pag 228 dictionary work

Dictionary work. All of the examples have been taken from LongmanDictionaries.com

deny Vmt + od: The government denied the existence of poverty among 16- and 17-year-olds.
Vdt + oi + od: She could deny her son nothing.
Vdt + od + to oi: This is the only country in Europe to deny cancer screening to its
citizens.

book Vi: To get tickets, you have to book in advance.

Vmt: Have you booked a holiday this year?
Vdt + oi + od: I’ve booked you a flight on Saturday.
Vct + od + adv of place: I’ll book you in at the Hilton.

close Vi: Our special offer closes on June 3.

Vmt + od: Beth closed her eyes and tried to sleep.

bet Vi: How much do you want to bet?

Vmt + od: She bet all her money on a horse that came last.
Vdt + oi + od: He bet me £10 that I wouldn’t do it.

keep VL: Keep quiet

Vct + od + Co: You won’t be able to keep it secret forever.
Keep your room tidy.
Vmt: I kept his letters for years.
Vi: I keep thinking about Joe, all alone in that place.

throw Vmt + od: He threw the towel

Vdt + oi + od: Throw me that towel.
Vdt + od + to oi: Throw the towel to me

promise Vmt + od: Last night the headmaster promised a full investigation.
Vdt + oi + od: The company promised us a bonus this year.
Vdt + od + to oi: I’ve promised that book to Ian.

bequeath Vdt + od +to oi: She bequeathed her collection of paintings to the National Gallery.
Vdt + oi + od: His father bequeathed him a fortune.

hire Vmt + od: We hired a car. / The company hired new people.

P. 242 ex 2

Text: Is winter a disease?

in northern the long, dark nights and freezing
Few people enjoy
countries temperatures.
VP
HEAD Post‐ modifier
Det. Monotransitive Direct Object [NP]
(Noun) [Prep. Phrase]
verb
SUBJECT [NP] PREDICATE
 wintery conditions may be making some people ill
VP Object
HEAD Direct Object
Pre‐mod Complex transitive Compleme
(Noun) [NP]
verb nt [Adj. P.]
SUBJECT [NP] PREDICATE

Sufferers become depressed

HEAD VP HEAD adjective
(Noun) Linking verb Subject Complement [Adj. P]
SUBJECT [NP] PREDICATE

suffering from this strange

Nowadays there are many people
disease.
Optional
Existent VP
Adverbial HEAD Post‐modifier [Participial
ial Intransitive Det
of Time (Noun) Clause]
There verb
[Adv. Ph]
PREDICAT
S1 PREDICATE S2 ‐ Notional Subject [NP]
E

(You) Take the case

VP
Direct Object [NP]
Monotransitive verb
SUBJECT UNDERSTOOD PREDICATE

Syntactic Grammatical Type of

Referent
function Category Reference
Personal Anaphoric
It (1) Subject “This strange disease”
pronoun Reference
S2 postponed subject [Infinitive
Anticipatory Cataphoric
It (2) Subject 1 Cl.] “to get up and go to work in
“it” Reference
a cold morning”

page 246
SMOKING

increasing numbers of youngsters are taking up the habit

HEAD VP
Determinative (quantifier) Direct Object [NP]
(noun) Monotransitive verb
SUBJECT [NP] PREDICATE

there
exist many reasons for this alarming fact
 Existential VP Determinative HEAD Post‐modifier
“there” Intransitive verb (quantifier) (noun) [Prep. Phrase]
S1 PREDICATE S2 notional subject [NP]

the young often consider smoking a sign of sophisticated maturity

VP
HEAD
Adjunct Complex Direct
(Nominalized Object Complement [NP]
of time transitive Object [NP]
adj.)
verb
SUBJECT [NP] PREDICATE

it will (not) prove easy to revert this tendency

Subject HEAD Direct object
VP
Anticipatory “it” complement (to inf.) [NP]
Linking verb
[Adj. Phrase]
S2 ‐ Postponed subject
S1 PREDICATE
[Infinitive Cl.]

it will get worse

HEAD VP Subject Complement
(Personal pronoun) Linking Verb [Adjective Phrase]
SUBJECT [NP] PREDICATE

Syntactic Grammatical Type of

Referent
function Category Reference
S2 postponed subject
Cataphoric
It (1) Subject 1 Anticipatory “it” [Inf. Cl.] “to revert this
reference
tendency”
Personal Anaphoric
It (2) Subject “this tendency”
pronoun reference

page 247
THE BEATLES
IT 1: Anticipatory it (Subject): cataphoric reference to Subject 2 “to imagine their amazing
popularity”.
IT 2: Personal pronoun (S): anaphoric reference to “their music”.

In the ´60s The were the most famous pop group

Beatles

H: det H: H: adj. in superlative

prep (def. noun H: Proper noun degree
art) H: noun phrase
 Comp. of Premodifier (adj. phrase)
prep. (NP)
Adverbial of time Subject (noun VL (linking Subject complement (noun phrase)
(prep. phrase) phrase) verb)

in the world

det (def. art) H: noun

H: preposition
Comp. of the prep (NP)

Postmodifier (prep. phrase)

Subject complement (noun phrase)

Since then there have been many group

s

prepos compl. of prep. det. (quantifier)

ition (adverb phrase. H:
Head: adverb) noun

Subje
ct 1: VI: intransitive verb Subject 2: Notional Subject
Existe (NP)
ntial
Adv. Time (prep. phrase) there
none has achieved their fame

H: pronoun det. (possessive H: noun

det.)
Vmt (monotransitive verb)
Subject (NP) OD (NP)

It ’s difficult to imagine their amazing popularity

H: adj possessiv H: participial H: noun

e det. adj.
H: to inf
Premodifier
(adj. ph)

Od (NP)
S1:
anticipatory it VL
Cs (adj. S 2: Real subject (inf. clause)
phrase)

Listening to their music makes anybody cheerful

H: (gerund) det H: noun H: H: adj

(possessiv pronoun
e det)

Od [NP]

Vct Co [adj.
Subject (Gerundial clause) Od [NP] ph]
Object
Compleme
nt