EE 660

Applications of Power Electronics to Power Systems

Instructor: Prof. Anshuman Shukla

Email: ashukla@ee.iitb.ac.in
Office: Power Electronics Lab 2, EE Main Building
Lecture hours: Slot 8
Lecture: 6
Static Shunt Compensation
It is possible to control the overall voltage profile of such a line by
creating a midpoint voltage bus and connecting a controllable reactive-
power (Q) source, called a var compensator, to it so that below SIL, the
var compensator absorbs Q, and above SIL, it supplies Q.

Var compensation is thus used for voltage regulation at the midpoint (or some intermediate) to
segment the transmission line and at the end of the (radial) line to prevent voltage instability, as
well as for dynamic voltage control to increase transient stability and damp power oscillations.

it is not important to hold the midpoint voltage Vmc at 1-pu voltage, especially if there is no load
connected to it. Also, it is not necessary to have a controllable var source at the midpoint; instead, an
adequately sized fixed- or switched-shunt reactor could be used to keep the overvoltage within limits.
Midpoint Voltage Regulation for Line Segmentation Vsm & Vmr are
fictitious voltages
in phase with Ism
& Imr respectively

The midpoint var compensator exchanges only reactive power with the transmission line.
Midpoint Voltage Regulation for Line Segmentation
Midpoint Voltage Regulation for Line Segmentation

The midpoint shunt compensator can significantly increase

the transmittable power (doubling its maximum value) at
the expense of a rapidly increasing reactive power
demand on the midpoint compensator.

The midpoint of the transmission line is the best location for

the compensator. The compensation at the midpoint breaks
the transmission line into two equal segments for each of
which the maximum transmittable power is the same.

For unequal segments, the transmittable power of the longer

segment would clearly determine the overall transmission limit.
Line Segmentation
using Shunt
Compensators

The line segmentation can be expanded to

the use of multiple compensators, located
at equal segments of the transmission line. Theoretically ‘P’ would double for each doubling of the segments.

n: number of segments

With the increase of the number of segments, the voltage variation along the line
would rapidly decrease, approaching the ideal case of constant voltage profile.

However, it would be too complex and expensive.

Voltage Instability Radial Line with Fixed Sending-end Voltage

(3)

Case of ideally stiff load

Substitution in (3) yields real power in terms of power factor angle:

Where

The nose curves V(P) show the

voltage dependency on real power
Voltage Instability Radial Line with Fixed Sending-end Voltage

The ‘nose-point’ at each plot given for a specific

power factor represents the voltage instability
corresponding to that system condition.

The voltage stability limit decreases with inductive

loads and increases with capacitive loads.
Shunt Compensation for Preventing Voltage Instability

The shunt reactive compensation can effectively increase the voltage stability
limit by exchanging the reactive power and regulating the terminal voltage.
Multiple feeder case ->
Loss of one line ->
For a radial line, the end of the line, where the largest voltage variation is Voltage collapse.
experienced, is the best location for the compensator.
Improvement of Transient Stability

A practical compensator
can perform as an ideal
one only as long as the
compensation var demand
does not exceed its rating.

In case of a sufficient available

transient stability margin, shunt
compensation can considerably
increase the transmittable power
without decreasing this margin.
Power Oscillation Damping
The angle oscillation results in a
corresponding power oscillation.

A disturbance may cause the machine angle to oscillate around its steady-
state value at the natural frequency of the total electromechanical system.
When the rotationally oscillating generator accelerates and angle δ increases (dδ /dt > 0), the
electric power transmitted must be increased to compensate for the excess mechanical input
power. Conversely, when the generator decelerates and angle δ decreases (dδ /dt < 0), the
electric power must be decreased to balance the insufficient mechanical input power.