WEB PROGRAMMING PROF.

SMITHA JACOB SJCET,PALAI

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WEB PROGRAMMING PROF.SMITHA JACOB SJCET,PALAI
WEB PROGRAMMING PROF.SMITHA JACOB SJCET,PALAI
Authentication

Laravel contains an inbuilt authentication system, you only need to

configure models, views, and controllers to make the application work.

Innovative Template Engine

Laravel provides an innovative template engine which allows the

developers to create solid structures for an application.

Effective ORM

Laravel contains an inbuilt ORM , allows the developers to query the

database tables by using the simple PHP syntax without writing any SQL
code.

MVC Architecture Support

Laravel supports MVC architecture. It provides faster development

process as in MVC,and it separates the business logic from the
presentation logic.

Secure Migration System

Laravel framework can expand the database and the migration process of
Laravel is very secure and full-proof. In the whole process, php
code is used rather than SQL code.

Unique Unit-testing

Laravel provides a unique unit-testing. In Laravel, developers can

also write the test cases in their own code.

Intact Security

Laravel has an inbuilt web application security, i.e., it itself takes

care of the security of an application. It uses "Bcrypt Hashing
Algorithm" to generate the salted password

Libraries and Modular

Laravel is very popular as some Object-oriented libraries, and pre-
installed libraries are added in this framework, these pre-installed
libraries are not added in other php frameworks. This framework is
divided into several modules that follow the php principles allowing
the developers to build responsive and modular apps.
WEB PROGRAMMING PROF.SMITHA JACOB SJCET,PALAI
Artisan
Laravel framework provides a built-in tool for a command-line known
as Artisan that performs the repetitive programming tasks that do not
allow the php developers to perform manually. Artisan also allows the
developers to create their own commands.

What Is Laravel
History:
The Laravel Framework was developed by Taylor Otwell and released to
the public in the year 2011.
The following table shows the different versions of Laravel.
Version Date of Release PHP Version Support

1.0 June 2011 ---------------------------------

----

2.0 September 2011 ---------------------------------

----

3.0 February 22nd, 2012 ---------------------------------

----

4.0 May 28th, 2013 Minimum 5.3.0

WEB PROGRAMMING PROF.SMITHA JACOB SJCET,PALAI
Version Date of Release PHP Version Support

5.0 February 4th, 2015 Minimum 5.4.0

5.1 June 9th, 2015 Minimum 5.5.9

5.2 December 21st, 2015 Between 5.5.9 and 7.1.*

5.3 August 23rd, 2016 Between 5.6.4 and 7.1.*

5.4 January 24th, 2017 5.6.4 or above

5.5 August 30th, 2017 7.0.0 or above

5.6 February 7th, 2018 7.1.3 or above

5.7 September 4th, 2018 7.1.3 or above

5.8 February 26th, 2019 7.1.3 or above

6.x September 3rd, 2019 7.2.0 or above

7.x March 3rd, 2020 7.2.5 or above

8.x Laravel 8 is yet to be released (in 7.3.0 or above

2020)

Note: In this Laravel tutorial, we have used Laravel version 7 in all

the examples.
Popularity:
There are lots of frameworks available in the industry such as
Laravel, Symfony, Codeigniter, Yii, CakePHP, and Zend framework for
PHP.

So what do you think, which one is the most popular PHP Framework? The
answer is Laravel.
WEB PROGRAMMING PROF.SMITHA JACOB SJCET,PALAI
The following screenshot of Google Trends shows the analysis of the
popularity of different PHP frameworks.
Advantages:
The following list shows some advantages of the Laravel Framework.
• Follows MVC architectural design pattern
• Free and open-source
• Easy to learn
• Good documentation support
• Easy to integrate
• High performance and efficiency
• A high level of security
Features:
Laravel has a rich set of features. These are as follows:
• Modularity: Laravel has many built-in libraries and modules which
help developers to build responsive and modular PHP web
applications. This feature also speeds up development.
• Lazy Collection: It handles heavy loads of data with the minimum
usage of memory.
• Eloquent ORM: ORM stands for Object Relation Mapping. Laravel has
a built-in ORM called Eloquent which handles database related
operations.
• Artisan: Artisan is the command-line interface used in Laravel.
• Blade templates: Laravel has a concept called Blade, which
creates a unique template to display data.
• Unit testing: Test cases can be used to perform unit testing in
Laravel.
• Email support: Laravel has a built-in class called Mail, which
helps to send emails.
• Authentication: Authentication is used to identify the users of
the system. It is usually achieved by identifying the username
and password of the user.
MVC Architecture Of Laravel
The Laravel Framework follows MVC architecture. MVC is an
architectural design pattern that helps to develop web applications
faster. MVC stands for Model-View-Controller.
• Model (M)–A model handles data used by the web application.
• View (V)–A view helps to display data to the user.
• Controller (C)–A controller interacts with the model to create
data for the view.
The following screenshot shows the interactions between Model, View,
and Controller.
WEB PROGRAMMING PROF.SMITHA JACOB SJCET,PALAI

Install Laravel Framework 7 For Windows

Prerequisites for Installing Laravel 7:
Before installing the Laravel Framework, install the following
programs on your computer. PHP version 7.2.5 is the minimum compatible
version of PHP for Laravel version 7.
• Web Server such as Apache
• PHP version 7.2.5 or above version
• PHP extensions*
• BCMath PHP Extension
• Ctype PHP Extension
• Fileinfo PHP extension
• JSON PHP Extension
• Mbstring PHP Extension
• OpenSSL PHP Extension
• PDO PHP Extension
• Tokenizer PHP Extension
• XML PHP Extension
• MySQL
• Composer (See the next topic for the URL to download and install
Composer)
*Note: Above PHP extensions might be pre-installed on your system.
Composer
WEB PROGRAMMING PROF.SMITHA JACOB SJCET,PALAI
Composer is a dependency manager for PHP. Laravel uses the Composer to
manage its dependencies.
You need to install the composer before installing Laravel. If you
have not installed the composer, visit the following URL to download
and install the composer.
Run the following command in the command prompt to check whether or
not you have successfully installed the composer on your computer.

composer

If you have installed the composer successfully, a screen similar to

below will be displayed. It also shows the installed version of the
composer.

Download Laravel Installer

Run the following command in the command prompt to download
the Laravel installer on your computer using the composer.
composer global require laravel/installer
WEB PROGRAMMING PROF.SMITHA JACOB SJCET,PALAI
Creating First Laravel PHP Project
Run the following command in the command prompt to create a
new Laravel PHP project named laravel-tutorial (you can use any name)
using the composer. It will create the Laravel project in the current
directory.
composer create-project --prefer-dist laravel/laravel laravel-tutorial

Running First Laravel PHP Project On Localhost

Go to the Laravel PHP project folder in the command prompt by running
the following command.

cd laravel-tutorial

Then, run the following command in the command prompt to start the
Laravel development server.

php artisan serve

The following screenshot shows the output of the above command.

Copy the above URL: http://127.0.0.1:8000 and open it in a web

browser.
If you have run the Laravel project successfully you will see a screen
similar to below.

Congratulations! You have successfully run your first Laravel project.

Laravel PHP Project Structure
The project structure consists of directories, sub-directories, and
files.

Note: A directory is also known as a folder.

WEB PROGRAMMING PROF.SMITHA JACOB SJCET,PALAI
Open your project from the File Explorer to see the root directory
structure of the Laravel project. You will see a screen similar to
below.

The following list describes some important directories, sub-

directories, and files in a typical Laravel project:
• app directory: This directory is one of the most important
directories in the root. The app directory contains the source
code of the web application. It includes the following sub-
directories and the User.php file.
• Console directory: This directory contains artisan
commands required for Laravel.
• Exceptions directory: This directory contains exception
handlers.
WEB PROGRAMMING PROF.SMITHA JACOB SJCET,PALAI
• Http directory: This directory contains sub-directories
for Controllers and Middleware.
• Providers directory: This directory contains all the service
providers.
• User.php file: This is the default Model provided by Laravel.
• bootstrap directory: This directory contains files related to
bootstrap the Laravel PHP application.
• config directory: This directory contains various configuration
files required for the Laravel PHP application.
• database directory: This directory contains files related to the
database. It includes the following sub-directories and the
.gitignore file.
• factories directory: This directory generates many data
records.
• migrations directory: This directory contains files related
to database migrations.
• seeds directory: This directory contains classes used for the
unit testing database.
• public directory: This directory contains files that help to
initialize the Laravel PHP application.
• resources directory: This directory contains HTML files, CSS
files, JavaScript files, and blade templates. It includes the
following sub-directories.
• js directory: This directory contains files related
to JavaScript.
• lang directory: This directory contains files for localization
and internalization.
• saas directory: This directory contains files such
as SCSS files.
• views directory: This directory contains HTML files or
templates which help to display data to the user.
• routes directory: This directory contains all the routes
definitions for the Laravel PHP application.
• storage directory: This directory contains cache
files, session files, etc.
• tests directory: This directory contains test files such as unit
test files.
• vendor directory: This directory contains all the composer
dependency packages.
• .env file: This file includes environmental variables.
WEB PROGRAMMING PROF.SMITHA JACOB SJCET,PALAI
• composer.json file: This file is a configuration file that
specifies dependencies.
• package.json file: This file is similar to the composer.json file
but it is for the frontend.
• and few more files
Introduction To Laravel Routes
Routing accepts the request and redirects it to the relevant
controller function.

There are two main route files in the Laravel Framework:

• routes/web.php: This file is used to register web routes.
• routes/api.php: This file is used to register API routes.
The following code segment shows the default web route registered by
Laravel to display the welcome page.
Route::get('/', function () {

return view('welcome');

});

In the above route, Route is the class used to define the

function get(). The function get() has a parameter “/” which indicates
the root URL of the Laravel application.
The following screenshot shows the output of the above route.

The following command can be run in the command prompt to get the full
list of registered routes.

php artisan route:list

Creating a Route
Step 1: Add the following code segment in routes/web.php file to
register a new route.
Route::get('/example', function () {

return "Hello World!!!";

});

Step 2: Visit the URL: http://127.0.0.1:8000/example to see the

output.
Step 3: The following screenshot shows the output.
WEB PROGRAMMING PROF.SMITHA JACOB SJCET,PALAI

Routing Parameters
The Laravel Framework uses two types of route parameters.

#1) Required parameters

The required parameters are the parameters that pass to the URL as
shown below.

Route::get('user/{name}', function ($name='Paul') {

return $name;

});

#2) Optional parameters

Place “?” after the router parameter to make it optional as shown
below.
Route::get('user/{name?}', function ($name='Paul') {

return $name;

});

Named Routes
In the following route, the report controller will call the
function showReport with parameters as the report.
Route::get(student/report, 'ReportController@showReport')-
>name(report);

Introduction To Views
In MVC architecture, the character ‘V’ stands for View. Views contain
HTML, CSS and JavaScript. The Views represent the frontend of the
Laravel application, and it is used to display the content for the
user.
All the views are stored in the resources/views directory. By default,
the Laravel Framework provides the welcome.blade.php file.
Creating a View
Step 1: Create a view named index.php in the resources/views directory
and save the following code.
WEB PROGRAMMING PROF.SMITHA JACOB SJCET,PALAI
<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<body>

<h1>Hello World!</h1>

</body>

</html>

Step 2: Add the following code segment in the routes/web.php file to

register a new route.
Route::get('/index', function () {

return view('index');

});

Step 3: Visit the URL: http://127.0.0.1:8000/index to see the output.

Step 4: The following screenshot shows the output.

Passing Data to Views

Let’s do an example to see how data can be passed to the view.

Step 1: Create a view named user.php in the resources/views directory

and save the following code.
<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<body>

<p><?php echo 'My name is '.$name ?></p>

</body>

</html>

Step 2: Add the following code segment in the routes/web.php file to

register a new route.
Route::get('/user', function () {
WEB PROGRAMMING PROF.SMITHA JACOB SJCET,PALAI
return view('user', ['name' => 'John']);

});

Step 3: Visit the URL: http://127.0.0.1:8000/user to see the output.

Step 4: The following screenshot shows the output.

Introduction To Blade Templates

Blade templates use .blade.php extension. The blade templates stored
in the resources/views directory.
Usage of Blade Templates
• Usage 1: variable values
In blade templates, we can use {{ $variable }} to print the value of a
variable instead of <?php echo $variable ?> As you see, there
is no need to write PHP tags or the echo keyword.
Let’s do an example!

Earlier, we created the user.php file using the following code.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<body>

<p><?php echo 'My name is '.$name ?></p>

</body>

</html>

Step 1: Rename the file user.php to user.blade.php (in

the resources/views directory) and modify the existing code as shown
below.
<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<body>

<p>My name is {{ $name }}</p>

</body>
WEB PROGRAMMING PROF.SMITHA JACOB SJCET,PALAI
</html>

Step 2: Visit the URL: http://127.0.0.1:8000/user.

You will get the same output as the previous example as shown below.

• Usage 2: ternary operators

In blade templates, we can use {{ $variable or ‘default_value’
}} instead of <?phpisset($variable) ? $variable : ?default_value?
?> to write ternary operators.

Laravel Controllers
In MVC architecture, the character ‘C’ stands for Controller. A
controller communicates with the relevant model if necessary and loads
the view to display the content for the user.
All the controllers are stored in the app/Http/Controllers directory.
Creating a Controller
Run the following command in the command prompt to create a controller
named UserContoller.
php artisan make:controller UserController

This command will create a file named UserController.php in

the app/Http/Controllers directory. By default,
the Controller.php file is included with the Laravel Framework.
Calling Controllers from Routes
The following syntax can be used to call controllers from routes.
Route::get(‘base URI’,’controller@method’);

Let’s see an example.

Step 1: Add the following code segment in the routes/web.php file to

register a new route.
Route::get('/assessment', 'AssessmentController@index');
WEB PROGRAMMING PROF.SMITHA JACOB SJCET,PALAI
Step 2: Run the following command in the command prompt to create a
controller named AssessmentController.
php artisan make:controller AssessmentController

This command will create a file named AssessementController.php in

the app/Http/Controllers directory.
Step 3: Create the index function in the AssessementController as
shown below.
<?php

namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use Illuminate\Http\Request;

class AssessmentController extends Controller

public function index()

return view('assessment');

Step 4: Create a view named assessment.php in

the resources/views directory and save the following code.
<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<body>

<h1>Laravel Assessment</h1>

</body>

</html>

Step 5: Visit the URL: http://127.0.0.1:8000/assessment to see the

output.
Step 6: The following screenshot shows the output.
WEB PROGRAMMING PROF.SMITHA JACOB SJCET,PALAI

Restful Resource Controllers

There are seven restful resource controllers in the Laravel Framework.

Run the following command in the command prompt to create restful

resource controllers.
php artisan make:controller StudentController --resource

This command will create a file named StudentContoller.php in

the app/Http/Controllers directory and it contains functions for each
resource action.
The following route can be used to register a restful route.
Route::resource('/students', 'StudentController');

The following table shows the actions handled by the Restful Resource
Controllers:
Request
Path (URI) Action Route Name Use
Type

GET /students index students.index get all

students

GET /students /create create students.create create a new

student

POST /students store students.store store

student
details

GET /students show students.show get student

/{student} details

GET /students edit students.edit edit student

/{student}/edit
WEB PROGRAMMING PROF.SMITHA JACOB SJCET,PALAI
Request
Path (URI) Action Route Name Use
Type

PUT/PATCH /students update students.update update

/{student} student

DELETE /students destroy students.destroy delete

/{student} student

What Is Middleware
In simple words, middleware is a bridge between a request and a
response. It provides a mechanism to filter HTTP requests.
All the middleware files are stored in
the app/Http/Middleware directory.
The Laravel Framework has a middleware to check whether the user of
the Laravel application is authenticated or not. If the user is
authenticated, it directs to the home page and if the user is not
authenticated, it redirects to the login page.

Creating a Middleware
Step 1: Run the following command in the command prompt to create a
middleware called CheckUser.
php artisan make:middleware CheckUser

This command will create a file named CheckUser.php in

the app/Http/Middleware directory.
Step 2: Open the CheckUser.php file and modify the existing code as
shown below.
<?php

namespace App\Http\Middleware;

use Closure;

class CheckUser

{
WEB PROGRAMMING PROF.SMITHA JACOB SJCET,PALAI
/**

* Handle an incoming request.

* @param \Illuminate\Http\Request $request

public function handle($request, Closure $next)

echo "Test Middleware <br>";

return $next($request);

Step 3: Open the Kernel.php file in the app/Http directory and add the
path of the CheckUser middleware as shown below.
protected $routeMiddleware = [

'auth' => \App\Http\Middleware\Authenticate::class,

'auth.basic' => \Illuminate\Auth\Middleware\AuthenticateWithBasicAuth::class,

'bindings' => \Illuminate\Routing\Middleware\SubstituteBindings::class,

'cache.headers' => \Illuminate\Http\Middleware\SetCacheHeaders::class,

'can' => \Illuminate\Auth\Middleware\Authorize::class,

'guest' => \App\Http\Middleware\RedirectIfAuthenticated::class,

'password.confirm' => \Illuminate\Auth\Middleware\RequirePassword::class,

'signed' => \Illuminate\Routing\Middleware\ValidateSignature::class,

'throttle' => \Illuminate\Routing\Middleware\ThrottleRequests::class,

'verified' => \Illuminate\Auth\Middleware\EnsureEmailIsVerified::class,

'check' => \App\Http\Middleware\CheckUser::class,

];

Step 4: Add the following code segment in the routes/web.php file to

register a new route.
Route::get('/test, 'UserController@create')->middleware('check');
WEB PROGRAMMING PROF.SMITHA JACOB SJCET,PALAI
Step 5: We have already created the User Controller. Open
the UserController.php file and modify the existing code as shown
below.
<?php

namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use Illuminate\Http\Request;

class UserController extends Controller

public function create()

return view('assessment');

Step 4: Visit the following URL: http://127.0.0.1:8000/test to see the

output.
Step 5: The following screenshot shows the output.

Introduction To Terminable Middleware

Run the following command in the command prompt to create a terminable
middleware named TerminateMiddleware.
php artisan make:middleware TerminateMiddleware

This command will create a file named TerminateMiddleware.php in

the app/Http/Middleware directory.
WEB PROGRAMMING PROF.SMITHA JACOB SJCET,PALAI
Terminable middleware works right after any response sent to the
browser.

Conclusion
The Laravel Framework is a popular, free, and open-source MVC based
web framework for PHP. It is used to develop complex PHP web
applications. In Laravel, registered routes direct the request to the
relevant function of the controller. Then the controller communicates
with the relevant model, if necessary, and loads the view to display
the content for the user.
Middleware acts as a bridge between a request and a response. Laravel
uses a special concept called Blade to design a unique layout to
display data, and it can be used by other views.