Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hitler and Germanentum. Journal of Contemporary History-2004-Mees-255-70
Hitler and Germanentum. Journal of Contemporary History-2004-Mees-255-70
Bernard Mees
Hitler and Germanentum
If anything is unfolkish, it is this tossing around of old Germanic expressions which neither
fit into the present period nor represent anything definite. . . . I had to warn again and again
against those deutschvölkisch wandering scholars . . . [who] rave about old Germanic
heroism, about dim prehistory, stone axes, spear and shield.1
1 Adolf Hitler, trans. Ralph Mannheim, Mein Kampf (Boston 1943), 326–7.
2 Hammer: Parteilose Zeitschrift für nationales Leben/Blätter für deutschen Sinn (Leipzig
1901–1940), 1–39; cf. Michael Bonisch, ‘Die “Hammer”-Bewegung’ in Uwe Puschner, Walter
Schmitz and Justus H. Ulbricht (eds), Handbuch zur ‘Völkischen Bewegung’ 1871–1918 (Munich
1996), 341–65.
3 Heimdall: Zeitschrift für reines Deutschtum und All-Deutschtum/Monatsschrift für deutsche
Art (Berlin, then Zeitz, Stade i. H, Einsiedel, Leonberg 1897–1932), 1–37; Odin: Ein Kampfblatt
für die alldeutsche Bewegung/Kampfblatt für Alldeutschland (Munich 1899–1901), 1–3; cf. Uwe
Puschner, Die völkische Bewegung im wilhelminischen Kaiserreich (Darmstadt 2001), 31ff.
4 Politisch-Anthropologische Revue (Eisenach, then Berlin-Steglitz 1902–14), 1–13; continued
as Politisch-Anthropologische Monatsschrift für praktische Politik, für politische Bildung und
Erziehung auf biologischer Grundlage (Hamburg 1914–23), 13–21. On Woltmann see Peter Emil
Becker, Wege ins Dritte Reich (2 vols, Stuttgart 1988–90), II, 328ff.
5 Nicholas Goodrick-Clark, The Occult Roots of Nazism (Wellingborough 1985 [New York
1992]), 135ff.; Detlev Rose, Die Thule-Gesellschaft (Tübingen 1994); Hermann Gilbhard, Die
Thule-Gesellschaft (Munich 1994).
cation of the old Germanic past was a leading feature of völkisch groups in the
giddy days, as the Thule Society’s Rudolf von Sebottendorff was later to style
them, ‘before Hitler came’.6
Despite the favouring of Germanistic trappings by many in the old radical
national movement, Hitler’s disdain for the ‘wandering scholars’ who had
become attached to this early manifestation of the völkisch enterprise seems
clear in the passage quoted above from Mein Kampf. Yet a comparative per-
spective to fascism calls us to look again at the use and understanding of the
old Germanic past in German fascism. Not only was romanità (Romanness) a
leading feature of the imagery of Italian fascism,7 the contemporary rise in
interest in Germanentum (Germanicness) in Germany was clearly supported
by senior members of the Nazi Party. Rosenberg8 and Himmler9 both had a
special and abiding interest in Germanic antiquity, as is most clearly symbol-
ized in the support for antiquarian Germanistic study shown by their respec-
tive educational institutions: Rosenberg’s Amt, which had evolved out of the
Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur in 193410 and the SS-Ahnenerbe, founded by
Himmler and Darré in 1935.11
Although the researchers accumulated by Rosenberg and Himmler in their
Party research bodies are often treated with scorn today, many were leading
university Germanists. This is especially true of Party-funded archaeology, and
although several mystics and many more antiquarian enthusiasts beside found
their way into the SS, respectable academics were equally amenable to the call
that the respected Indo-Europeanist Hermann Güntert (Dean of the Philo-
sophy Faculty at the University of Heidelberg and sometime editor of the
Ahnenerbe’s leading linguistics journal) described in 1938 as ‘service to our
people’.12
Hitler, too, evidently had some sensibility of the old Germanic past. He uses
the image of the Germanic on several occasions in Mein Kampf, most promi-
nently in his emphatic call at the end of the eleventh chapter ‘Volk and race’
for ‘a Germanic state of the German nation’.13 Previous discussions of Hitler’s
notion and use of the image of Germanic antiquity have often focused on his
dismissal of the ‘deutschvölkisch wandering scholars’, but have ignored, over-
6 Rudolf von Sebottendorff, Bevor Hitler kam (Munich 1933); Reginald H. Phelps, ‘ “Before
Hitler Came”: Thule Society and Germanen Orden’, Journal of Modern History, 35 (1963),
245–61.
7 Romke Visser, ‘Fascist Doctrine and the Cult of Romanità’, Journal of Contemporary History,
27, 1 (January 1992), 5–22.
8 Robert Cecil, The Myth of the Master Race (London 1972), 11f.
9 Joseph Ackermann, Heinrich Himmler als Ideologe (Göttingen 1970), 32ff.
10 Properly the ‘Beauftragen des Führers für die Überwachung der gesamten geistigen und
weltanschaulichen Schulung und Erziehung der NSDAP’; Reinhard Bollmus, Das Amt Rosenberg
und seine Gegner (Stuttgart 1970).
11 Michael H. Kater, Das ‘Ahnenerbe’ der SS 1935–1945 (Stuttgart 1974).
12 Hermann Güntert, ‘Neue Zeit — neues Ziel’, Wörter und Sachen, 19 [= NF 1] (1938), 11.
13 Hitler, trans. Mannheim, Mein Kampf, op. cit., 299.
The year 1933 witnessed the victory of an attitude towards the history of the culture of
Germany which gave the Germanic element of all that is German a significance previously
unthought of. ‘The best of what is German’, it was declared, ‘is Germanic and must be found
in purer form in early Germanic times.’19
But it was not until Heusler rescued the term in the new century that it began
to feature more regularly in Germanistic or indeed general discourse.
In 1887 the literary Germanist Leo Berg had described the positive German
reception of the works of the Norwegian playwright Ibsen as deriving from a
shared spirit of Germanentum.25 Heusler, grappling for a term to describe the
cultural genius he saw in the Old Norse sagas, subsequently adopted the term
to apply to the heroic mentalité he saw exemplified in the Old Germanic past.
In 1908 in an address occasioning his induction into the Prussian Academy of
Sciences, Heusler spelled out precisely what he meant by Germanicness, and
soon the word spread throughout the academic antiquarian community.26
The launch of Heusler’s Germanicness signalled an explosion in publica-
tions on the old Germanic past. His own publications concentrated mainly on
interpretations of medieval literature and he soon became a significant figure
in popularizations of antiquarian Germanistic study, perhaps most promi-
nently in the Thule series of translations of medieval Scandinavian literature,
which by 1933 had sold some 98,000 copies.27 Kossinna and his students
quickly took up the new expression as part of their Germanomaniacal ‘settle-
ment archaeology’. Heusler’s wider influence did not end there, however. In
1934 a collection of his essays was published under the title Germanentum,
and quickly went through several editions.28 Reviewed widely, Heusler’s book
popularized the term so thoroughly that by the late 1930s Germanentum had
even come to feature as a category in nazi political literature. The concept of
Germanicness is clearly enunciated in official German educational literature
from the late 1930s and early 1940s, and its appearance was even remarked
upon by foreign critics of the educational policies of the nazi regime. For
example, Wilhelm Frick required that 15 basic points of German history were
to be stressed under the nazis. Of these points, cited disparagingly in 1944 in
an Allied survey of higher education in Germany, over half refer to the old
Germanic past.29 The compiler of this work, the English science historian
Abraham Wolf, also mentions an old Germanic chronicle, the Ura-Linda
Book (properly the Dutch/Frisian Oera Linda Book, a Germanomaniacal
25 Leo Berg, Henrik Ibsen und das Germanenthum in den modernen Literatur (Berlin 1887).
26 Andreas Heusler, ‘Antrittsrede in der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften’, Sitzungs-
berichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phil.-Hist. Klasse (1908), 712–14 [=
Kleine Schriften, ed. Helga Reuschel and Stefan Sonderegger (2 vols, Berlin 1942–69), II, 14–15].
27 Felix Niedner (ed.), Thule (24 vols, Jena 1911–30); Gary D. Stark, Entrepreneurs of Ideology
(Chapel Hill, NC 1981), 94; cf. also Julia Zernack, Geschichten aus Thule (Berlin 1994); idem,
‘Anschauungen vom Norden im deutschen Kaiserreich’ in Puschner et al. (eds), Handbuch zur
‘Völkischen Bewegung’, op. cit., 504ff.
28 Andreas Heusler, Germanentum (Heidelberg 1934, 4th edn 1943).
29 Abraham Wolf, Higher Education in Nazi Germany (London 1944), 79–81. For a (pre-
Molotov–Ribbentrop pact) Soviet perspective see Evgenii Georgieviπ Kagarov, ‘Fal’sifikacja istorii
rannegermanskogo ob¢πestva fa¢istskimi lµeuπenymi’ in Filipp Iosifoviπ Notoviπ et al. (eds), Protiv
faåistskoj fal’sifikacii istorii (Moscow 1939), 83–103, a reference for which I am grateful to Neile
A. Kirk.
forgery from the nineteenth century)30 in the same breath as the Protocols of
the Elders of Zion, the infamous antisemitic ‘warrant for genocide’ as it was
described by Norman Cohn.31 Indeed, 1937’s history primer for the Hitler
Youth (which was translated into English in 1938 by an American political
scientist), contains maps of the empires of the glorious old Germanic past that
are taken directly from the Germanen-Bücher of Kossinna and his students,
and similar maps also appeared in contemporary educational literature for
adults such as that published by the SS.32 The radical archaeology of Kossinna
and his pupils called for a reassessment of all Germanic civilization based on a
rejection of the classicism of the Kulturnation. In Kossinna’s works all sorts of
expressions linked in the past to Graeco-Roman influence or origin, from
building and artistic styles and even to the invention of writing, were reinter-
preted and recast in a Germanomaniacal mode. In 1944 the nazi political
scientist Friedrich Alfred Beck summarized the Germanentum consciousness
of his day in this manner: ‘German Germanicness is a metaphysical form of
character, derived from a Nordic racial essence, which reveals itself in a
creative power based on a heroic attitude located in the personality as the
unique representation of the völkisch organic existence.’33
Beck’s ‘Nordic racial essence’ is plainly that of Hans (Rassen-) Günther.34
Günther’s publisher, the Pan-Germanist entrepreneur Julius Lehmann, encour-
aged academic speculation on the role of racial questions in historical
problems, and in the 1920s academics such as Kossinna became involved in
many of the new radical racialist academic publications of the day.35 The
notion of a Nordic racial type had been wedded to Heusler’s Germanicness
by young Nordicists influenced by this neo-conservative meeting of minds,
30 Jan Geraldus Ottema (ed.), Thet Oera Linda Bok (Leeuwarden 1872) [= trans. William R.
Sandbach, The Oera Linda Book (London 1876)]; Herman F. Wirth (ed.), Die Ura Linda Chronik
(Leipzig 1933); Murk de Jong Hendrikszoon, Het Oera-Lind-Boek in Duitschland en hier
(Bolsward 1939); Wolf, Higher Education in Nazi Germany, op. cit., 81.
31 Norman Cohn, Warrant for Genocide (London 1967).
32 Anon., ‘Germanisches Schicksal durch die Jahrtausende: Volk ohne Raum’, Das schwarze
Korps, 2, 34 (28 August 1936), 18; B. Pätzke, ‘Die deutsche Wiederbesiedlung des Ostens’, SS-
Leitheft, 3, 8 (1937), 55–6; Fritz Brennecke, Handbuch für die Schulungsarbeit in der HJ: Vom
deutschen Volk und seinem Lebensraum (Munich 1937) [= trans. Harwood L. Childs, The Nazi
Primer (New York 1938)].
33 Friedrich Alfred Beck, Der Aufgang des germanischen Weltalters (Bochum 1944), 44–5 [=
trans. apud W.J. McCann, ‘ “Volk und Germanentum”: The Presentation of the Past in Nazi
Germany’ in Peter Gathercole and David Lowenthal (eds), The Politics of the Past (London 1990),
74]. On Beck see Léon Poliakov and Joseph Wulf (eds), Das Dritte Reich und seine Denker (Berlin
1959 [Frankfurt a. M. 1983]), 44.
34 Hans F.K. Günther, Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes (Munich 1922, 16th edn 1933);
Hans-Jürgen Lutzhöft, Der Nordische Gedanke in Deutschland 1920–1940 (Stuttgart 1971),
28ff.
35 E.g. Die Sonne: Volksdeutsche Monatsschrift (Monatsschrift für nordische Weltanschauung
und Lebensgestaltung/Monatsschrift für Rasse, Glauben und Volkstum), 1, 1–16, 4–6 (Weimar,
then Leipzig 1924–39); Volk und Rasse: Illustrierte Monatsschrift für Volkstum, Rassenkunde,
Rassenplege, 1, 1–19, 4–6 (Munich 1926–44).
was found)44 and ultimately the organized looting of Eastern European anti-
quarian collections by SS-Sonderkommando led by academic prehistorians with
archaeological shopping lists.45 Some of Himmler’s musings on archaeology,
such as his 1937 attack on Slavic scholars who (apparently) misrepresented and
covered over ancient Germanic remains, represent a sophisticated understand-
ing of an archaeological controversy that had been inaugurated by Kossinna in
1912 and continued by his students.46 Similarly, Darré’s wild theories on
German agriculture were clearly informed by antiquarian scholarship and not
just the obscurantistic, anti-Christian and racialized type which he encountered
in groups such as the Nordischer Ring.47 He and his followers cite learned
examinations of medieval Scandinavian law codes in their works, a link that is
epitomized in Odal, Darré’s politico-cultural journal which took its description
from a type of ancient Scandinavian legal tenure that also happened to be the
name of the runic letter o (X).48 Darré’s focus on the Old Germanic past also fed
straight into his conceptualization of Lebensraum — after all, Kossinna was not
the only academic to consider that ancient Germanic settlements in Eastern
Europe validated German claims for sovereignty over Slav-populated regions.49
Indeed, by the early 1940s ancient Germanic expansion in Eastern Europe was
being used in nazi literature to justify Hitler’s war aims of the (then) present day
44 T.L. Markey, ‘A Tale of Two Helmets: The Negau A and B Inscriptions’, Journal of Indo-
European Studies, 29 (2001), 76.
45 Kater, Das ‘Ahnenerbe’ der SS, op. cit., 147ff.; Haußmann, ‘Archaeology in the “Third
Reich” ’, op. cit., 107; Anja Heuss, Kunst- und Kulturgutraub (Heidelberg 2000). The activities of
Jankuhn, the archaeological looter of the Ukraine, are often still treated defensively by his former
students; see Heiko Steuer, ‘Herbert Jankuhn und seine Darstellung zur Germanen- und
Wikingerzeit’ in idem (ed.), Eine hervorragend nationale Wissenschaft (Berlin 2001), 417ff.
46 Gustaf Kossinna, ‘Zur älteren Bronzezeit Mitteleuropas’, Mannus, 4 (1912), 184; idem, Die
deutsche Ostmark (Kattowitz 1919); Józef Kostrzewski, Wielkopolska w czasach przedhisto-
rycznych (Poznan 1914); Heinrich Himmler, Document 1992(A)-PS, from ‘National Political
Studies for the Armed Forces’ (January 1937) in International Military Tribunal, Trial of the
Major War Criminals, XXIX (Nuremberg 1948), 225–6 [= trans. apud Benjamin C. Sax and
Dieter Kuntz (eds), Inside Hitler’s Germany (Lexington, MA 1992), 376]; Eggers, Einführung in
die Vorgeschichte, op. cit., 202ff.; Leo S. Klejn, ‘Kossinna im Abstand von vierzig Jahren’,
Jahresschrift für mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte, 58 (1974), 29ff.; cf. Burleigh, Germany Turns
Eastwards, op. cit., 23f., 52, 241ff.
47 Anne Bramwell, Blood and Soil (Bourne End 1985), 46ff.
48 Deutsche Agrarpolitik: Monatsschrift für deutsches Bauerntum, 1, 1–2, 3 (Berlin 1932–33);
thereafter Odal: Monatsschrift für Blut und Boden 2, 4–11 (Berlin, then Goslar 1933–42); there-
after Deutsche Agrarpolitik, NF 1, 1–3, 12 (Berlin 1942–44); Knut Robberstad, Magnús Már
Lárusson and Gerhard Hafström, ‘Odelsrett’ in Johannes Brøndsted et al. (eds), Kulturhistorisk
leksikon for nordisk middelalder, XII (Copenhagen 1967), 493–503; Gabriele von Olberg, ‘Odal’
in Adalbert Erler and Ekkehard Kaufmann (eds), Handwörterbuch zur deutschen Rechts-
geschichte, II (Berlin 1982), 1178–84; Andrea d’Onofrio, Ruralismo e storia nel Terzo Reich: Il
caso ‘Odal’ (Naples 1997).
49 Kossinna, Die deutsche Ostmark, op. cit. and cf. Burleigh, Germany Turns Eastwards, op.
cit., 52, 242–3. This remarkable book, which was retitled Das Weichselland, ein uralter Heimat-
boden der Germanen in later editions, was especially written to attempt to influence the outcome
of the Versailles peace conference; see Eggers, Einführung in die Vorgeschichte, op. cit., 236; Veit,
‘Gustaf Kossinna and his Concept of a National Ideology’, op. cit., 47.
50 E.g. anon., ‘Und wieder reiten die Goten . . . Unser Kampf im Osten — unsere Pflicht vor
Geschichte und Reich’, SS-Leitheft, 7, 9 (1941), 1–2.
51 Anon., ‘Besuch in Rom’, Das schwarze Korps, 2, 44 (29 October 1936), 3; Helmut Heiber,
Walter Frank und sein Reichsinstitut für Geschichte des neuen Deutschlands (Stuttgart 1966),
246; Bollmus, Das Amt Rosenberg, op. cit., 167ff.; Kater, Das ‘Ahnenerbe’ der SS, op. cit., 20ff.
52 Hannjost Lixfeld, Folklore and Fascism (Bloomington, IN 1994), 78; Andreas Ferch,
Viermal Deutschland in einem Menschenleben (Dresden 2000), 24ff.
53 Kater, Das ‘Ahnenerbe’ der SS, op. cit., 76ff.
54 Ferch, Viermal Deutschland in einem Menschenleben, op. cit., 21.
55 Oswald Spengler, Der Untergang des Abendlandes (Munich 1923).
56 Wirth, Der Aufgang der Menschheit, op. cit.; cf. also Josef Strzygowski, Aufgang des
Nordens (Leipzig 1936).
57 Cf. e.g. Johann von Leers, Juden sehen dich an (Berlin-Schöneberg 1933, 6th edn 1936);
idem, Das alte Wissen und der neue Glaube (Hamburg 1935); idem, Odal (Goslar 1935, 3rd edn
1939); idem, Wie kam der Jude zum Geld? (Berlin 1939); idem, Die Verbrechernatur der Juden
(Berlin 1944).
64 Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (44th edn, Munich 1933), 95, 99, 100.
65 Hitler, trans. Mannheim, Mein Kampf, op. cit., 312.
66 Werner Maser, trans. R.H. Barry, Hitler’s Mein Kampf (London 1970), 50, 54, 56–7.
67 Adolf Hitler, ‘Der völkische Gedanke und die Partei’, Völkischer Beobachter, 35, 1 (1
January 1921), 1 [= idem, Sämtliche Aufzeichnungen 1905–1924, ed. Eberhard Jäckel with Axel
Kuhn (Stuttgart 1980), 279].
ing passage quoted here from Mein Kampf, as Ger is a revived medieval
German term: the usual word for ‘spear’ in German is Speer — Ger signifies
the spear of the ancient Germanic tribes. Hence at the same time that he is
ridiculing antiquity enthusiasts among the old right, he is using their very
language. In contrast, when Hitler opined against Himmler and his enthusiasm
for archaeology in his table-talk, the dictator, although understanding the
essential Germanomania inherent in the new post-classicist archaeology, did
not use technical terms similar to Ger: ‘At a time when our forebears were
producing the stone troughs and clay vessels about which our archaeologists
have made such a to-do, the Greeks were building the Acropolis.’68 In fact,
his young friend Kubizek notes that Hitler had a fascination for Germanic
antiquity in his youth and his love for Wagner is well known.69 In a speech in
1934, Hitler is recorded saying that ‘a thousand years before Rome was
founded, the Germanic tribes had already reached a high cultural level’ — a
statement reminiscent of the Kossinna school-inspired deliberations of
Himmler70 — and like Himmler, Hitler visited archaeological digs such as
those at the Kyffhäuser.71 Indeed, by 1942 the dictator is recorded as having
formed an opinion on Detmold’s Extern Stones: he was willing to believe that
they were important to the ancient Germanic tribes, but despite the wild astro-
archaeological theories of Teudt and the similarly Germanomaniacal musings
of Himmler’s academic prehistorians, they were ‘clearly not a cultic site, but
rather a place of refuge’.72 Hitler certainly had a sensibility for antiquarian
concerns beyond his pronounced Graecophilia — he even seems to have react-
ed positively toward Wirth and his Germanomaniacal gnostic ‘Sinnbild-
forschung’.73 The dictator’s negative comments about those who wallowed in a
Germanomania more abject than his own require contextualization, given his
informed understanding of the old Germanic past.
Hitler’s attitude to Germanicness is explained by his dislike of Wotanists or
their latter-day racialist equivalents who styled themselves ‘Ariosophists’.
Hitler was such a myth-maker in matters such as antisemitism and equally
68 Hitler, 7 July 1942, apud Henry Picker, Hitlers Tischgespräche im Führer Hauptquartier
(3rd edn, Stuttgart 1976), 426 [= trans. apud Werner Maser, trans. Peter and Betty Ross, Hitler
(London 1973), 138–9]. Cf. also, Speer, Inside the Third Reich, op. cit., 94f.
69 Birgitte Hamann, trans. Thomas Thornton, Hitler’s Vienna (New York 1999), 210.
70 Hitler, 5 December 1934, apud Lund, Germanenideologie, op. cit., 103–4; cf. Himmler,
Document 1992(A)-PS, op. cit.
71 Haußmann, ‘Archaeology in the “Third Reich” ’, op. cit., 70 (with a photograph from Hitler’s
visit).
72 Hitler, 4 February 1942, apud Picker, Hitlers Tischgespräche, op. cit., 101.
73 Hermann Rauschning, Hitler Speaks (London 1939), 225; Rauschning is a controversial
source, but his recollection here appears to be independently supported by Wirth’s own state-
ments: see Poliakov and Wulf (eds), Das Dritte Reich und seine Denker, op. cit., 243 and Martin
Broszat, ‘Enthüllung? Die Rauschning Kontroverse’, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 20 Sept-
ember 1985 [= idem, Nach Hitler, ed. Hermann Graml and Klaus-Dieter Henke (2nd edn, Munich
1987), 249–51]. In fact an inscribed copy of one of Wirth’s books (Was heißt deutsch? [Jena
1931]) is to be found in the remains of Hitler’s library in the Library of Congress, Washington (LC
CB213).
such an avid consumer of Wagner, that it would otherwise seem strange that
he did not make the idealizing of Germanic antiquity one of his concerns. But
he had little time for patent Germanomaniacal fantasies. Rauchning has Hitler
say in 1933: ‘These professors and mystery-men who want to found Nordic
religions merely get in my way.’74 So, similarly, in Mein Kampf Hitler attacks
‘so-called religious reformers’ who wanted to return German religiosity to ‘an
old Germanic basis’.75 This passage seems to be a reference directly aimed not
at the German Christianity of Lagarde, the Deutsche Christen and J. Wilhelm
Hauer’s Deutsche Glaubensbewegung, however, but at Ariosophists like Lanz
von Liebenfels and his German counterparts. The old Austrian radical-right
enjoyed a strong obscurantistic connection: Schönerer, for example, had been
a Wotanist and an associate of the Ariosophical founder Guido (von) List.76
The Thule Society, too, was dominated by Ariosophical concerns; its very
symbol — a burning swastika imposed on a Bronze Age dagger — fairly reeks
of the mystical. Brigitte Hamann’s linkage of Hitler with the writings of List
seems misinformed, however: her connection of List’s Secret of the Runes to
an illustrated book seen carried by Hitler in his youth seems a bad guess, as
List’s work has only one page of illustration.77 Hitler’s vegetarianism also
appears to be a reflection of his relationship to the gnostic far-right — like
Wagner, many of the old Viennese right had promoted this radical aspect of
life reform, as did several of the German obscurantists who had been drawn to
National Socialism.78 Mysticists in the 1920s certainly counted Hitler as one of
their number.79 But it is evident that the one-time drummer had little time for
the more extreme Germanicist religionists.
The only mention of Wotanists and Ariosophists in Mein Kampf is this brief
dismissal found immediately after Hitler’s similar attack on the ‘deutsch-
völkisch wandering scholars’. His ambivalence to Germanic antiquity seems to
stem from a rejection of the mystical nationalism of these groups as well as a
desire to mark out the ‘young movement’ from the failed, impotent, often
Germanomaniacal, antiquarian-enthusing old right. Where a member of the
pre-war radical-right might have stressed Germanicness, in Mein Kampf
instead we find Aryans.
Hitler’s repeated stress on the Aryan (and even the ‘German-Aryan’) seems
80 Suzanne L. Marchand, ‘The Rhetoric of Artifacts and the Decline of Classical Humanism:
The Case of Josef Strzygowski’, History and Theory, suppl. 33 (1994), 106ff.
81 Poliakov, The Aryan Myth, op. cit., 255ff.; Marchand, Down from Olympus, op. cit., 348 et
seq.; cf. Puschner, Die völkische Bewegung, op. cit., 66ff.
82 Karlheinz Weißmann, Schwarze Fahnen, Runenzeichen (Düsseldorf 1991), 58–73; Malcolm
Quinn, The Swastika (London 1994), 22ff.
83 Hitler, 13 August 1920, apud Jäckel (ed.), Sämtliche Aufzeichnungen, op. cit., 186–7.
84 Cf. Goodrick-Clarke, The Occult Roots of Nazism, op. cit., 151.
85 Rauschning, Hitler Speaks, op. cit., 62–3.
Bernard Mees
is a Fellow in the History Department at the University of
Melbourne. He is the author of many articles on both old Germanic
philology and modern German history and is currently working on a
study of the influence of German exiles in the Middle East in the
1950s and 1960s.