P.R.

Government College
(Autonomous) Program&Semester
KAKINADA IIB.Sc. (IVSem)

CourseCode
TITLEOFTHECOURSE

MAT-401/4201 Real Analysis

Teaching HoursAllocated:60(Theory) L T P C
Pre-requisites: BasicMathematicsKnowledge on number system. 5 1 - 5

Course Objectives:

To formalise the study of numbers and functions and to investigate important concepts such as
limits and continuity. These concepts underpin calculus and its applications.

Course Outcomes:

On Completion of the course, the students will be able to-

CO1 Get clear idea about the real numbers and real valued functions.
CO2 Obtain the skills of analyzing the concepts and applying appropriate methods for
testing convergence of a sequence/ series.
CO3 Test the continuity and differentiability and Riemann integration of a function.

CO4 Know the geometrical interpretation of mean value theorems.

Course with focus on employability/entrepreneurship /Skill Development modules

Skill
Employability Entrepreneurship
Development

UNIT I (12
Hours)
Introduction of Real Numbers (No question is to be set from this portion)
Real Sequences: Sequences and their limits, Range and Boundedness of Sequences, Limit of
a sequence and Convergent sequence. The Cauchy’s criterion, properly divergent sequences,
Monotone sequences, Necessary and Sufficient condition for Convergence of Monotone
 Sequence, Limit Point of Sequence, Subsequences , Cauchy Sequences – Cauchy’s general
principle of convergence theorem.

UNIT II: (12 Hours)

INFINITIE SERIES :
Series : Introduction to series, convergence of series. Cauchy’s general principle of
convergence for series tests for convergence of series, Series of Non-Negative Terms.
1. P-test
2. Cauchy’s nth root test or Root Test.
3. D’-Alemberts’ Test or Ratio Test.
4. Alternating Series – Leibnitz Test.

UNIT III: (12 Hours)

CONTINUITY:
Limits: Real valued Functions, Boundedness of a function, Limits of functions. Some
extensions of the limit concept, Infinite Limits. Limits at infinity. (No question is to be set from
this portion).
Continuous functions: Continuous functions, Combinations of continuous functions,
Continuous Functions on interval.

UNIT IV: (12 Hours)

DIFFERENTIATION AND MEAN VALUE THEOREMS: The derivability of a function,
on an interval, at a point, Derivability and continuity of a function, Graphical meaning of the
Derivative, Mean value Theorems; Rolle’s Theorem, Lagrange’s Theorem, Cauchy’s Mean
value Theorem.

UNIT V: (12 Hours)

RIEMANN INTEGRATION : Riemann Integral, Riemann integral functions, Darboux
theorem. Necessary and sufficient condition for R – integrability, Properties of integrable
functions, Fundamental theorem of integral calculus, First mean value Theorem.
Co-Curricular Activities (15
Hours)
Seminar/ Quiz/ Assignments/ Real Analysis and its applications / Problem Solving.
TEXT BOOK:
1. Introduction to Real Analysis by Robert G.Bartle and Donlad R. Sherbert,
published by John Wiley.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. A Text Book of B.Sc Mathematics by B.V.S.S. Sarma and others, published by S.
Chand & Company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
 2. Elements of Real Analysis as per UGC Syllabus by Shanthi Narayan and Dr. M.D.
Raisinghania, published by S. Chand & Company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
Additional Inputs :

Taylor’s Theorem , McLaren theorem .

CO-POMapping:

(1:Slight[Low]; 2:Moderate[Medium]; 3:Substantial[High], '-':NoCorrelation)

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
CO1
CO2
CO3
CO4

BLUE PRINT FOR QUESTION PAPER PATTERN

SEMESTER-IV

Marks allotted
Unit TOPIC S.A.Q E.Q
to the Unit

I Real Sequences 1 1 15

II Infinite Series 2 2 30

III Continuity 2 1 20

Differentiation And Mean value

IV 1 1 15
theorems

V Riemann Integrations 1 1 15

Total 7 6 95

S.A.Q. = Short answer questions (5 marks)

E.Q = Essay questions (10 marks)

Short answer questions : 4 X 5 = 20 M

 Essay questions : 3 X 10 = 30 M
……………….
Total Marks = 50 M
………………..

P.R. Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada

II Year, B.Sc., Degree Examinations - IV Semester
Mathematics Course: Real Analysis
Paper–IV (Model Paper ((w.e.f. 2021-22 Admitted Batch)

Time: 2Hrs 30 min Max. Marks: 50

PART-I
Answer any FOUR questions. Each question carries FIVE marks. 4 X 5 =20 M

1. Prove that every convergent sequence is a Cauchy sequence

2. If ∑ u n convergences absolutely then prove that ∑ u n converges.
∞
1.3 .5 … ( 2 n−1 ) n−1
3. Test for the convergence of ∑ x ( x >0 )
n =1 2.4 .6 … 2 n
4. Examine for continuity the function f defined by f ( x )=| x|+|x−1| at 0 and 1
5. Show that f : R → R defined by f(x) = 1 if x ∈Q ; f(x) = -1 if x ∈ R−Q is discontinuous for all x
∈R .

6. Show that f ( x )=x sin ( 1x ) , x ≠ 0 ; f ( x )=0 , x=0 is continuous but not derivable at x=0.
 1
1 1 1 1
7. By considering the integral ∫ dx show that log 2= lim [ + + …+ ¿ ]¿
0 1+ x n→ ∞ n+1 n+2 2n

PART - II
Answer any THREE questions. Each question carries TEN marks. 3 X 10 = 30 M

8. Show that a monotonic sequence is convergent iff it is bounded .

9. State and prove Cauchy’s nth root test .

10. Test for absolutely convergence or conditionally convergence of

∑ (−1 )n+1 (√ n2 +1−n) .

n =1

11. State and Prove Intermediate value theorem.

12. State and Prove Rolle’s theorem .

13 . State and prove fundamental theorem of Integral Calculus.

P.R. GOVERNMENT COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KAKINADA

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Question Bank
PAPER–IV: REAL ANALYSIS
Short Answer Questions
UNIT-I
1. Show that every convergent sequence is bounded . Give an example to show the converse
is not true .
2. By the definition of limit of a sequence show that lim √n n=1.
3. Prove that lim [ 1
2
+
1
( n+1 ) ( n+2 ) 2
+ …+
1
( n+n )2
=0
]
4. Show that lim
n→∞ [√ 2
1
n +1 √ 1
+ 2 + …+ 2
n +2
1
n +n
=1.
√ ]
5. State and prove sandwich theorem .
6. Define a Cauchy’s sequence . Prove that every convergent sequence is a Cauchy
sequence
7. Prove that if { Sn} is a Cauchy sequence, then { Sn } is bounded.
8. Prove that every Cauchy’s sequence is convergent.

UNIT-II
9. If ∑ u n convergence then show that lim un = 0 . Is the converse true ? Justify your
answer .
1
10. Test for convergence of ∑ n n
2 +3
∞
11. Examine the convergence of ∑ ( √ n3 +1−√ n3 ).
n =1

∞
12. Test for convergence of ∑ ( √ n +1−√ n −1 )
3 3

n =1

( )
∞
1 n+2 n n
13. Test the convergence of ∑ 3
x , ∀ x >0
n =1 n n+3
∞
1.3 .5 … ( 2 n−1 ) n−1
14. Test for the convergence of ∑ x ( x >0 ).
n =1 2.4 .6 … 2 n
n−1
(−1)
15. Test for convergence of ∑ .
n √n

UNIT-III
16. Examine the continuity of the function defined by f(x) = |x| +|x−1| at x = 0, 1.
17. Show that f : R → R defined by f(x) = 1 if x ∈Q ; f(x) = -1 if x ∈ R−Q is discontinuous
for all x ∈ R .
 ( )
1
e x −1
18. Discuss the continuity of the following function at the origin f ( x )=x 1
if x ≠ 0 and
x
e +1
f(0)=1 .

UNIT-IV
19. If f : [ a ,b ] → R is derivable at c ∈ [ a , b ], then prove that f is continuous on [a , b]. Is its
converse true? Justify your answer.

( )
1 −1
x x
e −e
20. Test the continuity and differentiability of f ( x )=x 1 −1
if x ≠ 0and
x x
e +e
f ( 0 )=0 at x=0.

( )
1
e x −1
21. Prove that f ( x )=x 1
if x ≠ 0 and f(0)=0 is continuous but not derivable .
x
e +1
1
22. Find c of Cauchy’s mean value theorem for f ( x )= √ x , g ( x )= in [a, b] where 0< a<b .
√x
23. Verify Cauchy’s mean value theorem for f(x) = x2 , g(x) = x3 in [1,2] .
2
24. Examine the applicability of Rolle’s theorem for f ( x )=1−( x−1 ) 3 on [0, 2].
2
x +ab
25. Discuss the applicability of Rolle’s theorem for the function f (x)=log in [a,b]
x (a +b)
where 0 ∉[a , b] .
26. Find ‘c’ of Lagrange’s Mean Value theorem for f(x) = (x-1) (x-2) (x-3) on [0,4].

27. Using Lagrange’s Mean Value theorem prove that , >0

UNIT-V
28. If f(x) = x2 x [0,1] and P= {0,1/4 , 2/4, 3/4, 1}, then find U(P,f) and L(P,f).
29. Find the lower and upper Riemann sums of f(x) = 2x -1 on [0,1] when P= { 0, 1/3 , 2/3 ,
1}.
 f
30. Show that the function defined by for all x in [0,1] is
not R-integrable on [0,1].
31. If f ∈ R[a , b] and m , M are the infimum and supremum of f on [a,b] then prove that
b
m(b−a)≤∫ f ( x ) dx ≤ M (b−a) .
a

32. If f is R-integrable on [a,b] then show that | f | is R-integrable on [a,b] .

π /4

33. Evaluate ∫ (sec ¿ ¿ 4 x −tan 4 ¿ x)dx ¿ ¿

0

1
1 1 1 1
34. By considering the integral ∫ dx show that log 2= lim [ + + …+ ¿ ]¿
0 1+ x n→ ∞ n+1 n+2 2n
1 1 1 1
35. Show that lim [ + + + …+ ¿ ]=log 3 ¿
n → ∞ n n+1 n+2 3n
Essay Questions
UNIT-I
1. State and prove Cauchy’s first theorem on limits .
2. Show that a monotonic sequence is convergent iff it is bounded .
1 1 1
3. Prove that the sequence { sn } defined by sn=1+ + +…+ is convergent.
1! 2! n!
1 1 1
4. Show that the sequence { sn } where sn= + + …+ is convergent .
n+1 n+2 n+n

( ) is convergent.
n
1
5. Show that the sequence { an } defined by a n= 1+
n
1 1 1 1
6. If Sn= + + +…+ the show that { sn } is convergent .
1.2 2.3 3.4 n(n+1)
7. State and prove Cauchy’s general principle of convergence .

UNIT –II
8. State and prove Limit comparison test.
9. State and prove Cauchy’s nt h root test .
10. State and prove D’Alemberts ratio test.
11. State and prove Leibnitz test.
 ∞ ∞
12. Test for convergence of i) ∑ ( √ n +1−n ) ii) ∑ ( √ n +1−√ n −1 )
3 3 4 4

n =1 n =1

∞
1 1 1 1
13. Test for convergence of ∑ (−1 )
n
(1+ + + …+ ).
n =1 n 2 3 n

UNIT-III

14. If a function f is continuous on [a,b] show that f is bounded on [a,b] . Is this result is true
for functions on open intervals? Justify your answer .
15. State and Prove Intermediate value theorem.
16. If f :[a , b]→ R is continuous on [a , b], then f is bounded on [a , b] and attains its bounds
or infimum and supremum.
1 −1
e x −e x
17. Test the continuity of of f ( x )= 1 −1
if x ≠0∧f ( 0 )=0 at x=0.
e +ex x

sin ( a+1 ) x+ sinx

18. Let f: R→ R be such that f(x) = for x <0 , f ( x )=c for x =0 and f (x) =
x
1
( x+ b x2 ) −x 2
3
for x >0. Determine the values of a, b, c which the function is continuous at
2
bx
x = 0.
19. Determine the constants a,b so that the function defined by f(x) = 2x + 1 if x ≤ 1 ; f(x) =
ax2 + b if 1< x < 3 ; f(x) = 5x + 2a if x  3 is continuous every where .
UNIT-IV
20. State and prove Roll’s theorem .
21. State and Prove Lagrange’s mean value theorem .
22. State and Prove Cauchy’s mean value theorem.
23. Show that f(x) = | x – 1 | + | x – 2 | is continuous but not derivable at x= 1 , 2 .
24. Using Lagrange’s mean value theorem, show that
x
x >log ( 1+ x ) > if f ( x )=log ( 1+ x ) ∀ x >0
1+ x

25. Show that , >0

 v −u −1 −1 v−u
26. Show that 2
< tan v−tan u< 2
for 0<u <v . Hence deduce that
1+ v 1+u
π 3 −1 4 π 1
+ < tan < + .
4 25 3 4 6

UNIT-V
2
11
27. Show that f ( x )=3 x +1 is integrable on[1,2] and ∫ ( 3 x +1 ) dx= .
1 2
a 3
a
28. Prove that f ( x )=x 2 is integrable on [0 , a] and ∫ x dx=
2
.
0 3
29. State and prove Necessary and Sufficient condition for integrability.
30. If f is continuous on the [a , b] then prove that f is Riemann Integrable on the [a , b].
31. If f is monotonic on the [a , b] then prove that f is Riemann Integrable on the [a , b].
32. State and prove fundamental theorem of Integral Calculus.
3 π 2 3
π x π
33. Prove that ≤∫ dx ≤ .
24 0 5+3 cosx 6
1
1 sin πx 2
34. Show that ≤∫ dx ≤
π 0 1+ x 2 π