TECHNOLOGY PLANNING

GRADE 9 TERM 3 WEEK 6

Topic: Methodology: Resources:
WHAT I am going to teach? HOW I am going to TEACH? WHAT I am going to
(2 Hours) use to present this
lesson?

Note to teacher:
1. Social distancing rules apply to every lesson.
2. No group activities.
3. No sharing of tools and equipment.
4. Practical work to be conducted as a teacher demonstration.
Spur gears of equal size Explanation Pictures /
counter-rotating and of illustrations of Spur
unequal size counter-rotating Explanation of instructions gears, Bevel gears,
TEACHERS –Spur gears using an idler to and mediating concepts Rack-and-pinion
synchronize rotation. of Spur gears of equal size gear system and
counter-rotating. – and of Worm gear system
Bevel gears of equal size – unequal size counter- (Also practical
axis of rotation 90º and of rotating –Spur gears using demonstrations of
unequal size – axis of rotation an idler to synchronize machines and
90º – note velocity/force rotation. video clips of
relationships. machines).
Explanation of instructions
Rack-and-pinion gear system and mediating concepts
as found on automatic gates of. Bevel gears of equal Pictures /
and steering racks. size – axis of rotation 90º – illustrations/video
and of unequal size – axis clips
- Worm gear system for large of rotation 90º – note
reduction in speed and velocity/force relationships.
increase in force Rack-and-pinion gear
system as found on
automatic gates and
steering racks.
Worm gear system for large
reduction in speed and
increase in force
with learners.

Spur gears of equal size Ask your learner / child to

counter-rotating and of
unequal size counter-rotating
PARENTS –Spur gears using an idler to
synchronize rotation.
Bevel gears of equal size –
axis of rotation 90º and of
unequal size – axis of rotation
90º – note velocity/force
relationships.
tell you what the topic is all If possible, please
about. take photos with
your cell phone of
learners busy with
self-learning.
Explain questions to learner
/ child and supply
guidance regarding Spur
gears, Bevel gears, Rack-
and-pinion gear system
and Worm gear systems.

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 Rack-and-pinion gear system
as found on automatic gates
and steering racks
- Worm gear system for large
reduction in speed and
increase in force

LEARNERS’ Learner activities:

ACTIVITIES - Understand what the theory implies and where you can apply it.
- Do regular exercises to become familiar with Spur gears, Bevel gears,
Rack-and-pinion gear system and Worm gear systems.
- Explain to someone at home what you have learned.

Informal If the learner correctly explains the concept, the learner demonstrate that he /
Assessment she understand.

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS: GEARS

A B C

Two equal sized spur gears Two unequal sized spur gears Two equal sized spur
gears with smaller spur
gear in the middle
Content Explanation
General A gear system has an input gear (driver gear) and an output gear (driven
gear). Gears can only function when they mesh with each other. In A
above the gears mesh and the driver and driven gears will rotate in
opposite directions. In C above the third gear in the middle is known as an
idler gear. An idler gear makes the driver and driven gears rotate in the
same direction. The rotation of gears will either be clockwise or anti-
clockwise.
A [Driver gear on the left – direction of rotation is clockwise]
Two equal The two gears mesh and each one rotates around its own axle. The driver
size spur gear rotates clockwise and the driven gear will rotates anti-clockwise. If
gears the driver gear rotates ONE full revolution, then the driven gear will also
(14 teeth + 14 rotate ONE full revolution. This is because they have the same number of
teeth)
teeth and are the same size
B [gear on the left is the driver gear – direction of rotation is anti-clockwise]
Two The two gears meshed and both rotate around its own axle. The driver
unequal gear rotates anti-clockwise and therefore the driven gear will rotate
spur gears clockwise. If the driver gear rotates ONE full revolution, the driven gear will
(40 teeth + 20 rotate TWO full revolutions. Why? Hint: compare the number of teeth
teeth)
C [The gear on the left is the driver gear – direction of rotation is clockwise]
Two equal Three gears. Two of equal size with a smaller one in the middle. The small
spur gears spur gear is called the idler. The function of an idler gear is only to
and smaller synchronize the direction of rotation of the driver gear and the driven
spur gear in gear. All three gears are rotating on its own axle. The driver gear (on the
the middle. left) rotates clockwise, the driven gear will now also rotate clockwise. If
(18 teeth + 12 the driver gear rotates ONE full rotation, the driven gear will also rotate
teeth + 18 teeth)
ONE full rotation – the reason – both driver and driven gears have 18 teeth.
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General Gear ratio or speed ratio can also be called velocity ratio. A
gear system can change a fast rotational speed to a slow one
or vice versa. To calculate the gear ratio, the rotational speed
of the input gear must be divided by the rotational speed of
the output gear.

Will the fan on the driver gear turn (faster or slower) than the
fan on the driven gear? Why?
Rotational speed
(Driver gear = 40 teeth and
driven gear = 20 teeth)
………………………………………………………………………………

Complete the phrase: If the driver gear rotates ………. times,

then the driven gear will rotate ……………times, which implies
that the ………… gear will rotate ………………… (faster/slower).
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟 20
Gear ratio = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 40
𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟 1
Rotational speed = 𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 2 OR 1:2
The speed of rotation of each gear is inversely proportional to
the number of teeth of the gear. Therefore, the gear ratio can
be calculated by dividing the number of teeth on the output
gear by the number of teeth on the input gear.
Mechanical advantage: A gear system also changes the turning force on the input axle
Force into a different turning force on the output axle. If the
rotational speed of the output axle is 2 times faster, the turning
force on the output axle will be 2 times smaller.
A useful way to think of the definition of gear ratio is to say that
it is the number of times that input gear must rotate to let the
output gear rotate once.
The shafts of the two gears on the left are at right angles to
each other. The gears on the left also have a different shape
to ordinary spur gears to make them work better at right
angles to each other. They are called bevel gears.

A hand drill A food mixer

Two bevel gears with
shafts at 90° to each Two examples of bevel gears in real life products. Bevel gears
other are used to change the direction of circular motion in devices
as seen in the hand drill and the food mixer. We can say that
axes of rotation of the two gears are at right angles.
A worm gear set A worm gear consist of a worm on top and a worm wheel at
Worm the bottom in illustration on left.
Worm gear sets are normally designed so that the worm
pushes against a different tooth during each revolution. For
each full revolution of the worm, the worm wheel rotates by
one tooth.
wheel

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 Rack and pinion A rack-and-pinion gear set
car steering system The gear wheel is called the pinion gear.

The straight bar with teeth is called the rack gear. The pinion performs a
circular movement and the rack perform a linear movement.

Pinion

Rack

Links that can be https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Animated_rack_and_pinion.gif

use https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4rNX0gCm3E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uz436Ixbl-I
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ml9Ojbl2uaw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=do3BsxwzzGU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_zurJyO3mbM

Worksheet
1. If the left gear turns clockwise, in which direction will the gear on the right turn?

………………………………………..

a. If the left gear in the above system makes one full turn, how many turns will the gear
on the right make?

………………………………………..

2. The left gear has 18 teeth and the right gear has
6 teeth.
[When a gear has made a full turn, you can say it
has made one full revolution].

a. If the left driver gear makes one full revolution anti-clockwise, how many
revolutions will the right driven gear make, and in which direction?

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

b. How many revolutions should the left gear make for the right gear to make 12
revolutions?
…………………………………………………………………………………………….

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3. Suppose the small gear drives the big gear. The small gear has 20 teeth
and the big gear has 40 teeth.

40 tande

20 tande

[If a gear makes 40 revolutions in one minute, we say the gear turns at a speed of
40 revolutions per minute. The abbreviation RPM is used for “revolutions per
minute”].
a. If the small driver gear makes 12 revolutions in one minute,
how many revolutions will the driven gear make in
the same time?

……………………………………………

b. Is this gear system increasing the rotational force or decreasing it? Explain your
answer
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. Look at the set of gears in the illustration. The big gear with 80 teeth
is the input gear.
80 t

20 t

The speed with which the fan turns is called the rotational speed of the axle. When
a gear with many teeth drives a gear with fewer teeth, the driven gear turns faster,
but with a smaller turning force than the driver gear. When a gear with few teeth
drives a gear with many teeth, the driven gear turns slower, but with a bigger
turning force than the driver gear.

a. Calculate the gear ratio of the set of gears.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

b. If the input axle is rotating at 20 rpm, at what speed is the output axle rotating?

…………………………………………………………………………………………

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c. Which axle will turn with the greater force, the driver or the driven axle?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. In a particular bevel gear set, the gear ratio is 1 : 12.

a. The driven gear in this gear set has eight teeth. How many teeth does the driver
gear have?
…………………………………………….

b. How many revolutions will the driver gear make if the driven gear makes 60
revolutions?
……………………………………………..

6. The figure shows the bevel gears of an egg beater.

Gear A

Gear B

a. In which direction will gears A and B turn respectively, when the crank handle of
the egg beater is turned clockwise?

7. A rack and pinion gear set is illustrated in the figure below.

Pinion

Rack

a. Which part of a rack-and-pinion gear set rotates?

……………………………………………….

b. Which part of a rack-and-pinion gear set moves in a straight line?

……………………………………………

c. If the distance between two teeth on the rack is 3 cm, and the pinion has 18
teeth, how far will the rack move if the pinion makes one full revolution?

………………………………………

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 8. A worm gear set is illustrated in the figure below. [Use your notes on the worm and
gear to answer the questions]

a. If the wheel has 32 teeth, how many revolutions will the worm have to make for the
wheel to make one full revolution?

………………………………………………..

b. Does the toothed wheel turn faster or slower than the worm?

…………………………………………….

TRY THIS GEAR SYSTEM CHALLENGE !

Gear system Input:Output Ratio Output Direction

1X Input turn = Output Turns Compared to input

1 Input Output
Same
Opposite

2 Input Output
Idler
Same
Opposite

3 Input 30 teeth
Same
Opposite

Output 15 teeth
4 Draw the gear system in this
block. Indicate the number of 1 3 Same
teeth of each gear as well as
the input direction. Opposite
See exercise 2 and sketch solution in column 2

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