STUDY ON DETERMINATION OF HEALTH OF ANIMAL BY

PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
RECORDING OF NORMAL TEMPERATURE, PULSE
PART- A
AND RESPIRATION OF ANIMALS AND BIRDS
PART- B OBSERVATION OF SIGN OF HEALTH
 PART- A

RECORDING OF NORMAL TEMPERATURE, PULSE

AND RESPIRATION OF ANIMALS AND BIRDS
TEMPERATURE
 Temperature is defined as degree of hotness or coldness of the body
 Temperature is recorded by thermometer

Thermometer
A thermometer (from the Greek thermos, meaning "hot" and metron,
"measure") is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient
using a variety of different principles
The thermometer was not a single invention,
however, but a development
1724- Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit produced
temperature scale.
1742- Anders Celsius proposed a scale with zero at
the freezing point and 100 degrees at the
boiling point of water
1866- Sir Thomas Clifford Allbutt invented a clinical
thermometer
1999- Dr. Francesco Pompei introduced the world's
first temporal artery thermometer, a non-
invasive temperature sensor which scans the
forehead in about 2 seconds and provides a
medically accurate body temperature
Parts of thermometer
Types of thermometer
Clinical thermometer

Laboratory thermometer

Clinical thermometer
 used for recording body temperature
 ranges from 94-180oF or 35-42oC
 Mercury color usually grey
 has constriction bulb, so, before using it has to be shaken

Laboratory thermometer
 used for recording temperature in laboratory or research purposes
 Temperature ranges vary from purpose to purpose
 Mercury color usually red
 It has no constriction bulb, so, it has no need to be shaken
Site of taking body temperature

Method of taking body temperature

Shaking Lubrication Insertion Keeping Recording

Vigorously, Vaseline Contact with

Oil Fully, not merely rectal Two minutes
mercury level
soap the bulb mucosa
remain well below
Precautions for taking body temperature

 When the rectum is ballooned with air it may be necessary to insert the first finger
into the rectum and press the bulb of the thermometer on the rectal mucosa.
 When taking temperature of horses restraint may be necessary, that is the
assistant may lift a fore leg. The switch of tail should be taken to one side.
 While taking temperature in cattle an assistant hold the head.
 To take temperature of sheep, dogs and cats, it is best to lift the animals tail in the
left hand and slightly noise in the hind legs before inserting the thermometer.
 The temperature of the fowl is taken in the cloacae; care must be taken not to
insert the thermometer too far
When temperature of animals are raised or lowered?
PULSE RATE
 Pulse is defined as rhythmic contraction of artery
 dependent on the heartbeat and is not directed by changes in the peripheral vascular system
 may or may not represent the heart rate
RESPIRATION RATE
 The act of in-taking O2 and expelling of CO2 is called respiration
 Inspiration + Expiration  Respiration

Three parts
1. Ear piece
2. Connecting tube
3. Chest piece

With diaphragm called Phonendoscope; Without diaphragm called stethoscope

GENERAL NOTES:
 It is always desirable to proceed to take temperature, pulse and respiration in the following
order:
Respiration > Pulse> Temperature
 First stand quietly near the animal and count the exhalation and inhalation numbers
 Judging the condition of the animal, the pulse rate is to be recorded
 Finally the temperature of the animal is taken. To take temperature of animals it may be
required to restraint and this may alter pulse and respiration rates, but the body temperature
does not respond to excitement and fear
CHART 1
CHART 2
 PART- B

OBSERVATION OF SIGNS OF HEALTH IN

ANIMALS AND BIRDS
SIGNS OF HEALTH OF HORSE
General features
 Show alertness without nervousness
 Should have interest in things
around him, this is indicated by high
carriage of head up and down and
constantly moving ears backwards
and forwards
 General stance and posture should
be easy
 Should have the ability to more
move freely
SIGNS OF HEALTH OF
HORSE

Body coat
 Should have a glossy coat, not hard and
staring and the skin should be freely
movable, not “hide bound”
 The so-called “poverty line” (the groove
between the biceps femoris and
semitendinosus muscles) will be well
marked
 After hand exercise there will be a profuse
soap lather like sweat
 After a hand gallop the sweat will be thin,
watery and little in quantity. It will first
appear between the ears and on the flanks
SIGNS OF HEALTH OF
HORSE
Eye The eye should be bright and clear

Mucous membrane
 All the visible m/m should be moist-glistening
and pink colour
 no excess of saliva, tears and abnormal
discharges
G-I tract
 Good feeder, and always ready to take a bite of grass, if get an opportunity
 The horse bowels move about 8 times in 24 hours. Dung is passed without straining
and should be of correct color-dark gold to green according to the nature of the food
given
 The smell of the dung is non-effective. Dung is evacuated into ball formation, which
should break on falling to the ground
SIGNS OF HEALTH OF
HORSE

Urinary tract
 The horse stales several times a day and may pass from a quart to half a gallon of
urine at a time
 The urine is thick and light yellow in color but varies a good deal with the feeding
 Both mares and gelding straddle when staling and grunt

Respiratory tract
When a rest time there should be 8 to 12 respiratory movements per minute, as shown
by a steady rise and fall of the flanks without noise
SIGNS OF HEALTH OF
HORSE

Conformation
It is usual for horses to stand on four legs on both and one
hind leg; the other hind leg being rested with toe on the
ground.
The horse should stand free on his feet, each one taking its
appropriate share of the weight.
Sometimes the horse rests on a forelimb by bringing it
forwards; this position, however, must not be mixed up
undistinguishing with the ‘pointing’ of lameness (when one
knee is slightly flexed and only the toe touches the ground).
Resting first one leg and then the other is indicative of a bad
sign and this may point the presence of pain in both fore-
feet
SIGNS OF HEALTH OF CATTLE
General features

 All cattle should feed well; they should not leave

part of their normal rations in troughs or mangers.
 When at grass, cattle keep more or less together.
Remaining apart from others for long periods
indicating probability of something with it.
 Horns and feet should be neither hot non cold to the
touch.
 Cows in milk should show a consistency in yield. A
sudden drop may occur when in heat, but a fall may
indicate illness with considerable pain in the under.
 When standing in cows, there no padding of the feet
or nervous switching of the tail (Unless flies are
about).
SIGNS OF HEALTH OF
CATTLE
Body coat

 The coat carry a bloom in summer and the skin

should be movable over the underlying muscle.
In winter cattle lying out grow a long hairy or
mossy coat as a natural protection against cold
 The hide should be movable over the underlying
muscle
 The working ox or bull does not sweat as much
as does horse
 The cattle frequently lick their own coats and
those of other calves cattle against the flow of
their hair
SIGNS OF HEALTH OF
CATTLE

Eye The eye should be bright and clear. There should be no abnormal discharges

Mucous membrane
All m/m of mouth and muffle should be
moist, pink except some black-coated breeds
where these may be grayish or spotted
Urinary tract
• Cattle pass urine several times a day
• The urine is light yellow in color

Respiratory tract
 The respiration rate should be normal. There should be no abnormal rates
 The nose or muffle should be cool and moist
SIGNS OF HEALTH OF
CATTLE
G-I tract
 Rumination normally takes every 6 to 8 hours or less
but much depends on the character and quality of the
food. It takes a ½ to ¼ minutes for each bolus to be
masticated before another is brought up and each is
chewed 30 to 50 times according to the nature of the
food.
 During chewing the cud the mandible is moved several
times from the same side. Rumination usually takes
place when lying or at rest.
 The dung of the cattle is naturally softer than that of
horses.
 Gas is brought up from the rumen at frequent intervals
(eructation). All cattle should feed well and should not
leave part of their normal rations in troughs mangers
SIGNS OF HEALTH OF SHEEP-GOAT
 The sheep/goat of any age should be alert looking
 The animals should have clean clear bold eyes
 The head and neck should be held upright
and while walking, should have good coordination of
movement
 The ears are found constantly pricked
 Good appetite and regular rumination
 Sheep remain within the flock but goats sometimes remain
apart on keep scattered
 Goat’s body coat is firm and glossy with unbroken hair
 Body coat of a healthy sheep is firm with unbroken fleece
 Healthy sheep/goat should have sound feed and sound
unbroken teeth
 Healthy animal should not feel firm and strong
 In hot summer, even when at rest the respirations are much
faster than normal
SIGNS OF HEALTH OF DOGS
General features

 Dogs should be “muscled-up” and hand and the skin

should be movable.
 Body coat should be glossy with no bare patches.
 A healthy dog may occasionally scratch himself. Frequent
scratching denotes the presence of parasites or eczema
 Parasitic skin diseases often begin on the inside of the
legs, along the belly or round the eyes.
 Healthy dogs may harbor internal parasites. These
interfere with dog’s health. It is therefore better to get rid
of them
SIGNS OF HEALTH OF
DOGS

Eyes, ears and teeth

 The eyelids should be thickened, and the lids of
ears should be free from thickening and scars,
which may not readily heal
 The teeth of a young dog should be strong and
white; the lower canine is placed in front of the
upper when the jaws are closed

Urogenital tract
Discharge from the urogenital organs is a sign of disorder, though healthy dogs often
have a drop of mucus at the end of prepuce
SIGNS OF HEALTH OF
DOGS

Alimentary tract
 It is difficult to say why many dogs, although healthy
and well fed, have been found to like eating garbage or
why some dogs are fond of dead carcasses or they
never miss an opportunity to roll on carrion; such
habits are apparently natural and should not be taken
into consideration as signs of ill health.
 The eating of horse dung, cow dung or other animals
and human wastes may indicate a deficiency in
feeding.
 The anal ring of a healthy dog should be normal i.e. not
thickened, which may denote inflamed anal glands.
 The tongue should be a healthy pink
SIGNS OF HEALTH OF
DOGS

Respiratory tract
A most nose is usually considered a sign of good health, but when a dog remains lying
in the sun or before a fine, the nose naturally becomes dry. The breath should not be
offensive
Conformation/movement
Abnormal enlargement of joints or at the junction of the ribs and their cartilage are
symptoms of ricketts.
The fore legs should be straight except in some breeds where they are short and
twisted and in some they are bowed.
The claws of a dog in full exercise should be straight and well worm
A healthy dog will sleep or rest well
SIGNS OF HEALTH OF PoULTRY
Stance Erect Abdomen Firm to touch
Tail held high Fat birds may feel hard
Head Clean comb and wattles Vent Clean
Bright about the eye Level with body surface
Clean nostrils Breathing Silent
Muscles Bird feels 'solid' Beak closed (in hot weather birds
Struggles vigorously when held may breath with mouth open)
Legs and feet Clean waxy scales
Smooth joints Young poultry
Cool to touch
Navel area Smooth
Feathers Smooth and neat Colour and appearance of normal skin
Colour Breed and strain characteristics Vent Clean
Appetite and thirst Eat and drink often Level with body surface
Droppings Grey Legs and feet Legs under body
Brown with white caps Toes straight and spread evenly
Definite form
Caecal droppings may be frothy Wing feathers Extend to the base of the tail
Feathers show no distinct break lines
 STUDY ON METHODS FOR THE
ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINE
 Drugs and Medicine
 All medicines are drugs but all drugs are
not medicines.
 Medicines generally are not addictive in
nature, unlike drugs.
 Medicines are made for the treatment
of a particular disease, while drug is
often considered as narcotic, a stimulant
or hallucinogen.
 Medicines never cause stupefaction
while drugs do
Different forms of medicine
Animals are administered medicines through different routes. These medicines are in
liquid, semi-solid on pasty and solid forms
LIQUID MEDICINES
DRENCHES
Drenches: Liquid medicine for oral administration.
Drenching: Administration of liquid medicine orally.
Drenching of different animals
Horses/cattle:
Drenches are given by month or through a stomach tube. The medicine is poured down
the animal throat in small quantities from a drenching bottle. Drenching bottle is one kind
of ordinary glass bottle with long neck which is covered by leather.
Care must be taken that a glass bottle, if used, is not bitten and the animal is not choked
Drenching through Stomach tube
It is a thick long rubber tube which is used for direct administration of liquid medicine into
the stomach
LIQUID MEDICINES DRENCHES

Description of stomach tube

The stomach tube is made of a hard white rubber tube, about
270 cm long with different thickness, medium size having 15
mm outside diameter and 9 mm internal diameter one and of
the stomach tube is the solid end i.e. closed, the lumen,
however opens at this and about 2 mm above on one side.
At about 25 to 35 cm from this end there is a mark and about
120 cm further along there is a second mark. When the first
mark is at the nostril, it can be assumed that the solid end has
entered the pharynx, when the second mark comes to the
nostril, then the solid end is just entering the stomach.
LIQUID MEDICINES DRENCHES

Procedure of passing of stomach tube

1. To pass a stomach tube, the operation needs an assistant who holds the horse standing on the near
side. Then he grasps the left ear by the right hand and places his left hand across the horse’s nasal
bones.
2. Before introduction of tube the horse’s neck should be flexed so that the nose is brought nearer its
chest. This ensures that the point of tube is less likely to enter the trachea. At this time the head and
neck must be kept absolutely straight.
3. The tube is wetted with worm water and lubricated with liquid paraffin or greased with fat.
4. The operator stands half-front on the off side of the horse. His left hand passes across the horse’s face
and the wing of the nostril of the horse is pulled gently upwards and over.
5. The solid end is introduced into the nostril, keeping the slight convexity of the tube upwards and along
the floor of the nasal passage.
6. A length of about 10 to 15 cm of the tube is passed a time. Pausing a moment, another few cm length
of the tube is introduced.
LIQUID MEDICINES DRENCHES

7. While pushing the tube, it should not be twisted round so that the convexity becomes downwardly
directed which might cause the end to enter the trachea.
8. When the first mark is reached the solid point is in the pharynx and the horse makes a reflex of
involuntary swallowing movement.
9. As soon as there is swallowing movement another 10 to 15 cm of the tube should be passed in at once
LIQUID MEDICINES DRENCHES Stomach tube insertion procedure

10. No necessary force should be applied, rather this operation should be done smoothly and firmly.
11. As the tube has entered the esophagus, peristaltic movement of the muscular gullet is set up as a
result more resistance will be encounted at the beginning.
12. In the gullet considerable resistance is encountered in passing the tube.
13. When the second mark is reached, there is usually a more pronounced temporary resistance
caused by the cardiac sphincter at the entrance of the stomach. All this time of passing the tube, a
pause is necessary until this is overcome
14. After the pause, some 15 to 20 cms length of the tube are passed and the medicine is poured into
the free end.
15. When all fluid medicine has been poured in, a pause is necessary until a gurgling sound is heard.
The medicine indicates that all fluid has left the tube. About 500 ml of warm water on saline may be
used to clean all medicine from the tube immediately before it is withdrawn
LIQUID MEDICINES DRENCHES Stomach tube

Advantages of stomach tube

 Useful for the patient suffering from respiratory problem.
 Useful for medicine of unpleasant odor and taste.
 For the administration of whole doses of medicine without any wastage.
 To avoid the risk of chocking.
 For easier control of animal.

Disadvantage of stomach tube

 Should required skilled pension.
 Injury to mucus membrane of stomach and esophagus.
 Risk to left medicine in trachea.
 LIQUID MEDICINES DRENCHES Stomach tube
Precautionary measures in stomach tube use
 The stomach tube should always be kept coiled.
 It is not advisable to force the stomach tube in quickly.
 The tube when passing the muscular gullet encounters more moisture so that each swallowing,
movement of the tube will be grasped by the esophageal muscles and carried down a few cms. It is
therefore to be remembered that extra force should not be applied.
 If the tube is passing down the esophagus correctly, its point can be felt to further passage and a cough
may occur.
 It is generally recommended that the fluid should enter by gravity only.
 The tube should be removed gently but firmly, taking care to avoid hurrying.
 Due care should be taken while withdrawing tube. It the end flicks suddenly upwards at this stage,
bruising or damage to the turbinate bone and a little hemorrhage may result.
 For foals, smallest masked stomach tube should be used, otherwise the point of longer tube may
perforate the stomach wall.
 The two-way stomach is too large to be introduced via the nostril. A gap is usually required and the tube
is passed through the mouth. Its only advantage over the more common single tube is that the stomach
may be washed out introducing fluids through one tube and allowing them to escape by the other.
LIQUID MEDICINES DRENCHES

Drenching through drenching bottle

 As an alternative to stomach tube, the drenching bottle may
be used for large animals, particularly cattle, even small
animals like sheep and goats.
 Drenching bottle might be made of plastic, or glass, or
rubber, however, in any case, the neck of the bottle should
be long enough so that it can easily be inserted in the oral
cavity of the animals.
 The bottle should also be strong enough so that it will not be
easily breakable by the bite of animal or during handling.
 In case of glass bottle, it should be covered with leather
cover.
 While drenching any animal, the head should be held upright, so that the liquid can easily be
entered direct to the right way.
 Previously, long necked aluminum bottle was used for this purpose
LIQUID MEDICINES DRENCHES Drenching bottle

Advantages of drenching bottle

 No need of skilled person, as needed in stomach tube
 Commonly used at the village level of Bangladesh.
 No chance of injury to mucus membrane of stomach and esophagus
Disadvantages of drenching bottle
 Wastage of medicine, as spilled out from the mouth of the animals.
 Chance of injury to the buccal mucosa, gum and lips of the animals.
 Pungent and bitter taste medicine administration is difficult.
 In case of glass drenching bottle, there is always risk of break down of the bottle that may
cause serious injury both to the animals and to the handler.
 There is risk of chocking.
 Animal controlling is difficult during drenching through drenching bottle
LIQUID MEDICINES DRENCHES

Sheep and Goat

The safest method of drenching sheep or
goat is to use a rubber bunsen tubing
An ordinary glass or metal funnel is inserted
into one end, while the other end is put into
the sheep’s mouth
LIQUID MEDICINES DRENCHES

Dogs and cats

For dogs specified drenching spoons and bits
are available
Cats are drenched by holding the scruff of
the neck as high as possible with the left
hand and forcing the head back
When the cat will open mouth the medicine
is poured slowly.
LIQUID MEDICINES DRENCHES

Birds
To drench birds, fountain filler on a probe
or dropper may be used.
Rabbits and Guinea pigs
Fluid medicine is usually given with a
teaspoon
LIQUID MEDICINES

INJECTION
Introduction of liquid medicine into the body with the help of sterilized syringe and needle.
There are different methods of injections.
 Hypodermic on subcutaneous injections
Injection of medicine under the skin
e.g. vaccine, Ivermectin
 Intramuscular injections
Injection of medicine into the muscle.
e.g. Antibiotics (Penicillin, streptomycin etc.)
 Intravenous injection
Injection of medicine into the vein.
e.g. Ca preparation
LIQUID MEDICINES INJECTION
INJECTION (continued)

 Intraperitoneal injection
Injection of medicine into the peritoneal cavity.
 Intraruminal injection
Injection of medicine into the rumen.
e.g. Saline + Ca preparation; Food
 Intramammary injection
Injection of medicine into the mammary gland.
e.g. Gentamycin
 Intrauterine injection
Injection of medicine into the uterus.
 Intratracheal injection
Medicines are injected into the trachea with a specially made intratracheal needle or canula
for the treatment of parasitic bronchitis in young animals
LIQUID MEDICINES
INHALATION
Administration of volatile medicine through inspiration
e.g. Liquid inhalation: Benzene inhalation
Solid inhalation: Camphor

LOTION
 Liquid medicine for external use on the skin
 A lotion is a low- to medium-viscosity, topical preparation intended for application to
unbroken skin
 By contrast, creams and gels have higher viscosity
 Lotions are applied to external skin with bare hands, a clean cloth, cotton wool or gauze
 Many lotions, especially hand creams and face cream are formulated not as a medicine
delivery system, but simply to smooth, re-hydrate, and soften the skin. These are particularly
popular with the aging and aged demographic groups
LIQUID MEDICINES

FOMENTATION
Application of heat or cold. Heat is applied to enhance
inflammation and cold is applied to reduce inflammation and pain.
e.g. Application of water in case of fever
e.g. Application of ice after getting injury
Fig: Hot water bag used for hot fomentation

BATHS
Administration of medicine through bath.
e.g. Footbath, sheep dipping
ENEMA
Enema is a liquid medicine for administration into
the rectum and colon in order to stimulate bowel
movement and activity, which cause emptying of the
lower intestine Fig: Rectal bulb, used for enema introduction
Fig: Dushing apparatus
in small scale, especially for human baby
SOLID MEDICINES
Boluses
Solid medicine (balls, tablets, capsules, pills) for
oral administration.
Tools: Balling gun, Balling iron
Pessaries
Solid medicine for insertion into the uterus.
e.g. Fungidal® VT
Medicine added to food and water
Suitable medicinal or nutritive agents are given in
food on water
These agents do not have any disagreeable taste or
smell
SEMI-SOLID MEDICINES
Electuaries:
 Electuaries are thick viscid mixtures prepared with treacle
 These are commonly used for respiratory complains and when
swallowing is difficult
 Pasty medicine for oral administration usually powdered medicine
are mixed with molasses to make a thick viscid mixture or semi-
solid pasty mass which is applied on the dorsal surface of the
tongue of molar teeth.
SEMI-SOLID MEDICINES
Ointment
Ointment is a medicated, fatty, salt substance for external application to the body having
antiseptic, cosmetic or healing properties-usually the base is jelly or lanolin to which the
medicament is added.
Suppository
Soft semisolid conical shaped medicine for administration of rectum and vagina.

Ointment Suppositories
Differences between ointment, cream, lotion, gel and paste
 Ointments, creams, lotions, gel and paste are
different ways to formulate over-the-counter
products or medicines
 An ointment is 80 percent oil and 20
percent water
 A cream is 50 percent oil and 50 percent
water
 A lotion is similar to a cream but it's an
even lighter or less thick formulation

 Gels are usually clear, transparent, semisolid dosage form containing the solubilized
active substance
 Pastes are thick, stiff, semisolid dosage form in which s high concentration of insoluble
powder substances (20% to 50%) finely dispersed in a fatty or aqueous base
Tablets
 A tablet is in the form of flat tablets.
 A tablet is a compressed powder in solid form
 Tablets can be cut into two
Capsules
 A capsule is almost cylindrical
 A capsule consists of powder or jelly enclosed
in a dissoluble gelatin container
 Capsules cannot be cut into two
Pills
A pill is a generalized term for any medicine
in solid form, i.e. tablet, capsule
Bolus
a type of large pill used in veterinary medicine
STUDY ON MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES OF ANIMALS
(A) BANDAGES OF ANIMALS/HORSE
 Bandages are the piece of cloth or soft materials that used to
support as a sport/ medical device
 To ensure a good fit and for protection while travelling by rail,
road sea or air and undertaking exercises it is important that
each animal should be have it own set of clothing or special
form of bandages
 (A) BANDAGES OF ANIMALS/HORSE

CLASSIFICATION OF BANDAGES
Depending upon the use bandages are of two kinds:
 Bandages used in hygienic practices and
 Bandages used in surgical practices.
Surgical bandage is not of our concern; but, the hygienic
bandage is used or applied only in animals during works
or period of inactivity
These bandages may be put on in two ways:
 as an exercise bandage and
 as a stable bandage/standing bandage/ wrap
 (A) BANDAGES OF ANIMALS/HORSE

EXERCISING BANDAGES
 Exercising bandages are usually shorter, applied
tighter and are made of more flexible material
 They are usually 5 to 6 feet long and 3½ to 4
inches wide. It is used only in the cannon region
Objectives
 Used for hunting or steeple chasing
 Used in exhibition jumping
 Provide more strength to support the tendons
 Used to prevent speedy cutting during trotting
and overreaching high up during galloping.
 Used to save cannon from bruises/ thorns when
jumping.
 (A) BANDAGES OF ANIMALS/HORSE

STABLE BANDAGES
 A stable bandage, or standing bandage/wrap,
is a type of wrap used on the lower legs of a
horse.
 These bandages are made of pure wool or a
mixture of cotton and wool
 Stable bandages are longer and should be 7 to 9
feet long and 3 to 4 inches wide.
 Stable bandages used not only in the cannon
region but also in the fetlock joint including ergot
up to the coronet.
 The stable bandages should extend from below
the knee or hock to just above the coronet and
may have a thick layer of cotton wool under
them
 (A) BANDAGES OF ANIMALS/HORSE

Objectives of Stable bandages:

 To prevent lymph stasis of the legs during the period of inactivity
 To provide dry and warmth during cold or sickness in the stable
 To protect from the injury when horses are travelling in horse boxes
by road or rail
 To prevent rope galls and other injuries during coasting and
restraint involving the use of ropes etc
 To wrap round a surgical bandage with a view to keep it clean and
in place
 (A) BANDAGES OF ANIMALS/HORSE

Differentiation of exercising from stable bandage

Points Exercising bandage Stable bandage

Purposes During fast work During period of inactivity

Composition Made up of flexible materials Pure cotton or wool or mixture
Length Relatively shorter Longer
Application site Cannon region Knee to coronet region
Tightness Applied more tightly Less tightly
B) GROOMING OF ANIMALS
Objectives of grooming
 For cleanliness and good appearance.
 To stimulate the cutaneous blood and lymph circulation.
 To remove waste products, e.g. skin secretion, scarf, loose hairs etc.
 In certain instances grooming is effective is preventing the spread of
skin infection/infestation e.g. lice.

Process of grooming
The process and amount of grooming differ greatly in different regions.
In hunting and racing horse, a groom frequently practiced is of great
consideration, since the appearance of animal in this case plays a very
important role. The following process may be followed for obtaining a
good groom
 (B) GROOMING OF ANIMALS

Quartering
Quartering means wiping the horse’s coat using a damp sponge or
cloth with a view to removing urine stains which have accumulated
during the night and brushing off pieces of dung etc. from the
quarters. Since sponge cannot be properly disinfected, it is therefore
advisable to use a special piece of flannel for each horse.

Wiping
Wiping out the eyes, nose and dock in this order using a second damp
flannel on sponge. This process may be practiced now or after use the
body brush and currycomb.

Brushing
Brushing with a ‘Dandy-brush’ which is made of stiff fiber generally of
yellow variety.
 (B) GROOMING OF ANIMALS

Using of body brush and currycomb

The body brush is made of stout bristles or vegetable fiber. It is
broader than the dandy brush and has broader hand loop of webbing
across the back to prevent the brush from slipping away from the
grasp. Bristle brushes are superior to those of fiber.
The brush should be held in the opposite hand to the currycomb and
should be scrapped on the latter after 3 or 4 strokes on the horse’s
coat. While using, the brush should be used with longer, heavier
strokes on the horse’s coat than in the case of the dandy brush and
without the turn of the wrist.
The currycomb is primarily as a scrapper for the body brush. The
front two ribs of the currycomb may have projecting places of iron on
each side for knocking out the dust. The dust should not be blown
out. The head and force are brushed either with the body brush or
softer dry water-brush.
 (B) GROOMING OF ANIMALS
Use of wisp
For smooth massaging in order to get a fine gloss onto a horse’s coat. Wisp is
made of straw on hay. It is laid on with a dull thud followed by a pressing
sweep. It should be used in such a way so that the surface of the neck, trunk
and quarters and the superficial muscles are massaged equally. The wisp needs
to be used for 6 to 10 minutes and should not be brought down too had over
the loins.

Use of water-brush and mane-comb

Water-brushes are made of longer, finer and softer bristles than the body-
brushes. They are used for brushing the mane and tail and also for washing the
feet and legs, where and when necessary. These brushes are sometimes
employed for face.
Mane-comb is principally used when mane, forelock on tail is tangled. By a
mane-comb the hairs are combed and by taking small stand these are
separated. Metal combs are better than mane-combs, since the later are reliable
to crack. Comb should be used carefully, otherwise the hair may be teared out
 (B) GROOMING OF ANIMALS

Stable rubbers
Stable rubbers are generally used to give the coat a final polish after
the rest of the grooming is completed.

Hoof pick
Hoof pick is generally used last and is done just before the horse
leaves the stable. It is then practiced from the left side. The force feet
are lifted and cleaned out and then the hind feet are similarly treated.
The dung should be removed from the cleft of frogs or cruro-panietal
grooves, from the sole of the foot and if present from the fuller of the
shoe. The use of the hoof pick is an important part of grooming not
only to avoid thrush but also to prevent small stores from adhering to
the dung and causing injury to the foot.
Grooming of horse using body brush Grooming of cattle using dandy brush
Body brush Dandy brush

Metal curry comb Plastic curry comb Rubber curry comb

Water brush
Mane and tail brush Mane comb

Hoof brush Hoof picker

Hay wisp
Time of grooming
Horses are groomed twice a day:
 First during the early morning feed and
 Again after return from work while eating evening feed and before being
bedded down.

Judging the cleanness

 To judge the grooming cleanliness, the hand may be passed in nerves
direction of the hair to obtain a good view of the underneath skin
 While doing so, the points of the fingers should run firmly against the set of
the coat
 In case there are lines of dullness or greyishness prevailing and any grayish
scurf found on the points of fingers, then this will indicate inefficient grooming
 During judging cleanliness, one should also examine the region between
branches of the lower jaws, inside of the ears, the poll, the bends of the knee
and hocks, the under-part of the belly and the area between the forelegs and
things
C) WASHING OF ANIMALS
Large animals, particularly horse are hot usually washed all over, as the
natural oil from the skin is usually removed. However, for veterinary or
surgical reason it may be necessary to wash animals. For the cure of
skin diseases and occasionally prior to major operations and also before
any shows exhibition and sale this is a common practice.

The washing of animals is done to improve their appearance rather

than only for hygiene reasons. It is a recognized that fact that too
frequent washing and imperfect drying may lead to stress condition and
could ac as predisposing factor of affections with diseases.
Procedure:
 The skin should be thoroughly wetted first with 2 or 3 pails of water.
This is done not by just pouring and then allowing water to run off,
rather care must be taken and work should be done so that the
water gains access into the root of the hair. To do this a piece of
flannel and a soft brush may be used.
 The soap should be taken and rubbed well over the body against the
hair as much as possible and subsequently the whole activity is
worked using hands on brush so that this is formed into lather. The
objective is to get the cleaning with soap or reach into the surface of
the skin and not just to the outside covering the hair.
Procedure:
 After the application of soap thoroughly and lather formation the
whole body is rinsed first with lukewarm water and finally with
sufficient cold water. This cold water douche hitherto dilates
cutaneous blood vessels and thereby minimizes the risk of getting
cold or chill.
 While washing of animals special attention must be paid to include
the root of more or tail, insides of the forearms and things, the
underpart of the belly and chest.
 Patches on places soiled with dung etc. one after washed with hand
toilet soap and thoroughly rinsed.
 After washing the body coat is dried by using sweat scraper, wisp of
straw and with a clean towel/cloth.
 For dogs infected with insect parasites two baths with an interval of
5 to 7 days of appropriate parasiticide is useful.
D) BEDDING OF ANIMALS
Objectives
 To give more comfort and greater rest than when standing.
 To provide warmth and dryness and thereby minimize the risk of cold and
dampness arising from flooring.
 To obtain protection and obviate capped elbows and abrasions of the skin
covering bony prominence.
 To keep cleanliness both of stall and of the animals coat.
 To encourage recumbence and rest in sick animals when extra bedding is
often desirable.
Bedding materials
 Straw  Rice husk  Wood shavings  Dried compost
 Saw dust  Sand  Wood chips  Soybean residue
Management of bedding
 Whatever bedding materials are used, these must be kept as
clean as possible.
 Dunged and soiled bedding must be removed and taken
carefully to the dung-heap every morning (mucking out).
 Under ideal conditions the clean position of bedding should be
dried in the sun, aerated and then laid out.
 Floors should be swept down once in a day the must be
hosed with water once in a week, disinfectant having been
sprinkled on them first.
E) DIPPING OF SHEEP/ANIMALS
Objectives
 To remove waste materials and dung from the fleece prior to sharing.
 To eradicate ectoparasites (ticks, lice etc).
 To prevent the spread of ‘sheep scab’ (Sarcoptic mange, Psoropitc
mange)
 To ward off attacks by sheep blow flies, resulting maggot infestation
Dipping period
 Autumn and spring period of dipping varies from locality to locality
depending upon the climatic condition of the area.
 Usually dipping is done once before shearing and again when the
fleece are long enough to retain the dip
Dipping materials
 Sulphur  DDT
 Carbolic acid or other tar acids  Grammaxane
Precautions to be taken before and after dipping
 Not to dip any ewe within a month of its lambing because this may
cause abortion.
 When sheep are in full fleece at that time the use of carbolic acid and
any other tar acid preparations should be avoided because this may
stain the wool or the fiber may become brittle.
 Dipping should be done after a month of shearing when there is
sufficient wool to hold the dip.
 Not to dip in day when rain is expected.
 Not to dip in a day when weather is too hot.
 Sufficient drinking water should be offered to the animal before
dipping so that it may not drink the dip.
 No to dip a sick animal or those with open wound.
 Sufficient rest should be given to the animal before dipping.
Methods of dipping
The methods of dipping are-
 Hand bath
 Swim bath
Hand Bath
It is made of wool or galvanized iron. Used for small flack one sheep is
lifted into the dip and is turned over the back. Two persons are necessary
for the purpose
Swim bath
It is a large tank like structure through which the sheeps are allowed to
swim. It is used for large flock

Sheep dipping
 Pouring  Crutching  Spraying
 Smearing  Jetting
Pouring
Pouring means required quantity of dip into different parts of the fleece
along the back, sides and belly. This is particularly used for special
individual treatment of sheep affected with scab or where the affecting
is with maggots.

Smearing
Smearing means applications of smearing of an ointment with a basis
of tar and grease over the skin (not wool) of the sheep to destroy
parasites and simultaneously to render the wool waterproof.

Crutching
Crutching means removing soiled or dung-stained wool by hand-shear
from the crutch of the sheep (pereneal and inguinal region)
Jetting
According to the method, the sheep are made to run through a race or
shedder where a pipe is fixed in such a way that a jet or jets of water
could fall and was the lower part of the abdomen and crutch
Spraying
Spraying means spraying of a weak solution of a fly repellent dip over
the backs of the sheep in a pen packed fairly light. This is very useful
and sheep remain practically free from attack by blowflies

Jetting Crutching Spraying Smearing

Dipping of Sheep
F) CLIPPING OF HORSE
Objectives
 For good appearance
 For easy grooming
 For easy drying of the body coat after work.

Instruments Clipping of horse

The following instruments are used in clipping of horse-
 Clipping machine
 Hand clippers
Times of clipping
Horses may be clipped at any time from when their coats commence to
grow rapidly and thicken in autumn until late in the winter. This times
are end of October and again in January or February (twice a year).
Methods of clipping
Clipping out:
Clipping out means clipping all over the body including the legs.
Hunter clip:
Means clipping al over the body except the legs.
Saddle patch:
This is done by saddling the horse and clipping the rest of the body.
Clipping trace high
In this method a large patch of hair is left covering the upper part of the
trunk down to the level of the point of shoulder of their straight back.
Banged tail:
Cutting of the long hair of the tail up to the level of hock.
Fantail
Cutting of hairs at the dock of a
horse which has been docked.

Hogging
Means the clipping of mane
Saddle patch and Hunter clip Banged tail

Fantail Hogging

Clipping trace high

Precautions of clipping of horse
 A sick horse should not be clipped
 When clipping, very cold or windy weather should be avoided.
 A horse’s temper should be given due consideration.
 Nervous horse may need a tranquilizing drug to enable it to be
clipped.
 Clipping machine should only be used on a thoroughly clean
house.
 Clipping should always be done against flow of the hair. The blade
should be frequently brushed free of lose hairs and run for a
second or two in a basin.
 After brushing the blades should be wiped with a cloth prior to
replication of the machine to the horse’s coat.
 The clipping machine should not be used on mares on
G) SHEARING OF SHEEP
Time of shearing Instruments
May or June Hand shears
Clipping machine
Methods of shearing
Along the sheep
Around the sheep
Along the sheep
First step if to open the fleece. The opening of
the fleece consists of making the sheep to sit
upon its bullock and starting at the throat.
Clipping is done over the breast, belly to the
udder or scrotum. This makes a line of division
in the fleece. The wool is then clipped in parallel
strokes from head to hind quarters until the
back is reached
Around the sheep
The opening of the fleece is done in the
same way. The wool is clipped by strokes
going round the sheep. Starting at the
throat first round the neck, their shoulder,
back and so on.