeeper
The assistant scorekeeper or libero tracker is
responsible for updating the scoreboard and keeping
an eye on the libero. The libero tracking duty was
added in 1999. This individual records changes in the
libero rotation, notifying referees when problems occur
in the rotation.
Line Judges
There are usually two line judges, one at either end of
the court, usually in opposite corners. Line judges
work with the referees, signaling to assist in making
judgment calls. These officials often use flags to
signal when a ball is in or out, hits the antennae of the
net, or when the server commits a foot fault, or steps
outside the line as they serve.
Certification for Volleyball Officials
Two organizations provide certification for volleyball
officials at the collegiate and professional levels, USA
Volleyball and the Professional Association of
Volleyball Officials. Each organization offers
certification, but PAVO is generally responsible for
certification of officials in women’s collegiate
volleyball. PAVO offers national scorekeeper, line
judge and referee certifications. USA Volleyball offers
training for referees at the professional level. The
organization also appoints scorekeepers at the
national level.
General Roles and Responsibilities In
Basketball
At high school level and above, three basketball
officials are required in a game. All officials are called
referees in the NBA, and one is designated as a crew
chief. The crew chief has the final say in all calls. In
college basketball, the referee is the senior official and
the regular officials are called umpires, but a referee
may not overrule an umpire's call. Referees wear a
uniform consisting of a black-and-white striped shirt
and black pants. Their job is to enforce all rules and
maintain order on the basketball court.
Pregame Duties
At least one referee should be present a half-hour
before tip-off to make preparations with table
personnel and observe for rules infractions. Referees
are also responsible for inspecting and approving all
players’ uniforms and all equipment; confirming the
official timer will notify each team three minutes before
the start of the game and the second half; confirming
the starting lineups in the official scorebook; and
notifying team captains to prepare to play.
Enforcing the Rules
The primary responsibility of a basketball referee is to
enforce the rules of the game. The referee begins the
game by tossing the ball for a tip-off between one
player from each team. Referees are responsible for
calling violations if players travel, double-dribble,
commit a foul or any other violation of the rules. They
are also responsible for granting timeouts and
allowing substitutions. Referees also confirm three-
point shots for the official scorers.
Specific Responsibilities
Specific responsibilities of basketball referees include
calling fouls and administering and enforcing changes
of possessions or free throws. The authority of
referees includes calling unsportsmanlike conduct
penalties, player or coach ejections, or even calling a
forfeit of the game in certain circumstances. Referees
are also responsible for maintaining order during
stoppages in play, and can assess technical fouls or
eject players for rules infractions during stoppages.
amhaeng osa-.[english] [Gender:Feminine] As an
amhaengosa,traveled around the country ,disguise as
beggars.They inquired every where after the needs of
the people in order to asses the quality of local district.
court·yard-an unroofed area that is completely or
mostly enclosed by the walls of a large building.
Chitchat-inconsequential conversation
Immediately-at once; instantly.
Exclaimed-past participle: exclaimed
cry out suddenly, especially in surprise, anger, or
pain.
Kisaeng-A member of a traditional Korean
caste of female entertainers whose work
often included prostitution.
A Pavilion- is a flexible architectural open space that
invites people to come in and spend time in it. ...
A Pavilion might be used as a: shelter, seating,
meeting point, cafe, theatre, or for lectures, events,
exhibitions, sports, play, relaxation, work and much
much more
Virtuous-having or showing high moral standards.
Blurred-unable to see or be seen clearly.
Pursue-(of a person or way) continue
proceed along (a path or route).
Consent-past tense: consented;
pastparticiple: consented give permission for
something to happen
intel- information of military or political value.
Thank-express gratitude to (someone), especially by
saying “Thank you”
.Magistrate- plural noun: magistrates
a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law,
especially one who conducts a court that deals with
minor offenses and holds preliminary hearings for
more serious ones.
Disguise-give (someone or oneself)different
appearance in order to conceal one's identity.
banquet-an elaborate and formal evening meal for
many people, often followed by speeches.
Goblet-a drinking glass with a foot and a stem.
Servant-a person of learning; especially : one with
detailed knowledge in some specialized field (as of
science or literature) 2 : a person affected with a
mental disability (such as autism) who exhibits
exceptional skill or brilliance in some limited field
(such as mathematics or music); especially : autistic
savant.
defiance- open resistance; bold disobedience.
beggar- a person, typically a homeless one, who lives
by asking for money or food.
tyrant-a cruel and oppressive ruler.
ancestral-of, belonging to, inherited from, or denoting

an ancestor or ancestors.

Aristocrat-a member of the aristocracy.

Feeble-lacking physical strength, especially as a

result of age or illness.

janjan