Simplified Numerical Analysis

Fourth Edition

Amjad Ali, Ph.D.

Centre for Advanced Studies in Pure and Applied Mathematics (CASPAM)
Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU), Multan, Pakistan

Esteemed Panel of the Book Reviewers:

Dr. Fiza Zafar, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan (PANEL LEAD)

Dr. Ahmad Hassan, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan
Dr. Hamayun Farooq, Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan
Dr. Muhammad Umar, University of Heidelberg, Germany
Dr. Muhammad Ishaq, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus
Dr. Muhammad Mujtaba Shaikh, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro
Prof. Dr. Zaheer Abbas, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ali Ismail, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi
Prof. Dr. Salman Ahmad, Institute of Space Technologies, Islamabad.
Preface
“Simplified Numerical Analysis” is an outcome of several years of relevant teaching and writing efforts.
The main intention in writing this book is to make value-addition for our students by offering a
comprehensive book to really set a solid foundation in this field through an easy approach. It has been
authored with very specific objectives in mind, which are around the goal that our students should be
uplifted and their learning of the subject should properly be aligned with the spirit of such a powerful and
impactful subject of science and engineering. This text is designed to help the students to adopt such a style
and approach of learning that can help them to build spot-on understanding and reform the learning styles.
The relevant challenges have been addressed through several strategic portrayals. The question sentences
have been inserted under the section/subsection headings (before the topical discussion) to emphasize what
specific points or concerns a particular topic focuses. This approach might also be very useful in satisfying
the concern of our students to be specific and definite about the exam questions and getting an impression
of being secure about exam performance.

The topics of the book are relevant to the different courses with different objectives (being relevant for a
variety of undergraduate programmes). Therefore, almost each of the chapters is made to comprise three
parts:

EXCLUSIVE SLICING OF A CHAPTER

Discusses about the basic concepts MOTIF:

Corridor I BASICS and methods of the chapter and is
needed by everyone Let’s plan it

Discusses about some analysis and

further insight into the topics and is
supposed to be focused by the MOTIF:
Corridor II ANALYSIS students of Numerical Analysis,
perhaps not by the students of Let’s think deep
Numerical Methods or Numerical
Computing like courses

Corridor III Trains about viewing the numerical MOTIF:

PROGRAMMING
(in companion methods as workable recipes and
ARCADE Let’s do it
books) programming them for the computers

The readers can pin-point the topics/questions from the three portions/corridors of the chapters according
to the course learning outcomes (CLOs) or individual’s needs. Our students frequently feel a serious
reluctance in getting benefits from the numerical methods through programming these for the computers
and hence face difficulty in addressing the contemporary needs of the subject. Corridor III purposefully
focuses on eliminating the misconceptions and bridging the gap of understanding through training.

It is important to note that the Corridor III: PROGRAMMING ARCADE of the relevant chapters has been
compiled as separate companion books:

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 • Laboratory Manual of Simplified Numerical Analysis (C++ Version)
• Laboratory Manual of Simplified Numerical Analysis (MATLAB® Version)
• Laboratory Manual of Simplified Numerical Analysis (Python Version)

The information about accessing the contents of these companion books (in pdf format or in codes files) can
be obtained from the following:

• www.TimeRedenders.com.pk
• GitHub - DrAmjadAli11/SimplifiedNumericalAnalysis
https://github.com/DrAmjadAli11/SimplifiedNumericalAnalysis
• Zenodo - https://zenodo.org/record/8264208 https://zenodo.org/record/8266086

The purpose of placing these sections/codes on public repositories is to reduce the printing costs and
increase accessibility and audience.

The patterns of the topical descriptions and working out of the numeric problems in this text are designed
to facilitate the instructor to focus most of the time on explaining the spirit and concept of the topics rather
than reproducing the material on the board or performing the numeric calculations during the lecture. It
may also be noted that the description or working-out under any question or problem is made to be self-
contained so that whatever assumption is needed to be made or whatever equation is needed to be referred
is already present there as a part of the discussion. Further, the equation numbering under any question or
problem has been made to start from “1” to give a feel to the students as their self-study notes.

The errata of the book and some other relevant stuff can be downloaded from www.TimeRenders.com.pk.
The proofreading is powered by using various Artificial Intelligence based (AI-driven) proprietary software.

Acknowledgements
I highly acknowledge the guidance and encouragement of my teacher and PhD supervisor, Prof. Dr. Khalid
Saifullah Syed, about the relevant topics. I am also thankful to Dr. Ahmad Hassan (BZU, Multan), Dr. Fiza
Zafar (BZU, Multan), Prof. Dr. Zaheer Abbas (IUB, Bahawalpur), Dr. Muhammad Ishaq (COMSATS University,
Vehari Campus), Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal (Government Emerson College, Multan), Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ali
Ismail (NED University, Karachi), Prof. Dr. Saima Akram (GCUW, Faisalabad), Prof. Dr. Salman Ahmad (IST,
Islamabad), for time to time discussions on the relevant topics. I congratulate and thank my students Aniqa
Faizan, Amna Waheed, and Sanam Shehzadi for urging me to speed-up the authoring process and some
manuscript typing support. I extend my gratitude to my students Zoha Saleem, Syeda Zahra Kazmi, and
Muhammad Zeeshan for special support in the latest edition. Further, I say thanks to the classes of BS
Mathematics (2014-2018, team lead Sajawal Naeem), BS Mathematics (2015-2019, Evening), MSc
Mathematics (2017-2019, team lead: Syeda Amna Batool), BS Mathematics (Session: 2018-2022, Morning,
team lead Damia Tasleem), MSc Mathematics (2019-2021, team lead: Tayyaba Saeed), and MSc
Mathematics (2021-2023, team lead: Misbah Malik) at CASPAM, BZU for helping me out in detecting
typing/numeric/other mistakes.

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I cannot forget to say thanks to my NA course teacher Prof. Dr. Azad Akhter Siddiqui (during my MS, back in
2002) at NUST whose style made me believe that Mathematics can be spoken fluently in the form of simple
ideas, rather than just written symbolically. I am also thankful to all of my colleagues at CASPAM, BZU, for
their scholastic companionship. My gratitude is due for my lovely Father (Late) and my friend Engr. Dr. Afzal
Ahmad Khan for persistent encouragement and pushing me forward. Engr. Afzal Ahmad Khan not only
played a role as a mentor but also arranged assistance for the publication process. Thanks to all my near-
and-dear ones for their prayers, support, encouragement, and compromises due to my involvement in the
write-up. I also acknowledge and appreciate the efforts of the following contributions by our National
authors:

• Saeed Akhter Bhatti, Naeem Akhtar Bhatti, “A First Course in Numerical Analysis with C++”, A-ONE
Publishers, Lahore.
• Lal Din Baig, “Numerical Analysis”, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore, 2014.
• Faiz Ahmad, Muhammad Afzal Rana, “Elements of Numerical Analysis”, National Book Foundation,
Islamabad.
• Muhammad Iqbal, “An Introduction to Numerical Analysis”, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore.
• Amjad Pervez, “An Introduction to Numerical Analysis”, A.H. Publishers, Urdu Bazar, Lahore.

I have not only been benefitted by these contributions, but the books published in Pakistan also set
benchmarks for me to start with.

It had been very nice to work with Dr. Hamayun Farooq and Dr. Muhammad Umar in the first edition of the
book. I am very thankful for their co-authorship for the example problems and exercises, as well as some
typing work in that edition. I miss them in the relevant modified/revised portions of the book. I feel indebted
and pay my gratitude to them for the glimpses/traces/residue of their contribution in the latest editions, as
well.

Finally, it’s my humble request to all the relevant readers to assist me through guidance and suggestions for
improving this book to make it a national monumental contribution in the field. I would like to develop a
liaison with the community of Numerical Analysis so that I can better understand the contemporary needs
of the community and try to address those in the book. In special, I request all the relevant community and
instructors that suggest application examples and exercises from different areas of science and
engineering to be included in the book. This will be a nice and great contribution. I pose the following
pertinent question in this regard to the course instructors and request that a comprehensive reply may kindly
be sent. Question: “What short-comings are there, which prohibit this book to be declared as the
recommended book of Numerical Analysis/Methods I in the universities”?

Amjad Ali
amjadali@bzu.edu.pk
14 08 2023

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Extended List of Supporters/Reviewers:

Prof. Dr. Khalid Saifullah Syed Prof. Dr. Ghulam Mustafa Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal
CASPAM The Islamia University of Emerson University
Bahauddin Zakariya University Bahawalpur Multan

Dr. Muhammad Aqeel Dr. Shahid Rafiq Dr. Muhammad Kamran Alam
Institute of Space Technologies Government S.E. College The University of Haripur
Islamabad Bahawalpur Haripur

Dr. Muhammad Shahzad Dr. Muhammad Umar Dr. Ahmed Zeeshan,

Hazara University (My PhD GEM) International Islamic University
Mansehra Bahauddin Zakariya University Islamabad

Dr. Anjum Pervaiz Dr. Rizwan Ul Haq Dr. Tahir Ali

University of Engineering and Bahria University Shangla Campus
Technology, Lahore Islamabad University of Swat

Ms. Saima Khan Dr. Hira Beenish Miss Madiha BiBi

University of Education G.C.U.F. PhD Scholar
Multan Campus Sahiwal Campus Quaid-i-Azam University

Dr. Raja Sikander Mehmood Dr. Nudrat Aamir Dr. Muhammad Asif Farooq
G.P.G. College Shaheed Benazir Bhutto National University of
Sahiwal Women University Sciences and Technology

Dr. Muhammad Amjad Dr. Sohaib Abdal Dr. Syed Hassan Waqas
COMSATS University Islamabad Superior University GCUF
Vehari Campus Layyah Campus Layyah Campus

Dr. Zainab Bukhari Mr. Haider Ali Ms. Fatima Khan

Time Institute (A University) COMSATS University Islamabad University of Education
Multan Vehari Campus Multan Campus

Miss Zoha Saleem Miss Salma Zafar Miss Tayyaba Saeed

MPhil Scholar (Maths) (My MPhil GEM) (My MPhil GEM)
LUMS Bahauddin Zakariya University Bahauddin Zakariya University

Miss Syeda Zahra Kazmi

(My MPhil GEM)
Bahauddin Zakariya University

• Students of BS Math 2019-23 at CASPAM, BZU [Zoha Saleem, Amna Farooq, & Muhammad Ahsan Irshad]

• Students of MSc Math 2021-23 at CASPAM, BZU [Team Lead: Misbah Malik], especially:

Javeria Saif Muhammad Talha Muhammad Adil Farheen Qaisar

Umme Habiba Kashif Ali Muhamma Zeeshan Sheeza Khan
Muqaddus Fida Sadique Khan Usman Liaqat

• Students of BS Math 2018-22 at CASPAM, BZU [Team Lead: Damia Tasleem and Amara Sajid]

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• Students of MSc Math 2019-21 at CASPAM, BZU [Team Lead: Tayyaba Saeed], especially:

Sehrish Maalik Sidra Shamim Khuram Shehzad Sadia Mehsood

Parveen BiBi Aneeqa Gull Tamoor Manzoor Muhammad Umer
Saeed Kabir Qurat Ul Ain Shama Intizar Nadia Kiran
Malyca Ali Bushra Kousar Mishal Zaman Muhammad Waqas
Ruqia Ghafoor Marium Nisar Khadija Gulzar Badar
Sana Anwar Asia Usman Rabia Aslam Sameer Khalid
Laveeza Tahir Jawairya Abid Muhammad Muneeb Mulazim Hussain
Allah Ditta Shahzad Mehrunnisa Asif Iqra Parveen Hafiza Munazza Ghaffar
Hafiz Haris Javed Muhammad Zeeshan Muhammad Yousaf Sobia Noreen
Sundas Mukhtiar Ittrat Riaz Arooj Khan Hira Perveen
Aqsa Shahbaz Sajida Batool Umar Draz Umm-e-Habiba
Sadia Ishfaq Arooba Shah Areej Fatima
Kiran Aslam Safoora Mariyam Gull

• Students of MSc Math 2017-19 at CASPAM, BZU [Team Lead: Syeda Amna Batool]

• Students of BS Math 2015-2019, Evening, at CASPAM, BZU

• Students of BS Math 2014-18 at CASPAM, BZU [Team Lead: Muhammad Sajawal Naeem]