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C •TITRATION:

ACID
•SYLLAßus:

unknown
to Solution

It
weak
n of
Theories)
Acid
CHAPTER-1

tithotions
deteY aud
is
AR
Base
adds

solution.
mine base of Titation

acid
protess and titrohion

the
\cnouon

of
base
-
E
strong,
baces,
CoDCerstration
technique

concentvohion

and
indicaors,
Inttoduction

BASE
W
Neutralizahon

weok,

theor UNIT-2|

in classification
EL
of whidh
and
involvecd

is
an very
Used
unes.
a

T
L

tquivalenca
•
Indicator Titrand Titrant
Some
COmpleke.
(the is During
PH

added
unknown
cOmnon

nce titration,

titrand

point
point tA
which
4 which
A ie from
Coneh
solution.
AR

tems
subSance
olution solution
till solution)
COmpare.....

is
of
When for taken

with
is

tokn - eyd
burette
the

titrant
idetifying oi point unil
Moles which th-
M

in
unknown
in I<nown (ocurs
the
delerminac...

conical

burette
to (the

is
of end reoction a
know
by
A

odded
itrand flask. concetration, titrand
solution. unknown
conontratia (onc
point. indicator).

solut)
is of
in

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C
Burette
AR
Indicojor
Base
-
Titra) (Knoun conc)
E W
(mosty unlknown con
Ahalyk Ititrond
EL
=
(onial fiask, M,V MzV

N,V, =
NV
L

acid bosed
• Concerstvation
Of Used
AcID- the
•
End
fitrant or
PH

he
It analyle
Aid 0cid
HC| p0int
is for is Color

as pinciple
/base
BASE
(ie.
reat
the delermination
Of reaction

of The
knoun is
AR

quontitative

NaoH
Base with with TITRAT

of
nutralisation solution
base/acid. cqual
point
concentration).

is
base
aid the
LON toD
-basQ of analycis
Complekd which
M

help
and veacton, unknown
the
Nac!
Salt
titrotion indicates

forMed of which moles

by
A

koown
concestation

water hanging
io is of
salts. is tha
which

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std. acid std. baskc

.
C Alkolimet
Leusis BrOnsted Arrhenius
Theories:
basic acid Acidi
by by THORY
indicotorfor Phenolphthalein

It
cohcontration
Sfondaud standard metry
AR
CODCenttotion

-Louwvy is

also
i- i-
It It
basic aidic aceptor Eletron
Ht H* acd is koun

is i ACID
of te
E
doNOr produer -base the
of determination deteminotion

par
solution.

acidic
Solution
basic
most as
W
titration

Neutvalisation

lal
kalina donor (ommonly
solution Eletron
H OH
BASE
EL
acceptor
of solution
Of producer

Unknown
unknouj)
par
tittation.
Used
by
by
L

• •
• •
The
in on
They Acid
Ihey Of Used indiatoks
Theorie: end Indicators
PH

THEORIES

Ht
differnt
that priniple
-Bace Phenopthalein

point
change

ions.

they acid
These
Indiaors le. explain
These
These
majnly
by
how
th solutins
of
AR

Ahouw/produCL
-base

are , hanging
OF
Color
acid
weak
: hey the Methyi
titraion. those INDICATORS

-b0s0 thoce fbose

based worling titrathion
color
of orqanic
change
Red
M

indicators

soluhan
indicator theovies
upon SUbsfanceA

ditferent

their
/medani
ete.. df
acds for
the dlution.
A

uwhn which
is color.
sm which deermine

/ which
Conch Color
deparda bous

th aR of
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0 O
C •

lonized
Indi ioDZaion hange weak Ac. Ostuald's
(
QuinoNoid
O
Oskuold's
They
e
p-oitrophencl
They basic natue

cotor
AR
(color

acids
to hove
alo Or
Of
and produce thei this
-A) theory mainl knoun vico
Soluhon
Statf.
heony
theory
unionjRed
Or theory, , -
color versa).

Phenol
E
diffrent-2 weak tuo
as chanqes

on Indi types phthalein,

Visval
W
state. bases

th cotors End

(
lonized colors lndicotors.
Point.
(i.e
Colot basis
Gnd Mebyl
EL
- aR Aadjc
ß)
n they qenerally

their
F orange

their
to
L

and present Nouw, (b) Color. aNd

•
Sut, (uDIOnized)
Acidic .
eKample
is because present NOW,
PH

ColorlesS

wher Qcidic
these When
CoDvert
HPb

-
iooZed
when when
in weak
iD
indioor indicator
Phenopbthalein
Solution

unionized indicator
form
-form Unionjzed
AR

indiator into indicator

acds

ioDzed (ioni2ed H+ due

in is
dissociata
pink
form does
is
acìdic
is (HPh) form is
weak
-form olor
t t0 not weak
M

wtok
weak form)
Ph
Solution
in
basic
basus
and
in q
Rosc
weak
dissocioaes

in acids
basic
ba ocidic aids,
A

ses
chanqe
Solutian
, solution aid (very
solutiay

loo)
it
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C |Benzenoid •
forms,
Indicaor sucure)
present Akording sMe example

(unionized
AR
Yellouw

i.e. in oH -
form produco
Methyl
Benzerojd
Bernzerojd

di to )

ffetent
his
E
differet Orange

theory
11 form
form tautamerìe

Me'
W
(MeOH)
(
Quinanoid lonizd)
Red
color
and Indicators
+
EL
Quinonoid
forms
Acidic OH
in
form weak
diferent
(diff. a
form
base
L
PH

(Acidic
Benzenojd
in while benzenoid

In enample and Solution Nou),

olorless
quinonoid acdic
producos

Mudjum) in -
Phendpbthalein
in
form form and this
medivm
altaling
AR

form
other
color. one
and
,
madium, form
colorless. phenolpbthalein one
M

(Bosic Quinonoid
in s
allaling
eNSt
Pink,
udjum) /alkaani
it
is
A

colo
torm
(pink)
is
/bosic
in
acdic
in
and

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BASES Acips
C
is the CLASSIFiCATION

Strong
eak Sfrong
Weak
re0ct
AR
Na
HCI neutralization

Aid
OH
acid
bace base dissociates
dissociatel acid
with
Base
fartially.
>
Those
E
Thoso base
Those
Thoce itation
Na reaction
OF
Completelq-pH
Of
completely-pH

nd
W
boSes pH
acids
+ adds ACID

OH(Srong
.u baus
formd

which
in is

3
-BASE
EL
whjch based
whih (shong which
which

dissocjaes |t-14 satts.

dissociak
ocucl) o-3| add
acid on T.
lhase)
L

Hydrochlorje

2 ) base
PH

HCI Sttog
Strong
ad
which kAUDSBASES eq)
strong |

strong

(td)
these
2
NHyoH
Cc
cid t forms
huydroxi
Sodium
the
aid )and
NaOH

acid eutralizd
00
H
AR

nulializtd reoction
and
eotral) nature
de
is is
Weak Sfro
Nwta

eoct H
reo Can
NH
salt. of
bose Base
M

CHCó0
chloride
Sodium
Nacl with be
with t
i
i- cdasstfied

acid
OH
strong
In
A

eak (w.ß)
+
In this,
H"wA
this,
Water
ard 13(14)

into
basQ ba
b0
-
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Acetic
() (3)
C H
Acetic Hydrochoric

(uhich
ChC00hH
wtak Weoak
coOH Weok
Sfrong add
HC|
odd
forms
AR
aid
Aid) (Acid
+ base
In 7
base
+
Ammonium
AmoniuM

NHy this, NHy (aidic)

Hydrox\de tHydroxide
nTtralir
hydroxide
-forms ond Sodium ,
NaoH and neutraljzd

OH whib oH
lweak
E
Weok wtak
Strong salf.
nuutra
torm
aid
W
ßase aid (duu

-
Ammonium
Base Ammoni
Sodium
hCoONHy
NHyd
is
-
alkali/basic)

aatate
Salt. choride
to
EL
react spog
acetae um
react

with oid)
t salts. with
Watcr

H0
L

Base •
plotted
In OF
of which Neutvalizaion odded
pH Now, neuttalized During
PH

cOSQ, NEUTRALIZATION

alkli/

against
of that
when pH in Aid
So acjd
hen base
it.
is tm by
AR

cuves
known
base Bas0
tho addad
plotted
Isis
base.
chanqes during
volumu
as is ate titotion

during
nestralizd, against
titration thou
M

of shen
titration CURVE

• itration.

Hid pH acid qraphfwwe

acid
tha
Slightly wrve
of bau
A

Neuthalj
cid ad
ded.
pOH
volur th is
incHEALLs
is
zed 1 is
in
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C •
(1) ) 0 IF
ahpuo by sttong
Weak Sftong
Weak is
AR
2 lo 12
3+
Sfrong

5
of
In Acid Aid
lo Acid Aid
(baseNaOH.
for
I
this
20
25
, Ve Vs Vs Vs types
E
Sttong
Srong
30 siong lreak Sftong Weok

3s
i
yo
W
fquivalence
point
ßase
4s Base Basa Rase Base
acid)
so (pH:)

ss :
EL
60 is
(approy.3s Sfrong
VOlUM
neutrolized
o.1M

HC) Ba90.
Of
ian m)
L

Vs

•
• •
PH

whoose
obtojned for red Phenolphthalein
tquivalence
spaed Near qrodually•
Ib
StrONg

2 (2 by neutralizolon
tbis,

equjvalence

eqivalenca weak and

Ih iid jdentical.
Uged the
point
then
AR

tbis,
base Vs , CuNe
EquivalencQ
as
point Weok bromo

polnt strong of Indiators.

at turns
point,

and strorg
60 (pH pH7 beqins
Base ymol
70 formuc phH
<3)
M

is acid into
Volum bosu,
inoAsA
slightly aidic
Sftorg blue
NHy0H.
is boasic.

of
0.1 acidic
neutrali
tte
A

M
and
titrant
HU Aid le9s the
weok
corve
at
(appaox
Vs than sal muthyl
Vc za qrtater
isus
0.! is
bas
še M 7
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C pt of ahalyte ) tUrns
pH Due In
than whoose
Strong
by Weak
<+ this,
6 |2 9
to
AR
sronq basic

Volua
7
base. In Acid
svong

20 ke.
equivalonce th
bace this,
30 CUrve
of Equivalence
(pH>1) Vs add,
y0 point
E
tihant weak
which
Spong
S0
(pH point its beqins

60
W
>?) due -ormad 0cid equIvolenca

. Base

C stong Weak
to is
i's -
i
addic
EL
0-M
(app 0. sligntly
netralized
pesna basic
M boasQ. acjd
x.
NaoH
ChC00H
poit and
30 Vs
my) mOH salf
is
o
L

and
. pH of analyte
(v
In
PH

|2
whoose

this,
b Weok

turns
weak
20
voluma

Acid

t
euivalence

30 In
base
AR

basi
this,
of
Equivalen
point
c. CUrve

which
trant (pH=?) weak
60 point Weak
beqins
cQ
70
formud
M

acid
is Bßase
•
base. Weak
acidic about
(appox.

04M
is i
neutval

acid neutraljzed
A

(above
son) NHyoH
(pH
Vs salts,
3) weok
=
?).
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