SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY ● Cyanobacteria

- a group of photosynthetic
What is Microbiology? bacteria that produces oxygen.
- Study of microorganisms: ● Many microbes are involved in the
Organisms that EXIST as single Decomposition of Dead Organism
cells or cluster cells and must be and the waste products of living
viewed individually with the aid of organisms refer to as
microscope. Decomposers or
● Saprophytes- an organism that
HALLMARKS OF LIFE: lives on dead or decaying organic
- Metabolism (nutrient uptake, matter, it aids in Fertilization by
biomass, waste output) returning inorganic nutrients to the
- Differentiation (bacillus spp. soil, they break down dead and
caulobacter) dying organic materials (plants and
- Reproduction (binary fission) animals) into nitrates, phosphate
- Communication (Pseudomonas, and other chemicals necessary for
aeruginosa) the growth of plants.
- Evolution (antibiotic resistance,
pathogens) Small Microorganisms includes:
● Bacteria
● Microbiology is the study of ● Algae
MICROBES. ● Protozoa
● GERMS are the microbes that ● Fungi
cause DISEASE. ● Viruses
● MICRO means very small, Often called:
anything so small that it must be ● Microbes
viewed with a microscope. ● Single-celled organism
● MICROBES are most beneficial or ● Germ
have a neutral effect on our lives.
● MICROBIOLOGY is the scientific MICROORGANISM MICROBIOLOGY
study of these microorganisms.
● MICROORGANISMS are those Living things that 1. Study of
organisms that are too individually are too microorganisms
small to see with the naked eye small to be seen by 2. Foundation of modern
and include things like BACTERIA, the naked eye. biotechnology
FUNGI, and VIRUSES. 3. Among the many
● Microbes are essential for life on specialized fields of
this planet as we know it. microbiology
● Some produce oxygen by the
process known as Photosynthesis All of the following ● Virology
● Microbes contribute more oxygen may be considered ● Mycology
to our atmosphere than do plants as microorganisms: ● Bacteriology
thus organism that require oxygen ● Bacteria ● Immunology
(humans owe a debt of gratitude to (eubacteria. ● Microbial ecology
the Algae and ● Archaebacteri ● Biotechnological
a) microbiology
● Fungi (yeasts, ● Environmental
 molds) Biology
● •Protozoa ● Forensic
● •Microscopic microbiology
algae ● Molecular biology
● •Viruses
● •Various
parasitic
● worms

Two main themes involved in

Microbiology
SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY
1. Basic – cellular processes
2. Applied – concerning agriculture,
industry, and health
● The two major categories of
microbes are called Acellular
Microbes also called Infectious
Particles (viruses and prions) and
● Cellular Microbes also called
microorganisms (bacteria, all
Archaea, all Protozoa and some
Fungi).
● Microbes that cause disease are
known as - Pathogens (disease
causing microorganism) 3% those
that do not cause disease are
called Nonpathogens(microbes
that do not cause disease) majority
of known microbes, some non-
pathogens are beneficial to us.
Microbes that help us microbial
allies and those that harm us are
Microbial Enemies.
(BRANCHES)
1. Pure Science
● Bacteria – bacteriology
● Algae – phycology
● Fungi – mycology
● Protozoa – protozoology
● Parasites – parasitology
● Genetics – study of heredity and
variations
● Immunology – study of
mechanisms involved in the
development of resistance by body
to infectious diseases
● Virus – virology (also involves the
study of infectious agents that are
smaller than viruses.
2. Applied Science
● Medical Microbiology
● Pharmaceutical microbiology
● Industrial microbiology
● Food microbiology
● Soil microbiology
● Agriculture microbiology
● Aquatic microbiology
● Air microbiology
● Epidemiology microbiology

Medical Microbiology
- It deals with the study of causative
agents of infectious diseases in
human beings
 - Medical microbiology has close
links with other disciplines such as
pathology, clinical medicine,
pharmacology, and therapeutics.
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
- It deals with the study of
microorganisms which are
responsible for the production of
antibiotics enzymes, vaccines,
vitamins, and other pharmaceutical
substances
- Also it includes the method of
sterilization and disinfection,
microbiological testing of
pharmaceuticals, sterile product
preparation and diagnosis of
disease and treatment.
Agricultural Microbiology
- It is the study of the relationship of
microorganisms and crops with an
emphasis on the control of the
plant diseases and improvement of
yield.
Aquatic Microbiology
- Aquatic microbiology is the study
of microorganism and their activity
in the fresh and marine water
including lakes, rivers,
bays,estuaries and seas
- It also includes water
purification,microbiological
examination and biological
degradation of waste.
Air Microbiology
- It deals with the role of aerosphere
contamination and spoilage of food
- It also deals with the spreading of
plant and animal diseases through
air.
Epidemiology
- It is concerned with the monitoring,
control and spread of diseases in
communities.
MICROBES IN OUR LIVES
- Some are pathogenic (disease-
causing)
- Decompose organic waste
- Produces through photosynthesis
(e.g.Purple Sulphur bacteria
must fix CO₂ to live)
- Play role in industry (e.g.
fermentation to produce ethanol
and acetone)
- Produce fermented food (vinegar,
cheese & bread)
- Produce products used in
manufacturing(cellulase) and
treatment (insulin)
MICROORGANISM AND
FOOD
● Microorganism and Food
1. Prevent spoilage (tempeh, salted
fish)
2. Assist in manufacturing of food
● Microorganisms and Energy
1. Natural gas (methane)
2. Ethanol (biofuel)
3. Bioremediation
● Microbes and the future
1. Genetic engineering
MICROBES AND HUMAN
DISEASE
- Bacteria were once classified as
plants which gave rise to use of
the term flora microbes.
- This term has been replaced by
microbiota
 TYPES OF PROKARYOTES
FAMILY TREE OF
MICROORGANISM: Bacteria (P)/Bacterium (S)
PRIMITIVE CELLS ARE - Prokaryotes
- Has peptidoglycan cell walls
DIVIDED INTO:
- Binary fusion
- Utilize organic/inorganic chemicals, or
1. EUKARYOTES (PRE-
photosynthesis to obtain energy
NUCLEUS): SIMPLE CELLS
- Organisms with a true nucleus and
Archaea
more complex
- Prokaryotic
- Example: algae, fungi, and
- Lack peptidoglycan
protozoa
- Live in extreme environments
- Include:
2. PROKARYOTES (TRUE
● Methanogens
NUCLEUS): COMPLEX CELLS
● Extreme halophiles
- Organisms without true nucleus
● Extreme thermophiles
andless complex cells
- Example: archaea and bacteria
TYPES OF EUKARYOTES
Note: Viruses are microbes but they are not
considered to be cells because they are ● Protozoa
acellular, hence they are not included on the
- Unicellular eukaryote
family tree.
- Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
- May move using pseudopods, cilia
or flagella
- Ex: amoeba

● Algae
- Unicellular/multicellular eukaryote
- Has cellulose cell walls
- Gain energy through
photosynthesis
- Produce molecular and organic
compounds
 IDENTIFYING
ASSIGNING SPECIFIC NAMES MICROORGANISMS

The Binomial System of ● Microbial Nomenclature - naming

Nomenclature microorganisms
- The generic (genus) name ● Taxonomy –classifying living
followed by the species name things
- Generic part is capitalized, species ● Identification – discovering and
is lowercase recording the be named and
- Both are italicized or underlines if classified:
italics aren’t available
● Staphylococcus aureus MICROBIAL STRUCTURE

SCIENTIFIC NAMES ● TWO CELL LINES

- Italicized or underlined - Prokaryote

- The genus is capitalized and the – microscopic, unicellular
specific epithet is with lowercase organisms, lack nuclei and
- Could be as an honor for the membrane-bound organelles
scientist - Eukaryote
- A Latin origin – unicellular (microscopic) and
e.g.Escherichia Coli(E.Coli) (in multicellular, nucleus and
intestine) membrane-bound organelles
- Discoverer: Theodor - Viruses
Escherich – acellular parasitic particles
- Describes the habitat composed of a nucleic acid and protein
(colon/intestine)
- e.g.,Staphylococcus Aureus (S.aureus) MICROBIAL
(on skin) CLASSIFICATION
- clustered (staphylo), spherical
(cocci)
- Bacteria (s. bacterium) are a type
- Gold colored colonies
of biological cell.
(aureus)
- Morphology: size, shape and cells
arrangement
Shapes:
1. Spherical or coccoid bacteria
–COCCI (s. coccus)
2. Rod –shaped bacteria – BACILLI
(s. bacillus)
3. Curved or spiral shaped –
SPIRILI

CLASSIFICATION OF
TAXONOMY: NAMING,
BACTERIA ON THE BASIS OF
CLASSIFYING, AND
THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO
 OXYGEN AND CARBON ● (384-322) Aristotle and others
DIOXIDE believed that living organisms
could develop from non living
materials.
1. Obligate Aerobe
● 1590: Hans and Zacharias
- requires an atmosphere containing
Janssen (Dutch lens grinders)
oxygen in concentration
mounted two lenses in a tube to
comparable to that found in room
produce the first compound
air (20-21% oxygen)
microscope.
eg. Mycobacterium an certain
● 1660: Robert Hooke published
fungi
“Micrographia”: drawings and
detailed observations of biological
● Microaerophilic aerobe
materials made with the best
- requires oxygen lower than
compound microscopes and
that found room air (5%
illumination system of the time.
oxygen)
● 1676: Anton van Leeuwenhoek-
first person to observe
2. Anaerobes
microorganisms.
- organisms that do not require
● 1883: Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe
oxygen for life and reproduction
pioneered the development in
microscopy (such as immersion
3. Obligate anaerobe
lenses and apochromatic lenses
- anaerobe that grows only in an
which reduce chromatic
anaerobic environment (no
aberration) exist until the present
oxygen).
day.
● 1931: Ernst Ruska constructed
4. Aerotolerant anaerobe
the first electron microscope.
- does not require oxygen and
grows better in the absence of
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
oxygen but can survive in an
CONTROVERSY
atmosphere containing molecular
oxygen (room air).
- 1688: Francesco Redi (1626-
1678) was an Italian physician who
5. Facultative anaerobe refuted the idea of spontaneous
- capable of surviving either the generation by showing that rotting
presence or absence of oxygen meat carefully kept from flies will
anywhere from 0% oxygen to 20- not spontaneously produce
21% oxygen. maggots.
- 1836: Theodor Schwann (1810-
6. Caphrophytes 1882) helped develop the cell
- bacteria that grows better in the theory of living organisms, namely
presence of increased that all living organisms are
concentrations of carbon dioxide. composed of one or more cells
and that the cell is the basic
functional unit of living organisms.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF - 1861: Louis Pasteur’s (1822-
MICROBIOLOGY 1895) famous experiments with
swan necked flasks finally proved
 that microorganisms do not arise
by spontaneous generation. “Koch’s postulates” (1884), the critical
test for the involvement of a
THE GOLDEN AGE OF microorganism in a disease:
MICROBIOLOGY
1875-1914 (ABOUT 50 YEARS) 1. The agent must be present in
every case of the disease.
ROBERT KOCH 2. The agent must be isolated and
- Identified a bacterium as cause of cultured in vitro.
anthrax 3. The disease must be reproduced
- Introduced agar, inoculating loop when a pure culture of the agent is
to transfer bacteria and prepare inoculated into a susceptible host.
pure cultures. 4. The agent must be recoverable
- Introduced “Koch’s postulates” and from the experimentally- infected
the concept that a disease is host.
caused by a single organism. This eventually led to:
- Development of pure culture
JOSEPH LISTER (1865) techniques
- Introduced the “antiseptic - Stains, agar, culture media, petri
technique” dishes
- Use of phenol (carbolic acid) as
disinfectant. WHO PROPOSED THE GERM
THEORY OF DISEASE
MARTINUS BEIJERNICK (1884-1885)
- Discovered “viruses” (toxins, The notion that diseases could be spread
poisons) by “seedlike entities” was first described in
- Infectious agents in tobacco plant the 1500’s by Girolamo Fracastoro and
fluids. were categorized based on how they
could be transmitted. Later, Agostino
PAUL EHRLICH (1910) Bassiin the early 1800’s conducted a
- Introduced concept of series of experiments which demonstrated
chemotherapy that a disease afflicting silkworms at the
- Use of salvarsan for the treatment time were caused by a parasite. Bassi
of syphilis theorized that disease in humans and
animals was also caused by
ALEXANDER FLEMING (1928) microorganisms. Bassi’s work served to
- Discovered the first antibiotic- influence Louis Pasteur, who is accredited
penicillin. with the germ theory of disease following
his experiments
demonstrating the relationship between
microorganisms and disease.

MICROORGANISM AND
KOCH’S POSTULATE DIVISION OF
MICROBIOLOGY
Robert Koch demonstrated the first direct
role of a bacterium in disease. What is a virus?
 - a virus is another microorganism
that caused diseases
- A virus is even smaller than
bacteria, it must use a living cell to
grow and reproduce
- A virus can cause colds
- A virus is not a cell
- Viruses are replicated only when
they are in “living host cell”
- Consist of DNA or RNA core
- Core is surrounded by a protein
coat
- Coat may be enclosed in lipid
envelope
What are bacteria?
- Bacteria are a large group of unicellular
microorganisms. Typically a few
micrometers in length, bacteria have a
wide range of shapes, ranging from
spheres to rods and spirals.
- Bacteria are microbes with a cell
structure simpler than that of many other
organisms. Their control center,
containing the genetic information, is
contained in a single loop of DNA. Some
bacteria have an extra circle of genetic
material called a plasmid rather than a
nucleus. The plasmid often contains
genes that give the bacterium some
advantage over other bacteria. For
example it may contain a gene that makes
the bacterium resistant to a certain
antibiotic.
- Bacteria are classified into five groups
according to their basic shapes: spherical
cocci), rod bacilli), spiral spirilla), comma
vibrios) or corkscrew spirochaetes). They
can exist as single cells, in pairs, chains
or clusters.
- Bacteria are found in every habitat on
Earth: soil, rock, oceans and even arctic
snow. Some live in or on other organisms
including plants and animals including
humans. There are approximately 10
times as many bacterial cells as human
cells in the human body. A lot of these
bacterial cells are found lining the
digestive system. Some bacteria live in
the soil or on dead plant matter where
they play an important role in the cycling
of nutrients. Some types cause food
spoilage and crop damage but others are
incredibly useful in the production of
fermented foods such as yogurt and soy
sauce. Relatively few bacteria are
parasites or pathogens
FUNGI
● Fungi exist in either yeast or mold
forms.
● The smallest of yeasts are similar
in size to bacteria, but most are
larger (2 to 12 um) and multiply by
budding.
● Molds form tubular extensions
called hyphae, which, when linked
together in a branched network,
form the fuzzy structure seen on
neglected bread.
● Fungi are eukaryotic, and both
yeasts and molds have a rigid
external cell wall composed of their
own unique polymers, called
glucan, mannan, and chitin.
● Their genome may exist in a
diploid or haploid state and
replicate by meiosis or simple
mitosis.
● Most fungi are free-living and
widely distributed in nature.
 ● Generally, fungi grow more slowly 7. Mushrooms,some are extremely
than bacteria, although their toxic and can cause death.
growth rates 8. Molds.penicillium notatum where
● sometimes overlap. The fungi penicillin is decreased, toxic and
probably represent an evolutionary carcino-genic to humans.
offshoot of the protozoa; they are
unrelated to the actinomycetes,
mycelial bacteria that they
superficially resemble.
● The major subdivisions (phyla) of
fungi are: Chytridiomycota,
Zygomycota (the zygomycetes),
Ascomycota (the ascomycetes),
Basidiomycota (the
basidiomycetes), and the
"deuteromycetes" (or imperfect
fungi).

Fungi (singular: Fungus)

- Eukaryotes
- Chitin cell walls
- Use organic chemicals for energy
- Molds and mushrooms are
multicellular, consists of mycelia
(composed of filaments called
hyphae)
- Yeasts are unicellular
- Found anywhere on earth Maybe
- Maybe harmful or beneficial
- Live on unlikely materials like
leather and plastics. Beneficial
fungi are important in the
production of cheese, yogurt, beer,
wine and drugs and antibiotics.

Characteristics:

1. Eukaryotic and includes

mushroom, molds and yeast.
2. Saprophytes which is the main
BASIC MICROBIOLOGY AND
source of food in dead and
decaying organic matter.
EQUIPMENT AND
3. Garbage disposal PROCEDURES IN THE STUDY
4. No chlorophyll OF BACTERIA
5. Reproduce by budding or by ● Personal Protective Equipment
formation of spores
6. How can fungi cause disease?

1. MASK
- placed over the nose, mouth and
chin.
2. STANDARD MASK
- used when there is risk of
exposure to droplets containing
infectious agents.
3. N95 MASK
- used when there is risk of
exposure to airborne infectious
agents such as M. tuberculosis
(prevent 95% of particles less).
LABORATORY SAFETY
● Correctly dispose of biohazardous
waste.
- Double bag
● Causes of infectious airborne
transmission
- Removing rubber stoppers
- Splashing during transfer of blood
or other body fluids.
- Centrifuging without covering with
a biological hood.
- Not wearing a proper face shield
when working with specimens.
- Exposure to sharps, such as
needles and lancets.
THE IMPORTANCE OF
BEING FAMILIAR WITH
LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
& THEIR USES
- Microorganisms as the name suggests
are microscopic
organisms which have an ability to adapt
according to
environment for instance, commensals
change pathogenic in certain changed
environments.
- The adaptation of microorganisms to
certain treatments or
medicines remain a challenge for a
healthcare professional like a nurse.
Microbiology touches the life of a nurse
while he/she works in a medical health
care setting. Microbiology helps a
healthcare professional to have
better understanding of these
microorganisms so that a patient whose
immune system lowers down and is
always at risk of being affected by any
microbe, can remain safe
and healthy when he is in the hands of a
nursing professional.
- Microbiology helps a nursing
professional to understand
the basic concepts of reproduction,
morphology, biochemical characteristics
and genetics. Microbiology makes
awareness about new diseases and
modern molecular identification methods.
The role of microorganism in development
of certain medications and vaccinations
cannot be ignored either.
- To prevent spread of infection: Nurses
should have knowledge about the mode of
spread of infection. Some Of the infections
are spread by contact (touch) air(airborne)
droplets (sneezing, coughing) some by
eating contaminated food or drink (food
borne) sexual contact (STDs), by
arthropod bite (vector borne) and others
by contaminated blood transfusion, etc.
This knowledge would help a nurse to look
for specific control of infection.If a nurse
knows how the disease producing
organism enters into the body how they
are discharged from the body and how
they spread from person to person the
knowledge would help a nurse to use
particular measures to save community
and hospital spread of infection e.g.in
tuberculosis case a negative pressure
room works in a positive way for patient
health.
HOW DO WE VIEW
MICROORGANISMS?
o E.g RP of 04 nm can distinguish
between 2 points > 0.4nm
● Shorter light wavelength provides
greater solution
● Refractive Index – Light bending
ability of a medium
● Light may bend in air that it misses
the small high- magnification lens
● Immersion oil is used to keep the
air from bending

Units of measurement
o When talking about cells and
microscopic organisms, you would be
measuring using MICROMETRE
(abbreviated: µ -- micron) or stated as: µm
(micrometer).
- 1 µm = 1 x10−6 meters / 1 x 10 −3 mm
- 1 mm = 1 x103 nanometers / 1 x 103 µm
TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
1. Light Microscope
- Found in most schools,it uses
compound lenses to magnify
objects. The lenses bend or refract
the light, which makes the object
beneath them appear closer.

● To give you the idea of how small a 2. Stereoscope

micrometer is, - This microscope allows for
o 1 – a human hair is about 100 µm wide, binocular (two eyes) viewing of
o 2 – a red blood cell would be around 8 larger specimens. (The spinning
µm wide microscope at the top of this page
O 3 –typical size of an animal cell would is stereoscope)
be from
10 –100 µm 3. Scanning Electron Microscope
- Allow scientists to view a universe
too small to be seen with a light
MICROSCOPE microscope. SEMs do not use light
waves;they use electrons
● Uses light (negatively charged electrical
● Few types particles) to magnify objects up to
two million times.

COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE 4. Transmission Electron

- The image is magnified again by Microscope
ocular lens - Also uses electrons,but instead of
O Total magnification = objective lens x scanning the surface (as
ocular lens withSEMs) electrons are passed
● Resolution – ability of lenses to through very thin
distinguish 2 points specimens.Specimens may be
stained with heavy metal salts
 compound microscopes have their
PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE own light source

● EYEPIECE ● THE ADJUSTMENTS

- To observe specimen.Contains - 2 adjustment knobs: fine
two or more lenses. The most adjustment and coarse
common magnification for the adjustment knob; refine the focus
eyepiece is 10X.There are also 2X of the lenses. The Coarse
and5X. An eyepiece is removable, adjustment knob helps in
can be interchanged for different improving the focus of the low
magnification.o Also known as powers whereas the fine
ocular. adjustment knob helps in adjusting
the focus of the lenses with higher
● OBJECTIVE LENSES magnification.
- More than one objective lenses
These Are the primary lenses of a MAGNIFICATION
compound microscope and can
have a magnification of4x, 5x, 10x, - Your microscope has 3
20x, 40x,50x, and 100x magnifications:o Scanning, Low
and High.Each objective will have
● STAGE written the magnification. In
- The platform below the objective addition to this the ocular lens
lens on which the object to be (eyepiece) has a magnification.●
viewed is placed. A hole in the The total magnification is the
stage allows a light beam to pass ocular and objective
and illuminate the specimen.
Staining
● STAGE CLIPS - Device to examine bacteria
- These are two stage clips on each smeared on a slide and allowed to
side of the stage. Once the slide air dry. Specific stains and
containing the specimen is placed techniques are used to observe
on the stage, the stage clips are bacterial morphology.
used to hold the slide in place.
PREPARING SMEARS FOR
● DIAPHRAGM STAINING
- It is located on the lower surface of
the stage. It is used to control the ● Staining – coloring microbe with a dye
amount of light that reaches the to emphasize certain structure.
specimen through the hole in the ● Smear – A thin film of a microbe
stage.o Also known as the iris solution on a slide, asmear is usually fixed
diaphragm. to attach microbes to the slide and kill
microbes.
● ILLUMINATOR
- Simple compound microscopes STAINING
have a mirror that can be moved to - Stain usually consists of +ve and -ve ion
adjust the amount of light that can ● Basic dye – chromophore is a cation
be found on the specimen. ● Acidic dye – chromophore is an anion.
However,some advanced type of
● Staining the background instead of the
cell is called negative staining.
Stains are classified broadly as basic,
acidic, or neutral stains. The chemical
nature of the cells under examination
determines which stain is selected for use.
Cell staining is important in the diagnosis
of microorganisms because bacteria can
be identified by the color differentiation of
stains (dyes).
Staining
Simple stain
- staining with one dye
- mordant may be used to hold the
stain or to coat the specimen to
enlarge it
Differential stain
● Distinguish
- Gram stain
- Acid-fast stain
Gram stain
● Distinguish
- Gram+ve and gram -ve
- Gram +ve bacteria are prone to
penicillin and detergents
- Gram-ve are more resistant to
antibiotics
Acid-fast stain
● Stained waxy cell wall is not
decolorized by acid-alcohol
- Mycobacterium
- Nocardia
GRAM STAINING
- Gram staining is the most important
staining procedure in microbiology. It is
used to differentiate between gram-
positive organisms and gram-negative
organisms.Hence, it is a differential stain.
Gram-negative and gram-positive
organisms are distinguished from each
other by differences in their cell walls.
4 STEPS IN GRAM STAINING
PROCESS
1. Flood the fixed and air-dried smear
with Crystal Violet (purple dye) for
30 seconds.
2. Rinse gently with water and cover
the smear with GramsIodine
solution.
3. After 30 seconds, wash off iodine
with water and decolorize with
Ethanol.
4. Counterstain safranin (a bright red
dye) for 1 minute,rinse, dry and
examine under oil
The acid-fast stain is a differential stain
used to identify acid-fast organisms such
as members of
the genus Mycobacterium . Acid-fast
organisms are characterized by wax-like,
nearly impermeable
cell walls; they contain mycolic acid and
large amounts of fatty acids,waxes, and
complex lipids.
Carbol Fuchsin (a bright red dye) is
driven to the bacterial
cell wall with heat so that decolorizing
agent (a mixture of
acid and alcohol) does not remove the red
color from
Mycobacteria, they are said to be ACID-
FAST.

Motility
✔ ability of an organism to move by itself. ✔
Bacterial motility is associated with flagella
(whip-like organelle of motility) or axial
filaments.
✔ Most spiral-shape bacteria and 1 ⁄ 2 of the
bacilli are motile but cocci are generally non
motile.
Growth
✔ Variable depending on the medium.