PREVALENCE OF VIOLENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG YOUTH IN

BRGY. WAWA, SINILOAN, LAGUNA

A Thesis Title Proposal

Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Criminal Justice Education
Laguna State Polytechnic University - Siniloan Campus

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

IVAN VLADIMIR SALCEDA REYES

2023
 CHAPTER I
PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Violence as a known serious public health problem affects people in all stages of life,

from childhood to the elderly. In society, one of the most visible forms of violence is young

people violence, whereas they, adolescents and young adults, are the main victims of such

violence. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), ratified by the Philippine

government, states that children are neither objects nor helpless creatures. Since they are people,

they have unalienable rights. But they are also members of society with obligations appropriate

to their stages of development, which is why the researcher decided to conduct a study to

determine what are the related risk factors why youth violence is so prevalent in barangay Wawa

since the data provided indicates that the juvenile delinquency act is particularly widespread in

barangay Wawa in Siniloan, Laguna

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) they defined youth violence as a

global public health problem. It includes a range of acts from bullying and physical fighting, to

more severe sexual and physical assault to homicide. Young people involved in criminal

behavior in adolescence are usually dealt with in juvenile justice system with changing societal

trends, children now appear to possess strong likes and dislikes and also show expressions that

indicate maturity at a very early age (Loeber 2013). Children that possess these traits are also

more susceptible to the schemes of the criminals, including those of abusers, peddlers, and

traffickers. Youthful aggression is associated with exposure to violence, although the processes

behind this association are not fully understood (i.e. Gorman-Smith, Henry, & Tolan, 2014;

Evans, Davies, & DiLillo, 2012). Additionally, children and teenagers report worryingly high

rates of exposure to violence in both their homes and communities (Acosta, Albus, Reynolds,
Sprigs, & Weist, 2016). Because aggression is one of the “most disruptive and pervasive

behavioral disorders for children” and frequently endures across settings and relationships, it is

crucial to comprehend the link between exposure to violence and aggressive conduct (Waldman,

2012; Huesmann, Dubow, & Boxer, 2015). The relevance of cognitive processes in describing

why children who encounter violence are more aggressive and have worse outcomes is

emphasized by social learning models. It has been demonstrated that adolescents’ attitudes

toward the legitimacy and normativity aggressiveness modulate the effects of interpersonal and

familial violence on their behavior, demonstrating the importance of cognitive processes in

adolescents’ aggressive behaviors (Kinsfogel & Grych, 2015; Marcus, Lindahl, & Malik, 2014).

Since there is strong evidence linking young exposure to violence with aggressive

behaviors, it is crucial to comprehend the various elements that can break the cycle of violence.

The behaviors of youths and internalizing symptoms have received the most attention in studies

on traits that can lessen the negative impacts of violence on young people (Gorman-Smith et al.,

2014; Skopp, McDonald, Jouriles, & Rosenfield, 2017; Hammack,Richards, Luo, Edlynn, &

Roy, 2014). Even though it is important to understand how violence affects young people’s

behaviors, attitudes have been demonstrated to moderate the link between exposure to violence

and aggressive behaviors. Therefore, the current study concentrated on a protective factor,

maternal connection, as a means of reducing the negative impacts of violence on young people’s

attitudes and maybe catching them before they turned violent. Additionally, given the

significance of youngsters’ attitudes.

Furthermore, given that attitudes play a part in predicting violent behaviors in young

people, it is crucial to comprehend how these attitudes are created and to pinpoint the variables

that may have an impact on them. The context in which violence happens is one aspect that
might be significant in influencing the attitudes of children and teenagers. Violence in the family

and in the community may affect children and adolescents differently. For instance, youths’

attitudes and relationships with family members may be impacted by violence in the home,

whereas attitudes and interactions with peers or other community members may be impacted by

violence in the community. It is crucial to research young people’s views toward aggressive

interactions in many contexts, such as relationships between siblings and peers, because children

and adolescents experience violence in a variety of settings. Understanding these various

circumstances may help us better understand the reasons behind violence and how it affects

young people. Although many studies have looked at sibling and peer conflict separately, very

few have concentrated on sibling and peer relationships and how they differ from one another

(Sherman, Lansford, & Volling, 2016; Herzberger & Hall, 2013). People who have compared

peer and sibling relationships have discovered that the aggressive interactions between siblings

and peers differ significantly. Teenagers tend to anticipate more unfavorable results when

engaged in aggressive sibling conflict than peer conflict, for example, and negative affect is

highest in teenage dispute with family members but is less common in confrontation with peers

(Laursen, 2013). (Herzberger & Hall, 2013). The distinctions between conflict in peer and

sibling relationships may depend on these relationships’ unique characteristics. While peer

relationships are voluntary and more flexible, sibling relationships tend to be more stable and

less susceptible to disruption (Laursen & Collins, 2014). Although peer relationships and sibling

conflict differ from those between siblings, little is known about how exposure to various forms

of aggressiveness affects these attitudes. The aim of the current study was to investigate the

relationship between teenagers’ attitudes toward aggression in peer and sibling interactions and

their exposure to violence in the home and community. Since these interactions take place in the
same setting, violence in the home was predicted to have a bigger impact on young people’s

views of sibling aggression than violence in the community would have on their perceptions of

peer aggression. Finding elements that lessen the influence of witnessing violence on young

people’s evolving attitudes toward aggression is equally crucial. Understanding how the negative

impacts of violence may be reduced has significance for prevention and intervention given the

high prevalence of violence in many homes and communities. Therefore, this study aimed to

determine the prevalence of violence and its associated factors among youth in Barangay Wawa

Siniloan Laguna. Through this study they would found out what year do the youth crimes of

Barangay Wawa in the year 2018- 2022 increases and decreases and what specific crimes

committed.

Theoretical Framework

Based on the imitation theory proposed by Gabriel Tarde to explain criminal conduct,

According to the social learning theory, people pick up certain behavioral patterns through

copying others. The actions of others. According to çli and o Albert Bandura, who developed

this viewpoint in a social context, holds that people pick up new behaviors through watching

those of others. As a result, many behavioral patterns are picked up through observation of other

behavioral models. As a result, the individual gains knowledge of the manners in which to

exhibit subsequent behaviors, and this codified knowledge then guides the individual in

displaying those behaviors.Consequently, many modes of behavior are learned by observation of

other behavior models; and in this way the individual has the knowledge of the ways of

displaying subsequent behaviors and thus this codified knowledge directs individual in his/her

subsequent behaviors (Bandura, 2017).

 According to Vito et al., behaviour is acquired through a process of observation, behavior

modeling, and imitation, which is founded on the premise of social learning theory. In this

context, they emphasize that close relationships and primary groups are the main things that

threaten a person’s main source of support. Instead of focusing on the offenders themselves, the

social learning theory examines the environment in which crime and criminal conduct were

learnt and embraced (İçli and Çoban,2012).

According to the Social Learning Theory, environmental influences play a significant role

in the development of emerging or inappropriate behaviors in children, which is relevant to the

current study being done. Age, prior experiences, peer influence, and societal factors were

among the other things that were taken into account. Peers’ status and social status are taken into

consideration as environmental elements of the children.

Conceptual Framework

The variables are stated in the paradigm below to give more emphasis on the subject

matter.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Prevalence of Violence in Brgy. Factors Associated among youth

Wawa, Siniloan, Laguna

Demographic profile of the respondents

Age
Gender
Highest educational attainment
Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of this study was to determpine the Prevalence of Violence and Associated

Factors among Youth in the Barangay Wawa, Siniloan, Laguna,.

Specifically it sought to answer the following questions

1.What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. Age c. Highest educational attainment

b. Gender d. Number of siblings

2. What is the prevalence of violence among youth in barangay Wawa, Siniloan, Laguna?

3. What are the factors associated with youth violence in barangay Wawa, Siniloan, Laguna?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the profile variables and the prevalence of violence

among youth in barangay Wawa, Siniloan, Laguna?

5. Is there a significant relationship between the profile variables and the factors associated with

youth violence in barangay Wawa, Siniloan, Laguna?

6. Is there a significant relationship between the prevalence of violence among youth and the

factors associated with youth violence?

7. What intervention must be conducted to lessen or prevent the violence among the youth in

barangay Wawa, Siniloan, Laguna?

Hypothesis of the Study

The following null hypothesis of this research study will be tested:

Ho1. There’s no significant relationship between the profile variables and the prevalence of

violence among youth in barangay Wawa, Siniloan, Laguna.

Ho2. There’s no significant relationship between the profile variables and the factors associated

with youth violence in barangay Wawa, Siniloan, Laguna.

Ho3. There is no significant relationship between the prevalence of violence among youth and

the factors associated with youth violence.

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study will be of great help to the following:

Barangay Official - The result of the study will help the barangay official to resolve the

juvenile delinquency in the community.

Researcher – The result of the study will serve as ready reference for reference for future use.

Criminology students – This study will serve as insight for the enhancement of the instruction

for the benefit of criminology students

Community – This study will help the community to have a better understanding or the nature

of Juvenile Delinquency and the behaviour of the youth as well.

Respondents – This study will help the respondents to get closer to the community to know their

own capability and contribute a little for them to learn a better way of life.

Scope and Delimitation

The study of prevalence of violence and associated factors among youth will focus only

on Barangay Wawa Siniloan, Laguna for the youth ages between twelve (12) to seventeen (17).

It delimits that the study will only about the knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and behavior of

the respondents.

Definition of Terms

This section clearly defined the terms used in order to make easy understanding of the

problem. Each definition was the researcher’s own description of term/concept according to how

the concept was used in this study. For a better comprehension of this study, the following terms

were defied operationally.

Adolescence is the phase of life between childhood and adulthood, from ages 10 to 19. It is a

unique stage of human development and an important time for laying the foundations of good

health. Adolescents experience rapid physical, cognitive and psychosocial growth.

Baranggay refers to the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native

Filipino term for a village, district or ward.

Crime refers to an illegal act for which someone can be punished by the government

Influence refers to the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of

someone or something, or the effect itself.

Juvenile Delinquency refers to any young person whose conduct is characterized by antisocial

behaviour that is beyond parental control and subject to legal action. See delinquency.

Violence is an act of inflicting pain to other person or animal.

Youth the time of life when someone is young.

 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Review of Related Literature

Community

Since youngsters are less directly impacted by these outside influences than teenagers are,

living in socially poor neighborhoods or locations with high rates of crime, violence, and drug

use are examples of community risk factors that are ineffective as individual-level predictors in

childhood. They may very easily have indirect consequences through ineffective parenting

methods, a lack of family resources, parent crime, or antisocial behavior. The most prevalent

community-level elements are the physical environment, available economic and recreational

opportunities, current social supports, and other traits or structures that have an impact on good

community functioning (Kaufman 2012; Reingle, Jennings, and Maldonado-Molina 2015)

Youth violence is more common in poor, disorderly, and chaotic neighborhoods. In

particular, research has shown that young people who have witnessed violence in their

communities are more likely to engage in aggressive behavior, assault others, and carry firearms

(Patchin et al. 2016). Growing up in a neighborhood with a high rate of violent crime and other

telltale symptoms of social and physical disorder, as well as by directly observing or

experiencing local violence, can all raise young people’s risk for violent behavior (Tolan,

Gorman-Smith, & Henry, 2013). Furthermore, the age-crime curve has demonstrated that early

adolescent males who live in more impoverished neighborhoods are markedly different from

boys of the same age who live in privileged communities (Fabio, Tu, Loeber, & Cohen, 2012).

Living in a low-income area throughout early adolescence may have this effect, increasing the
likelihood that violence will be prevalent in a person’s life (Farrington, 2012; Fabio, Tu, Loeber,

& Cohen, 2013).

Young people are especially susceptible to becoming either aggressors or targets of

aggressive behavior just by being present in such a situation (Anderson, 2013). According to

Cloward and Ohlin (2020), delinquency which affects young people from all socioeconomic

classes, including those from the working class as well as those from the lower, middle, and high

classes is a direct result of lack of economic achievement. This inability to prosper financially is

due to neighborhood structures and the legal and illegal opportunities they provide. Such

neighborhood arrangements influence non-traditional stress management techniques.

School

The ideals and guiding principles of a prominent social institution have been embraced by

young people who are committed to their studies. These youth are unlikely to engage in violence

because it is inconsistent with their sexual preference and would harm their academic

performance and relationships with adults (Jessor et al., 2015; Turbin, 2020). This hypothesized

component is included not because it is the opposite of having a poor attitude toward or

performing poorly in school, a risk factor with small impact sizes in both childhood and

adolescence, but rather because it seems to reduce the likelihood of violence. Students’ academic

achievement, school involvement, and attendance are frequently impacted by children (Wong,

Slotboom, and Bijleveld 2020). Numerous school-related factors have been believed to

contribute to criminal and violent behavior, including poor academic performance, little interest

in learning, dropping out of school, truancy, and low-quality schools (Hawkins, Farrington, and

Catalano, 2018). Poor academic achievement has regularly been shown to predict late

delinquency (Maguin and Loeber, 2016; Denno, 2020). For instance, it seems sense that a
youngster who engages in physical bullying from peers, struggles to focus in class, or has trouble

sitting still may find it challenging to complete academic tasks.

As was already said, children who have been exposed to violence could also find it

difficult to focus in class. The likelihood of violent behavior in later life increases with academic

failure in primary grades (Farrington, 2019; Maguin et al., 2015). A student’s sense of

community serves as a deterrence to crime (Catalano and Hawkins, 2016; Hirschi, 2019).

According to Maguin and colleagues’ (2015) research, poor school dedication and low

educational objectives at age 10 did not predict later aggression, but at ages 14 and 16, these

characteristics increased the risk for violence. In young people with high absenteeism rates

between the ages of 12 and 14, Farrington (2019) found that dropping out of school before the

age of 15 was also a predictor of later aggression. Truancy and dropping out of school may be

indicators of an unhealthy learning environment, but children may also leave class early or

without attending for other reasons (Janosz et al., 2016). Additionally, Maguin and colleagues’

(2015) research found that adolescents who frequently changed schools between the ages of 14

and 16 were more violent at the age of 18 than those who did not. Conclusions must be drawn

carefully, though, as school transitions can be related to other characteristics that predict

violence. The rate of delinquency at school is high. Farrington (2019) discovered that boys who,

at age 11, attended schools with high delinquency rates exhibited more violent conduct than

other children.

Some teenagers do not receive the recognition they require from other sources, but

academic achievement and teacher approval provide it, which is essential for adolescent

development. Students may be motivated to pursue more education or career skill development
by their teachers. Unfortunately, violent cultures in schools may prevent them from performing

their vital protective function.

Family

The family is often the first place people search for an explanation when young people

commit crimes, such as bullying that have been relevant in past 10 years. Even while a chaotic

and unstable family unit generally has a detrimental effect on children. There are several family

traits that could be linked to youth violence. For instance, studies have shown that having a

father with behavioral issues or coming from a family that has experienced child abuse, domestic

violence, welfare, or having a young or unemployed mother all increase the likelihood of young

men committing violent acts (DeLisi, Piquero, & Cardwell, 2016; Farrington, Loeber, & Berg,

2012; Fox, Pereza, Cass, Bagliviob, & Epps, 2015). Another childhood predictor is broken

homes, a category that includes divorced, separated, or never-married parents and a child's

separation from parents before age 16. Separation from parents also operates as a distinct risk

factor, again with a small effect size. Parental dysfunction and low socioeconomic status are

moderate risk factors. In general, socioeconomic status refers to parents' employment, education,

and income. For instance, parents with inadequate education may be unable to assist their

children with their academics, and children who live in underprivileged areas typically have less

access to recreational and cultural possibilities. Low attachment to parents, unfavorable

parenting techniques, strife or disruption in the family, and parents with a history of crime or

substance misuse are frequent risk factors associated to families (Murray and Farrington 2020).

Other research has revealed that parental marital status and educational attainment can have an

effect on juvenile criminality (Green et al. 2012; Demuth and Brown 2014). Additionally, a lot of
low-income families reside in violent areas, and as was previously said, parental and child

exposure to violence can have negative effects. Parental stress, child abuse and neglect, strained

parent-child relationships, and family dissolution are all risk factors having minimal

consequences on children's development due to a lack of social and economic resources.

Violence has been proven to be predicted by parental separation before the age of ten

(Farrington, 2018; Wadsworth, 2019). Henry and colleagues (2016) discovered that a boy's

likelihood of being convicted of violent crime at age 18 increased with the age of his exposure to

a single-parent family. Additionally, a link has been established between early departure from

home and high rates of violence in both men and women (McCord and Ensminger, 2015).

Separations between parents and children can, however, be influenced by numerous other

variables that can predict violence. To comprehend how these elements interact with one

another, multivariate studies are required. According to Fraser (2016) that the microsystem

involved multiple crucial familial activities, which when they take place, have a significant

impact on young children's development. In some families, he claimed, violence was perpetuated

by harsh punishment, inconsistent parental guidance, and a failure to set limits. Abusive

parenting in general and neglect in particular are predictors of later violence. Neglect operates as

a distinct risk factor, possibly because neglected children are less likely to be supervised or

taught appropriate behavior. Bounds, failing to acknowledge good behavior, and forceful

parenting techniques. If interventions were not made, this reinforcement of hostility was moved

from the child's small opposition to increasingly major noncompliance and aggressive behavior.

This might apply to both home and school, Fraser explained (2016). Youth violence should be

regarded as a public health issue given that these aggressive, non-compliant behaviors are

transmitted outside the house to other surroundings and are influenced by several other sources,
such as the media industry they have large effects on mental health problems, substance abuse,

and poor school performance (Belsky & Vondra, 2017; Cicchetti & Toth,2015; Dembo et al.,

2012; Esbensen & Huizinga, 2019; Silverman, et al., 2016; Smith & Thornberry, 2015). Parental

supervision and situations that could hinder a child's growth are examples of family risk factors,

whereas high crime rates and economically depressed areas are examples of neighborhood risk

factors (Howell, 2019; Pyrooz, Fox, & Decker, 2020; Thornberry, Krohn, et al., 2013; Valdez,

2017; Vigil, 2018). According to studies, having aggressive, criminal parents that is antisocial

parents represents an environmental risk factor as opposed to a genetic one (Moffitt, 2017). In

other words, rather than inheriting a penchant for violence, children learn aggressive conduct

through watching their parents. Family management practices include failing to establish clear

expectations for children's behavior, inadequate supervision and monitoring, and harsh and

inconsistent discipline are all known to predict future criminal behavior and substance

dependence (Capaldi and Patterson, 1996; Hawkins, Arthur, and Catalano, 2015). The McCords

discovered that parents' inadequate monitoring and harsh discipline predicted their children's

convictions for person offenses far into their forties in a sample that was monitored after 20 years

(McCord, McCord, and Zola 2019). In fact, if the parents are abusive, the protective component

of connection to parents may actually work against the child (Hawkins et al., 2018). Poor parent-

child relationships are one of the early risk factors for juvenile violence with minor effect sizes.

One specific risk factor for future violence in this class is harsh, lenient, or inconsistent

discipline (Hawkins et al., 2018). To define the limits between acceptable and inappropriate

behavior, children require punishment that is fair and consistent. Children who experience harsh

treatment may interpret it negatively. Children who are treated harshly may view rough treatment

as acceptable, those who are given no guidance may engage in whatever behavior gets them what
they want, and children who receive mixed signals are completely at sea regarding appropriate

behavior. Other family conditions, such as high stress, large size, and marital discord, also exert

a small effect on later violence. According to Wells and Rankin (2018), boys whose parents were

extremely strict reported more violent behavior. The second greatest incidence of violence was

reported by boys whose parents were notoriously lenient. The least amount of violence was

reported by boys whose parents weren't either excessively strict or too permissive. Additionally,

compared to boys whose parents disciplined them more consistently, boys whose parents

disciplined them inconsistently were more likely to commit an infraction against other people.

Violence in the future was also predicted by parental punitiveness or harsh discipline. According

to Farrington (2018), adolescent aggression was predicted by poor child rearing, an authoritarian

parenting style, poor parental supervision, severe parental discipline, a cruel, apathetic, or

inattentive parenting attitude, and parental disagreement regarding childrearing. Terrible family

management practices when males were 14 to 16 years old predicted self-reported aggression by

the age of 18, while poor family management practices when boys were 10 years old did not

predict violence at the age of 18. A protective factor against violence can be a parent's active

involvement. On the other hand, a lack of parental participation and interaction with youths may

raise the likelihood that they will become violent adults. Williams (2014) discovered that parent-

child participation and communication at the age of 14 predicted a decrease in self-reported

aggressive behavior at the age of 16. Compared to men, women had a lesser connection with this

factor. Similar findings were made by Farrington (2015), who discovered that sons who did not

participate in leisure activities with their dads exhibited violent conduct more frequently as

teenagers and adults and were more likely to be found guilty of violent crimes. Conflict and poor

family ties Few research have particularly examined the link between aggressive conduct and
poor family ties. Studies looking at this connection should differentiate between bonds with

good-natured family members and those who are bad-natured or criminal. Additionally, it

suggests that exposure to high levels of marriage and family conflict raises the likelihood of

future violence. Parental support attitudes toward violence and drugs. Although there has been

little research on the effects of parental views about violence on children's behavior, research

suggests that parental attitudes supportive of activities like alcohol consumption predict juvenile

usage of alcohol and drugs (Peterson et al., 2014). According to one study, children whose

parents tolerated violent behavior when they were 10 years old were more likely to report

aggressive behavior by the time they were 18 years old (Maguin et al., 2015). Little research has

focused on the effect of a family’s mobility on youth violence. Maguin and colleagues (2015)

found that the number of changes in residence in the past year, assessed when boys were age 16,

predicted self-reported violent behavior by 18. Residential mobility assessed when boys were

age 14, however, did not significantly predict violence at age 18. This discrepancy may indicate

that residential moves have short-term effects on behavior, but more research is needed to

understand the relationship. Evidence shows that parent-child connections being strained can

lead to children acting violently in the future.

Peer Group

In 2012, young people were engaged in 1 in 5 arrests for burglary, theft of a car, and

robbery combined, and 1 in 14 arrests for murder (Puzzanchera, 2014). Studies on the age-crime

curve have shown that juvenile violence increases in frequency in early adolescence, peaks in

late adolescence, and decreases more gradually as people “age out” of crime. Adolescents and

children that behave aggressively frequently experience adjustment difficulties, including

internalizing and externalizing problems as well as problematic peer interactions (e.g., Card,

Stucky, Sawalani, & Little, 2018, Schaeffer, Petras, Ialongo, Poduska, & Kellam, 2013).

As they begin to spend less time with their family, especially their parents, adolescents

start to rely more on their peers for social support, approval, and role models (Brown & Klute,

2013). Due to the growing amount of time spent with peers during adolescence and the influence

that peers have on young people’s behavior, research examining the effects of peer interactions

on aggressive behavior continues to be an important area of study. Peer domain elements include

information on peer interactions, attachment, socialization, and peer norms (Hoeve et al. 2019).

Risk factors can include having delinquent friends, joining a gang, and the dynamics of peer

interactions (Wong, Slotboom, and Bijleveld 2020).The chances of engaging in delinquency is

significantly influenced by early exposure to detrimental peer pressures, and these influences

may also increase the possibility of other risk factors like dropping out of school or disengaging

from society. For instance, children who are exposed to drug-using peers are more likely to start

taking drugs themselves (Odgers et al. 2018).

Peer pressure is another peer factor that has been connected to aggressive conduct in

adolescents. Peer pressure is defined as an attempt by peers to convince young people to engage

in particular conduct and has often been measured extensively to include a variety of behaviors

(e.g., Ngee Sim & Fen Koh, 2013). (e.g., delinquency, aggression; Padilla-Walker & Bean,

2019). In certain studies, different forms of peer pressure have been quantified along with how

they relate to adjustment. For instance, Choo and Shek (2013) examined peer pressure to drink

and found that it was positively correlated with drinking behavior. However, very little

quantitative study has examined how young people’s violent conduct is influenced by peer

pressure to act aggressively.

 Another element that has been linked to violent behavior in adolescence is association with

delinquent peers. Delinquent peer association is the term for peer affiliation with antisocial

behavior (e.g., Fergusson, Wanner, Vitaro, Horwood, & Swain-Campbell, 2013). Teenagers may

gain from associating with criminal peers because it will improve their social standing and

protect them from future bullying (e.g., Gifford-Smith & Brownell, 2013). An link between

delinquent peer association and measures of specific types of aggressiveness and composite

forms of aggression has been found to be positive in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies

(e.g., combining physical and verbal aggression; Hong, Kim, & Piquero, 2017). (For instance,

bodily; Thompson, Mehari, and Farrell, 2019). Delinquent peer affiliation may influence

juveniles’ behavior by altering the attitudes and values that motivate it, according to Dishion,

Spracklen, Andrews, and Patterson (2018). Peers may also unintentionally influence adolescents’

behavior by appearing to advocate fighting and nnonviolence.

Particularly, the beliefs of adolescents and those in their immediate environment, such as

peers or close friends, have an impact on their behaviour (Crick & Dodge, 2014). Studies have

looked at the connection between subsequent externalizing problems and perceived support for

particular behaviors, such as aggression and drug use (e.g., Pederson et al., 2017). Jung, Krahe,

and Busching (2018), for instance, found that violence in the present was a predictor of

aggression in the future. They found that views of friends’ support for fighting were the main

drivers behind young people’s decisions to respond aggressively to peer provocation. On the

other hand, it was mentioned as a factor that increased the likelihood that a teenager would

respond to peer provocation without violence if they sensed their peers’ support for it. The effect

of peer interactions on violent behavior during adolescence highlights the need to develop

components that can shield adolescents from these negative effects.

Synthesis of the Review of Related Literature

The problem about prevalence of youth violence is a serious issue in our society today

which requires more attention since it determines the values of the next generation. Upon

reviewing the literature the researcher emphasizes that the key to preventing child delinquency

and its progression into chronic crime is to concentrate on risk factors that emerge at a young

age. Early intervention will reduce the likelihood that young children will succumb to the

growing hazards that materialize later in childhood and adolescence and the severe social and

personal repercussions of years of disruptive and delinquent behavior. Thus this proves that the

government and all other agencies and association whom have a role to play in solving this issue

do so and with a lot of diligence. Parents and the society at large also have a duty and role to play

in solving this menace. Youth violence should be prevented before it spills over to a level

whereby it will be too late to do something about it.

Youth violence usually stems from a combination of factors that varies from child to child.

Every individual diligent should be treated separately since every individual will have different

factors which influence their criminal behaviours. No single risk factor is sufficient to explain it.

To develop effective methods for preventing youth violence and its escalation into serious and

violent juvenile offending, intervention methods must account for the wide range of family,

peer, school, and community risk factors. Different programs should be developed so as to

ensure that the juvenile is rehabilitated to the highest desired level.Some effective intervention

programs that focus on reducing persistent disruptive behavior in young children have reduced

later serious, violent, and chronic offending. Some interventions focus on parent behaviors that

increase the risk of persistent disruptive behavior in children. Peer relations training and
school/classroom programs have also shown some promise. Still, many gaps exist in our

knowledge about the development of child delinquency, the risk and protective factors that

contribute to it, and effective prevention and intervention methods. Addressing these gaps offers

an exceptional opportunity to reduce overall crime levels and to decrease future expenditures of

youth violence.
 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the method of research employed and the procedural steps followed

in the study, which includes the research instruments and the statistical treatment applied for the

analysis and interpretation of the data.

Research Design

The design of the study is quantitative, and researcher used a descriptive method of

research. According to McCombes (2019), descriptive research aims to accurately and

systematically describe a population, situation, or phenomenon. It can answer what, where,

when, and how questions, but not why questions. In other words, it describes the characteristics

of the population without covering why these characteristics of the population occurred. And

these characteristics used to describe the situation or population is usually some kind of

categorical scheme, also known as descriptive categories. Descriptive research generally

precedes explanatory research.

Respondents and Sampling Technique

The researcher formulated a survey research design which the questionnaires served as a

guide in conducting the research. A questionnaire is prepared for a specific type of identified

respondents. The questionnaire focuses on the associated risk factors of juvenile evaluation to

determine the prevalence of youth violence in Barangay Wawa Siniloan, Laguna.

 The researcher will use a purposive sampling technique. The respondents of the study,

who were specifically chosen, are all youth between the ages of twelve (12) and seventeen (17)

who reside in Barangay Wawa Siniloan, Laguna.

The researcher constructed the following criteria for the said study:

1.He or she must be twelve (12) to seventeen (17) years of age.

2.He or she must be living in Barangay Wawa Siniloan, Laguna.

3.He or she must have the willingness to cooperate and participate in the study.

Research Locale

The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), ratified by the Philippine

government, states that children are neither objects nor helpless creatures. Since they are people,

they have unalienable rights. But they are also members of society with obligations appropriate

to their stages of development, which is why the researcher decided to conduct a study to

determine what are the related risk factors why youth violence is so prevalent in barangay Wawa

since the data provided indicates that the juvenile delinquency act is particularly widespread in

barangay Wawa in Siniloan, Laguna

Data Gathering Procedure

The data for this research were collected using a survey questionnaire. The survey is

comprised of 10 questions, which were related to the participant’s perception regarding to the

associated factors of the prevalence of youth violence ( family, peer, community, and school) . In
the questionnaire, Lickert scale was used to determine the respondent’s answers. After the

professor validated the questionnaire, these were distributed to the youths ages twelve (12) to

seventeen (17) residents of Barangay Wawa Siniloa, Laguna. The researchers included the

gender, age, highest educational attainment and number of sibling of the children involved. The

researchers assured confidentiality of their survey sheets since the identities are not important.

The researcher also understood that people’s consciousness may also affect their honesty and

effectiveness in answering the survey, and so, the researchers gave people the option of being

anonymous.

Research Instrument

The instrument that wil be use in the study is questionnaire based on the research

problem. The main purpose of conducting a survey is to determine the prevalence of youth

violence and associated factors among youth inn Barangay Wawa Siniloan, Laguna.

The first part of the questionnaire includes the children’s profile such as gender, age,

highest educational attainment and number of sibling.

The second part of the survey assesses the youth the associated factors that affects prevalence of

youth violence in Barangay Wawa by asking how preferrable they considered each questions.

Statistical Treatment of Data

To answer the questions posited in this study, the following statistical tools were applied in

the collected data.

 Variables to be Analyzed Statistical Tool

Profile of the respondent Frequency, Percentage, Rank

1.1 Gender

1.2 Age

1.3 Highest Educational Attainment

1.4 Number of Sibling

What is the prevalence of violence among youth in Mean, Rank, Verbal

Interpretation
Barangay Wawa, Siniloan, Laguna.

What are the factors associated with youth violence in Mean, Rank, Verbal
Interpretation
barangay Wawa, Siniloan, Laguna.

What intervention must be conducted to lessen or prevent Mean Rank, Verbal

Interpretation
the violence among the youth in barangay Wawa, Siniloan,
Laguna?

Significant Relationship between the profile variables and the prevalence Chi-square
test
of violence among youth in barangay Wawa, Siniloan, Laguna.

Significant relationship between the profile variables and the factors Chi-square
test
associated with youth violence in barangay Wawa, Siniloan, Laguna.

Significant relationship between the prevalence of violence among

youth and the factors associated with youth violence. Chi-square
test

Ethical Consideration
 This research study prioritized the respondents’ data or the information that was gathered

and with that, confidentiality was strictly applied and followed.

First and foremost, research respondents were not forced to participate in this research

study. Before the questionnaire was introduced, the researcher gave the purpose of the

study to the respondents and they could withdraw or stop if they want to. Full consent was

given before starting the distribution of the questionnaire; the respondent has understood his or

her rights. The researcher also emphasized anonymity or confidentiality. Foul words or terms

were avoided, and respect was given. This study was about the knowledge, attitude, perception

and behavior among the selected children between twelve (12) to seventeen (17) years old. There

are a lot of factors that were considered upon the conduct of this research study such as, the

respondent’s reactions or response and if there are rules that have been affected. The researcher

also considered their culture and beliefs. This study would be used to improve the community

and to prevent the youth to become a juvenile delinquents . This research study proposal was

reviewed by a research adviser. The presence of the permissions was upheld. The respondents

have been entitled to their consent. The researcher did his best in conveying to the respondents

that gathered data was only utilized for research purposes.