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Chapter 2 SQQS1013
Chapter 2 SQQS1013
Chapter 2 SQQS1013
DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Example 1
Here is a list of question asked in a large statistics class and the ―raw data‖ given
by one of the students:
Example 2
FORMULA
Relative Frequency of a category
= Frequency of that category
Sum of all frequencies
Percentage (%) = (Relative Frequency)* 100
Example 3
A sample of UUM staff-owned vehicles produced by Proton was identified and the
make of each noted. The resulting sample follows (W = Wira, Is = Iswara, Wj =
Waja, St = Satria, P = Perdana, Sv = Savvy):
Construct a frequency distribution table for these data with their relative frequency
and percentage.
W W P Is Is P Is W St Wj
Is W W Wj Is W W Is W Wj
Wj Is Wj Sv W W W Wj St W
Wj Sv W Is P Sv Wj Wj W W
St W W W W St St P Wj Sv
Solution:
Relative
Category Frequency Percentage (%)
Frequency
Wira 19
Iswara 8
Perdana 4
Waja 10
Satria 5
Savvy 4
Total
Satria
Perdana
Wira
0 5 10 15 20
Frequency
To construct a component bar chart, all categories is in one bar and every
bar is divided into components.
The height of components should be tally with representative frequencies.
Example 4
Suppose we want to illustrate the information below, representing the number of
people participating in the activities offered by an outdoor pursuits centre during
Jun of three consecutive years.
Solution:
200
Number of participants
150 Sailing
Walking
100
Caving
50 Climbing
0
2004 2005 2006
Year
120
Number of participants
100
80 Climbing
Caving
60
Walking
40 Sailing
20
0
2004 2005 2006
Year
The bar graphs for relative frequency and percentage distributions can be
drawn simply by marking the relative frequencies or percentages, instead of
the class frequencies.
b) Pie Chart
Example 5
Movie
Frequency Relative Frequency Angle Size
Genres
Comedy 54 0.27 360*0.27=97.2o
Action 36 0.18 360*0.18=64.8o
Romance 28 0.14 360*0.14=50.4o
Drama 28 0.14 360*0.14=50.4o
Horror 22 0.11 360*0.11=39.6o
Foreign 16 0.08 360*0.08=28.8o
Science 16 0.08 360*0.08=28.8o
Fiction
Total 200 1.00 360o
A graph represents data that occur over a specific period time of time.
Line graphs are more popular than all other graphs combined because
their visual characteristics reveal data trends clearly and these graphs
are easy to create.
When analyzing the graph, look for a trend or pattern that occurs over
the time period.
Example is the line ascending (indicating an increase over time) or
descending (indicating a decrease over time).
Another thing to look for is the slope, or steepness, of the line. A line
that is steep over a specific time period indicates a rapid increase or
decrease over that period.
Two data sets can be compared on the same graph (called a
compound time series graph) if two lines are used.
Data collected on the same element for the same variable at different
points in time or for different periods of time are called time series data.
A line graph is a visual comparison of how two variables—shown on the
x- and y-axes—are related or vary with each other. It shows related
information by drawing a continuous line between all the points on a
grid.
Line graphs compare two variables: one is plotted along the x-axis
(horizontal) and the other along the y-axis (vertical).
The y-axis in a line graph usually indicates quantity (e.g., RM, numbers
of sales litres) or percentage, while the horizontal x-axis often measures
units of time. As a result, the line graph is often viewed as a time series
graph
Example 6
A transit manager wishes to use the following data for a presentation showing
how Port Authority Transit ridership has changed over the years. Draw a time
series graph for the data and summarize the findings.
Ridership
Year
(in millions)
1990 88.0
1991 85.0
1992 75.7
1993 76.6
1994 75.4
Solution:
89
Ridership (in millions)
87
85
83
81
79
77
75
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Year
The graph shows a decline in ridership through 1992 and then leveling off for the years
1993 and 1994.
EXERCISE 1
C CK CK C CC D O C
CK CC D CC C CK CK CC
2. The frequency distribution table represents the sale of certain product in ZeeZee
Company. Each of the products was given the frequency of the sales in certain
period. Find the relative frequency and the percentage of each product. Then,
construct a pie chart using the obtained information.
4. A questionnaire about how people get news resulted in the following information
from 25 respondents (N = newspaper, T = television, R = radio, M = magazine).
N N R T T
R N T M R
M M N R N
T R M N M
T R R N N
5. The given information shows the export and import trade in million RM for four
months of sales in certain year. Using the provided information, present this data
in component bar graph.
6. The following information represents the maximum rain fall in millimeter (mm) in
each state in Malaysia. You are supposed to help a meteorologist in your place
to make an analysis. Based on your knowledge, present this information using
the most appropriate chart and give your comment.
In stem and leaf display of quantitative data, each value is divided into two
portions – a stem and a leaf. Then the leaves for each stem are shown
separately in a display.
Give the information of data pattern.
Can detect which value frequently repeated.
Example 7
25 12 9 10 5 12 23 7
36 13 11 12 31 28 37 6
14 41 38 44 13 22 18 19
Solution:
To find the midpoint of the upper limit of the first class and the lower limit
of the second class, we divide the sum of these two limits by 2.
FORMULA
Class width = Upper boundary – Lower boundary
e.g. :
Width of the first class = 600.5 – 400.5 = 200
FORMULA
e.g:
401 600
Midpoint of the 1st class = 500.5
2
2. Class width,
FORMULA
i
Largest value - Smallest value
Number of classes
Range
i
c
Example 8
The following data give the total home runs hit by all players of each of the 30 Major
League Baseball teams during 2004 season.
Example 9
(Refer example 8)
Table 2.11: Relative Frequency and Percentage Distributions
Relative
Total Home Runs Class Boundaries %
Frequency
135 – 153 134.5 less than 152.5 0.3333 33.33
153 – 171 152.5 less than 170.5 0.0667 6.67
171 – 189 170.5 less than 188.5 0.1667 16.67
189 – 207 188.5 less than 206.5 0.2000 20.00
207 – 225 206.5 less than 224.5 0.1000 10.00
225 – 242 224.5 less than 242.5 0.1333 13.33
Total 1.0 100%
Example 10
(Refer example 8)
Frequency histogram for Table 2.9
12
10
8
Frequency
0
134.5 152.5 170.5 188.5 206.5 224.5 242.5
1 Total home runs
b) Polygon
A graph formed by joining the midpoints of the tops of successive bars in a
histogram with straight lines is called a polygon.
Example 11
Frequency polygon for Table 2.11
12
10
8
Frequency
0
134.5 152.5 170.5 188.5 206.5 224.5 242.5
1 Total home runs
For a very large data set, as the number of classes is increased (and the width of
classes is decreased), the frequency polygon eventually becomes a smooth
curve called a frequency distribution curve or simply a frequency curve.
c) Shape of Histogram
Same as polygon.
For a very large data set, as the number of classes is increased (and the width
of classes is decreased), the frequency polygon eventually becomes a smooth
curve called a frequency distribution curve or simply a frequency curve.
Symmetric histograms
Describing data using graphs helps us insight into the main characteristics of the
data.
When interpreting a graph, we should be very cautious. We should observe
carefully whether the frequency axis has been truncated or whether any axis has
been unnecessarily shortened or stretched.
Example 12
Ogive
An ogive is a curve drawn for the cumulative frequency distribution by joining
with straight lines the dots marked above the upper boundaries of classes at
heights equal to the cumulative frequencies of respective classes.
Two type of ogive:
(i) ogive less than
(ii) ogive greater than
Example 13
35
Cumulative Frequency 30
25
20
15
10
5
0
29.5 39.5 49.5 59.5 69.5 79.5 89.5
Earnings
Example 14
35
30
25
20
Frequency
15
10
5
0
29.5 39.5 49.5 59.5 69.5 79.5 89.5
Earnings
2.3.6 Box-Plot
Smallest
value K1 Median K3 Largest
value
Example 15
The following data give the prices (rounded to thousand RM) of five homes sold
recently in Sekayang.
Solution:
Thus, these five homes were sold for an average price of RM186 thousand @
RM186 000.
The mean has the advantage that its calculation includes each value of
the data set.
Weighted Mean
Example 16
Consider the data of electricity components purchasing from a factory in the table
below:
1 1200 RM3.00
2 500 RM3.40
3 2500 RM2.80
4 1000 RM2.90
5 800 RM3.25
Total 6000
Solution:
xw
wx
w
1200(3) 500(3.4) 2500(2.8) 1000(2.9) 800(3.25)
=
1200 500 2500 1000 800
17800
=
6000
= 2.967
Median
Median is the value of the middle term in a data set that has been
ranked in increasing order.
Procedure for finding the Median
Step 1: Rank the data set in increasing order.
Example 17
Solution:
Example 18
Solution:
Therefore the median is located in the middle of 3rd position and 4th
position of the data set.
8 10
Median 9
2
The median gives the center of a histogram, with half of the data values
to the left of (or, less than) the median and half to the right of (or, more
than) the median.
The advantage of using the median is that it is not influenced by outliers.
Mode
Mode is the value that occurs with the highest frequency in a data set.
Example 19
Solution:
1. Mode =
2. Mode =
A major shortcoming of the mode is that a data set may have none or
may have more than one mode.
One advantage of the mode is that it can be calculated for both kinds of
data, quantitative and qualitative.
Mean
FORMULA
Mean for population data:
μ=
fx
N
Mean for sample data:
x=
fx
n
Where x the midpoint and f is the frequency of a class.
Example 20
The following table gives the frequency distribution of the number of orders received
each day during the past 50 days at the office of a mail-order company. Calculate
the mean.
Number of order f
10 – 12 4
13 – 15 12
16 – 18 20
19 – 21 14
n = 50
Solution:
Because the data set includes only 50 days, it represents a sample. The value of
fx is calculated in the following table:
Number of order f x fx
10 – 12 4
13 – 15 12
16 – 18 20
19 – 21 14
n = 50
Thus, this mail-order company received an average of 16.64 orders per day during
these 50 days.
Median
Step 1: Construct the cumulative frequency distribution.
Step 2: Decide the class that contain the median.
Class Median is the first class with the value of cumulative frequency is
at least n/2.
Step 3: Find the median by using the following formula:
FORMULA Where:
n
n = the total frequency
F = the total frequency before class
- F median
Median = Lm + 2 i
i = the class width
Lm = the lower boundary of the class
fm median
fm = the frequency of the class median
Example 21
Solution:
1 – 10 8
11 – 20 14
21 – 30 12
31 – 40 9
41 – 50 7
Thus, 25 persons take less than 24 minutes to travel to work and another 25
persons take more than 24 minutes to travel to work.
Mode
Mode is the value that has the highest frequency in a data set.
For grouped data, class mode (or, modal class) is the class with the
highest frequency.
Formula of mode for grouped data:
FORMULA
Mode = L mo
+
Δ1
i
Δ1 + Δ2
Where:
Lmo is the lower boundary of class mode
Example 22
Solution:
(1) For a symmetrical histogram and frequency curve with one peak, the
value of the mean, median and mode are identical and they lie at the
center of the distribution.
Mean, median, and mode for a symmetric histogram and frequency distribution curve
(2) For a histogram and a frequency curve skewed to the right, the value of
the mean is the largest that of the mode is the smallest and the value
of the median lies between these two.
Mean, median, and mode for a histogram and frequency distribution curve
skewed to the right
(3) For a histogram and a frequency curve skewed to the left, the value of
the mean is the smallest and that of the mode is the largest and the
value of the median lies between these two.
Mean, median, and mode for a histogram and frequency distribution curve
skewed to the left
The measures of central tendency such as mean, median and mode do not
reveal the whole picture of the distribution of a data set.
Two data sets with the same mean may have a completely different spreads.
The variation among the values of observations for one data set may be
much larger or smaller than for the other data set.
Range
FORMULA
RANGE = Largest value – Smallest value
Example 23
Solution:
Disadvantages:
o being influenced by outliers.
o based on two values only. All other values in a data set are ignored.
x
x N
2
2
2
N
Variance for sample:
x
x n
2
2
s2
n 1
FORMULA
Standard Deviation for population:
2
Example 24
Let x denote the total production (in unit) of company
Company Production
A 62
B 93
C 126
D 75
E 34
Find the variance and standard deviation,
Solution:
Range
FORMULA
Range = Upper bound of last class – Lower bound of first class
Class Frequency
41 – 50 1
51 – 60 3
61 – 70 7
71 – 80 13
81 – 90 10
91 - 100 6
Total 40
fx 2
N
2
N
Variance for sample:
fx
2
fx 2
n
s2
n 1
FORMULA
Standard Deviation:
Population: 2
Sample: s s2
Example 25
Find the variance and standard deviation for the following data:
No. of order f
10 – 12 4
13 – 15 12
16 – 18 20
19 – 21 14
Total n = 50
Solution:
Variance,
Standard Deviation,
Thus, the standard deviation of the number of orders received at the office of this mail-
order company during the past 50 days is 2.75.
Example 26
Given mean and standard deviation of monthly salary for two groups of worker who
are working in ABC company- Group 1: 700 & 20 and Group 2 :1070 & 20. Find the
CV for every group and determine which group is more dispersed.
Solution:
20
CV1 100% 2.86%
700
20
CV2 100% 1.87%
1070
The monthly salary for group 1 worker is more dispersed compared to group 2.
Quartiles
Quartiles are three summary measures that divide ranked data set into
four equal parts.
Depth of Q3 =
3( n 1)
4
Example 27
Table below lists the total revenue for the 11 top tourism company in Malaysia
109.7 79.9 21.2 76.4 80.2 82.1 79.4 89.3 98.0 103.5
86.8
Solution:
76.4 79.4 79.9 80.2 82.1 86.8 89.3 98.0 103.5 109.7
121.2
Step 2: Determine the depth for Q1 and Q3
n 1 11 1
Depth of Q1 = = =3
4 4
3( n 1) 3 11 1
Depth of Q3 = = =9
4 4
76.4 79.4 79.9 80.2 82.1 86.8 89.3 98.0 103.5 109.7
121.2
Q1 = 79.9 ; Q3 = 103.5
Example 28
Table below list the total revenue for the 12 top tourism company in Malaysia
Solution:
74.1 76.4 79.4 79.9 80.2 82.1 86.8 89.3 98.0 103.5 109.7
121.2
n 1 12 1
Depth of Q1 = = = 3.25
4 4
3( n 1) 3 12 1
Depth of Q3 = = = 9.75
4 4
74.1 76.4 79.4 79.9 80.2 82.1 86.8 89.3 98.0 103.5 109.7
121.2
Interquartile Range
The difference between the third quartile and the first quartile for a data
set.
FORMULA
IQR = Q3 – Q1
Example 29
Solution:
3n
4 -F
Q3 LQ3 + i
fQ3
Example 30
Refer to example 22, find Q1 and Q3
Solution:
n 50
Class Q1 12.5
4 4
Therefore,
n
4 -F
Q1 LQ1 i
f
Q1
12.5 - 8
10.5 10
14
13.7143
3n 3 50
Class Q3 37.5
4 4
Therefore,
n
4 -F
Q3 LQ3 i
f
3
Q
37.5 - 34
30.5 10
9
34.3889
Interquartile Range
FORMULA
IQR = Q3 – Q1
Example 31
Refer to example 30, calculate the IQR.
Solution:
Sk
Mean Mode
s
or
3( Mean Median )
Sk
s
Example 32
Solution:
This distribution is right skewed because the mean is the largest value
Mean - Mode 28 23
Sk 11905
.
s 4.2
OR
3 Mean - Median 3 28 25
Sk 21429
.
s 4.2
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
1. Chebyshev’s Theorem
1
1
k2
1
1
2 2
0.75 @ 75%
2. Empirical Rule
1.68%of the observations lie within one standard deviation of the mean.
2.95% of the observations lie within two standard deviations of mean.
3.99.7% of the observations lie within three standard deviations of the mean.
Measure of Position
EXERCISE 2
1. A survey research company asks 100 people how many times they have been to
the dentist in the last five years. Their grouped responses appear below.
2. A researcher asked 25 consumers: ―How much would you pay for a television
adapter that provides Internet access?‖ Their grouped responses are as follows:
Amount ($) Number of Responses
0 – 99 2
100 – 199 2
200 – 249 3
250 – 299 3
300 – 349 6
350 – 399 3
400 – 499 4
500 – 999 2
Calculate the mean, variance, and standard deviation.
3. The following data give the pairs of shoes sold per day by a particular shoe store
in the last 20 days.
85 90 89 70 79 80 83 83 75 76
89 86 71 76 77 89 70 65 90 86
Calculate the
a. mean and interpret the value.
b. median and interpret the value.
c. mode and interpret the value.
d. standard deviation.
4. The followings data shows the information of serving time (in minutes) for 40
customers in a post office:
5. In a survey for a class of final semester student, a group of data was obtained for
the number of text books owned.
Find the average number of text book for the class. Use the weighted mean.
6. The following data represent the ages of 15 people buying lift tickets at a ski
area.
15 25 26 17 38 16 60 21
30 53 28 40 20 35 31
8. The following table gives the distribution of the share’s price for ABC Company
which was listed in BSKL in 2005.