Program Book

Community Service Project

On
Irrigation

AP STATE COUNCIL OF
HIGHEREDUCATION
(ASTATUTORYBODYOFGOVERNMENTOFANDHRAPRADESH
 Program Book
for
Community Service Project

Name of the Student: U.Akhila

Name of the College : Ashoka

women’s Engineering College.

Registration Number:20T1A05A9.

Period of CSP: From:06/08/2022 To:10/09/2022

Name& Address of the Community/Habitation: Tadakanapalle village, Kurnool district.

 Community Service Project Report

Submitted in accordance with the requirement for the degree of………….

Name of the college : Ashoka Women’s Engineering college

Department : Computer Science and Engineering

Name of the Faculty Guide: Mr. C. Ishaq Shareef sir

Duration of the CSP:

From: 06/08/2022 To:10/09/2022

Name of the student: U.Akhila

Programme of Study:

Year of study: III B.tech

Register number:202T1A05A9

Date of Submission: 10/09/2002

 Student’s Declaration

We are student of community service project Program of the Department of

computer science and engineering, Ashoka Women’s Engineering College do here
by declare that I have completed the mandatory community service from06/08/2022
to10/09/2022 in (Name of the Community/Habitation)under the Faculty Guideship of
Mr. C. Ishaq Shareef, Department of computer science and engineering, Ashoka
Women’s Engineering College.

Signature & Date

U.Akhila
10/09/2022

Endorsements:

Faculty Guide: Mr. C. Ishaq Shareef

Head of the Department: Mr. T. Murali Krishna

Principal: Dr. R. Naveen Kumar

 Certificate from Official of the Community

This is to certify that…U.Akhila………(Name of the Community Service

Volunteer) Reg. No 202T1A05A9…of Ashoka Women’s Engineering
College(Name of the College)under went community service in
Thadakanapalli (Name of the Community from…06/08/2022 to 10/09/2022

The overall performance of the Community Service Volunteer during his/her

community service is found to be.........................(Satisfactory/Good).

Authorized Signatory with Date and Signature

U.Akhila,
10/09/2022.
ACKOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I thank the Almighty-God, from the

depth of my heart, which has been the unfailing source of strength,
comfort& inspiration in the completion of this seminar report.

I would like to extend my gratitude to my guide Asst. Pro C.

Ishaq Shareef Department of Computer Science and Engineering.
Under whose able guidance. I have completed my seminar report. His
contribution is immense in order to cherish and add value to a student’s
career.

I would like to extend my gratitude to T. Murali Krishna

HOD of Computer Science Department for their cooperation and
valuable support in every way during the period of the seminar report.

I would like to extend my gratitude to Dr.R.Naveen, principal

of Ashoka Women’s Engineering College, Kurnool for their
cooperation and valuable support in every way during the period of the
seminar report.

At last, I would like to thank Management and chairman Sri

Ashok Vardhan giving mean opportunity to work on this seminar
report and supporting me throughout the period of work at Ashoka
Women’s Engineering College, Kurnool.

SIGNATURE
U.Akhila
 CHAPTER1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. INTRODUCTION

The struggle to secure food in the country is highly assisted by increasing production
using irrigation water from these small-scale irrigation schemes constructed in the
basin. But the contribution towards this increment in production will vary from one to
another, since it depends on the management of this water development. So, in
order to identify the strength and the weakness of these schemes a comparative
performance assessment is indispensable. In the country water development for
agriculture is a priority, but poorly designed
and planned irrigation undermines efforts to improve livelihoods and exposes people
and environment to risks. Recent estimates indicate that the total irrigable area in
Ethiopia is 197,225 ha around 3 % of the irrigation potential (MOWR). Moreover,
much of the increase in irrigated area had come because of expansion of small-scale
irrigation. Yet, the existing irrigation development in Ethiopia, as compared to the
resource the country has, is negligible. The importance of irrigation in the Tekeze
basin has been recognized many generations back according to members of the
indigenous irrigation schemes. Field observations made in most part of the basin
shows that almost all of the available perennial surface water resource is used for
irrigation, except those found in deep gorges, as of many decade back. In Tigray alone,
the total area irrigated by 2002 was 4773 ha or 0.44% of the total arable land
(BOANR, 2003). The fluctuation in size of the irrigable area from one year to the
other could be due to the drying of the water source following drought or shortage of
rainfall.
 CHAPTER 2 : OVERVIEW OF THE COMMUNITY

Thadakanapalle is a Village in Kallur Mandal in Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh

State, India. It belongs to Rayalaseema region . It is located 12 KM towards South
from District head quarters Kurnool. 8 KM from Kallur.

‘Tadakanapalli kova’ is a well-known sweet across Rayalaseema and there are

connoisseurs in Hyderabad too, but the story behind the success of this is ‘innovative
livelihood’ efforts put in by the district administration.

Cattle hostel
District Collector G. Veerapandian made a power-point presentation of this success
story of a ‘cattle hostel’ to the selection committee for the PM’s Award 2020 as one
of the 12 short-listed IAS officers from India. Mr. Veerapandian explained in detail
the milk production at the ‘cattle hostel’ and its effective use for livelihood and an
innovative way of transforming the lives of the villagers. The result of the
presentations is awaited eagerly. Irrigation Systems Overview in Tadakanapalle

Key Points:

There are many ways to deliver irrigation water to the field.

The best system is field specific.

 CHAPTER 3 : COMMUNITY SERVICE PART
“Service activities combined with facilitated means for applying the experience
to their academic and personal development” .It is a form of experiential
education aimed at enhancing and enriching student learning in course material.
When compared to other forms of experiential learning like internships and
cooperative education.
A community survey is a method of collecting data from a filtered target
audience to help you understand an issue particular to them. Community service
is away for people to make a difference in the world. Community service is
crucial for people of all ages.
Community service activities help children define their values, experience
empathy, develop social skills, and learn about their community. Community
service is often organized through local areas. It may be performed for a variety
of reasons including citizenship requirements. Community service essay inspires
us to help people and bring as mile to their faces.
Needs And Importance:
Community service around the world play an important role in the development
of society, ranging from social enterprises in some of the poorest rural areas of
the globe, to service designed to enhance quality of life for the more vulnerable
members of society in any country or region. It Improves critical thinking skills.
Background:
Community Service is non-paying by one person or a group of people for the
benefit of their community or its institution it may be performed for various
reason .It was in1952 that the community development project was launched by
the government of India and with we find the emergence of a new era of
community work.
 It may be required by a government as a part of citizenship requirements,
like the mandatory & quote; Hand and hitch-up services & quote; for
some municipalities in Germany, or generally in lieu of military service
or for civil conscription services.
 It may be required as a substitution of, or in addition to, other criminal
justice sanctions–when performed or this reason it may also be referred to
as community pay back.
 It may be mandated by schools to meet the requirements of a class, such
as in the case of service-learning or to meet the requirements of
graduating as class valedictorian.
 In the UK, it has been made a condition of the receipt of certain benefits
(see Workfare in the United Kingdom)
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE FIRST WEEK

DAY LEARNING Person

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DAILY
& OUTCOME
In-charge
ACTIVITY
DATE Signature

Day–1 First we searched about our project what is an We came to know about our C. Ishaq
Irrigation. project.
Shareef

We got to know a little information about We gathered the

Day-2 Irrigation. information about our C. Ishaq
project title. Shareef

Day–3 Finally we got a clear information about Finally we came to know

Irrigation. about Irrigation C. Ishaq
information. Shareef

Day–4 We find out where the nearest Agriculture fields We searched for nearest
and Nursery. Nursery and Fields. C. Ishaq
Shareef

Day–5 We looked at many Nursery’s and Fields choose

the right one. We discussed about C. Ishaq
different types of Irrigation
types. Shareef

Day–6 We are all discussed and planned to visit the place We summarized the
information about C. Ishaq
Irrigation. Shareef
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK–1(From Date:06/08/2022to Date:13/08/2022)
Objective of the Activity Done: Detailed information about Irrigation.

Detailed Report: Our community service project is about Irrigation in day one

We searched about what is Irrigation. The next day we got a little bit of information about

Irrigation. The third day we got a full clarity of Irrigation.

Irrigation:

Irrigation is the agricultural process of applying controlled amounts of water to land to assist in the
production of crops, as well as to grow landscape plants and lawns, where it may be known as watering.
Agriculture that does not use irrigation but instead relies only on direct rainfall is referred to as rain-fed.
Irrigation has been a central feature of agriculture for over 5,000 years and has been developed independently
by many cultures across the globe.
Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops, maintain landscapes, and re vegetate disturbed soils in dry
areas and during periods of less than average rainfall. Irrigation also has other uses in crop production,
including frost protection, suppressing weed growth in grain fields and preventing soil
consolidation. Irrigation systems are also used for cooling livestock, dust suppression, disposal of sewage,
and in mining. Irrigation is often studied together with drainage, which is the removal of surface and sub-
surface water from a given location.
Irrigation is the process of applying water to the crops artificially to full fill their water requirements.
Nutrients may also be provided to the crops through irrigation. The various sources of water for irrigation are
wells, ponds, lakes, canals, tube-wells and even dams. Irrigation offers moisture required for growth and
development, germination and other related functions.
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE SECOND WEEK

DAY LEARNING Person

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE
& DATE OUTCOME In-charge
DAILY ACTIVITY
Signature

We visited Tadakanpalle village We gathered the

Day–1 Agricultural Fields. information from the C. Ishaq
Farmers regarding about the
Irrigation System. Shareef

Types of Irrigation. We came to know about the

Day -2 What type of Irrigations are C. Ishaq
there in the Community. Shareef

We came to know which

Day–3 We visited Nursery. type of Irrigation followed C. Ishaq
by the Nursery’s. Shareef

We went to storage Godown. We saw that how they protect

Day–4 Grains and other Crops. C. Ishaq
Shareef

We came to about the

Finally we got a clear information about Irrigation. C. Ishaq
Day–5 Irragation. Shareef

We gather the information

Day–6 Summarized the information regarding about Irrigation System. C. Ishaq
the Irrigation. Shareef
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK–2(From Date:13/08/2022to Date:20/08/2022)
Objective of the Activity Done: Detailed information about Types of Irrigation.

Detailed Report: Types of Irrigation Systems

There are many different types of irrigation systems, depending on how the water is distributed
throughout the field. Some common types of irrigation systems include:

There are many different types of irrigation systems, depending on how the water
isdistributedthroughout the field. Some common types of irrigation systems include:

Surface irrigation
Water is distributed over and across land by gravity, no mechanical pump involved.

Localized irrigation
Water is distributed under low pressure, through a piped network and applied to each plant.

Drip irrigation
A type of localized irrigation in which drops of water are delivered at or near the root of plants. In this
type of irrigation, evaporation and runoff are minimized.

Sprinkler irrigation
Water is distributed by overhead high-pressure sprinklers or guns from a central location in the field
or from sprinklers on moving platforms.

Center pivot irrigation

Water is distributed by a system of sprinklers that move on wheeled towers in a circular pattern. This
system is common in flat areas of the United States.

Lateral move irrigation

Water is distributed through a series of pipes, each with a wheel and a set of sprinklers, which are
rotated either by hand or with a purpose-built mechanism. The sprinklers move a certain distance
across the field and then need to have the water hose reconnected for the next distance. This system
tends to be less expensive but requires more labor than others
Sub-irrigation
Water is distributed across land by raising the water table, through a system of pumping stations,
canals, gates, and ditches. This type of irrigation is most effective in areas with high water tables.
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE THIRD WEEK

DAY LEARNING OUTCOME Person

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE
& In-charge
DATE DAILY ACTIVITY Signature

We came to know how much

We visted to Paddy field. water required to the Paddy
field.
Day–1 C. Ishaq
Shareef

How many days it will take

Day - We went to Maize fields. to Irrigate the Maize. C. Ishaq
Shareef
2

We visited to Jowar. Which type of pesticides are

Day–3 used to produce Jowar.
C. Ishaq
Shareef

Which type of Irrigation is C. Ishaq

Day–4 We went to Tobacco crop. used to produce Tobacco. Shareef

We came to know that how

Day–5 Farmers benefits. to save water by using
different types of Irrigation. C. Ishaq
Shareef

Day–6 Summarized the information regarding the Types of We gather the information
Irrigation. about the Irrigation. C. Ishaq
Shareef
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK–3(From Date:20/08/2022 to Date:27/08/2022)
Objective of the Activity Done: Detailed information about different types of Crops.

Detailed Report:

Crops Definition: A crop is a plant that is cultivated or grown on a large scale. In general, crops are grown so
they can be commercially traded. In other words, a crop is any plant that is grown and harvested extensively for-
profit purposes.

Types of Crops: Two major types of crops grow in India. Namely, Kharif and Rabi.

Kharif Crops: The word Kharif is Arabic for autumn since the season coincides with the beginning of autumn
or winter. As cultivation of these crops happens in the monsoon season, another name for Kharif crop
is monsoon crop. The Kharif season differs in every state of the country but is generally from June to September.
We sow the crop at the beginning of the monsoon season around June and harvest by September or October.
Rice, maize, bajra, ragi, soybean, groundnut, cotton are all Kharif crops.

Rice: India is the second-largest producer of rice in the world after China. India accounts for approximately
20% of the world’s rice production. It is arguably the most important agricultural crop that grows in the country.
Rice is a staple food pan India, and its cultivation is also widespread across the country.

Maize: After rice and wheat, maize is the most important cereal crop in India. It accounts for approximately
one-tenth of the total agricultural produce in India. Cultivation of maize is focused in the regions of Andhra
Pradesh and Karnataka. It requires temperatures in the range of 21°c to 27°c and rainfall of between 50cms to
75cms.

Rabi Crops: The Arabic translation of the word ”Rabi”, is spring. As these crops harvest in the springtime
hence the name. The Rabi season usually starts in November and lasts up to March or April. Cultivation of Rabi
crop is mainly through irrigation since monsoons are already over by November. In fact, unseasonal showers in
November or December can ruin the crop. Farmers sow the seeds at the beginning of autumn, which results in a
spring harvest. Wheat, barley, mustard and green peas are some of the major Rabi crops that grow in India.

Wheat: India is the second-largest producer of wheat in the world. It is highly dependent on this Rabi crop for
its agricultural income. Wheat is a staple food among Indians, especially in the northern regions.

Mustard: Mustard belongs to the ‘Cruciferae’ family. The oil extracted from mustard is edible, and so, in
India, we use mustard for cooking purposes. It requires a subtropical climate to grow which is dry and cool
weather. The temperature range to grow mustard is between 10°c to 25°c. Rajasthan has the largest production
of mustard in India.

Zaid Crops: There is a short season between Kharif and Rabi season in the months of March to July. In
general, Zaid crops are crops that grow in this season. Also, these grow on irrigated lands. So we do not have to
wait for monsoons to grow them. Some examples of Zaid crops are pumpkin, cucumber, bittergroud.
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE FOURTH WEEK

DAY LEARNING OUTCOME Person

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE
&DA In-charge
DAILY ACTIVITY
TE Signature

We gathered the information

Day–1 We drop by Leafy vegetables grasslands. about which type of Leafy C. Ishaq
vegetables are mostly grown. Shareef

We visited to Tomato field. We came to know about

Day-2 which type of Tomato are C. Ishaq
cultivating. Shareef

Day–3 We went to Carrot meadow. We came to know , how many

days it will be in Underground. C. Ishaq
Shareef

Day–4 We drop by Cabbage grasslands. We gathered information , how

much temperature is required to C. Ishaq
Irrigate Cabbage. Shareef

We gathered information about

Day–5 We went to Aubergine (Brinjal )field. Irrigation methodology of Brinjal.
C. Ishaq
Shareef

We collected the information

Day–6 Summarized the information about Vegetables and their
regarding the Vegetables. Irrigation Systems . C. Ishaq
Shareef
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK–4(From Date:27/08/2022 to Date:03/09/2022)
Objective of the Activity Done:Detailed information about Vegetables and their
Irrigation.
Detailed Report: Gathered information about Vegetables and their Irrigation systems.

Leafy vegetables: Lettuce, spinach, and the other leafy vegetables require frequent irrigations for optimal
quality. As many as 8-10 irrigations and 10-12 inches of water per acre may be necessary depending on
seasonal variation, variety, and planting date. Soil type does not affect the amount of total water needed, but
does dictate frequency of water application. Lighter soils need more frequent water applications, but less water
applied per application.

Underground Irrigation Systems: An underground irrigation system, or a sprinkler irrigation system, is the
most common form. An underground system is designed to use large volumes of water across a vast area –
ideal for large homes. The buried water lines ensure a lawn mower does not strike the system. When combined
with timers, the system becomes fully automated and easy to use.

Water Sources and Their Effect on Irrigation Costs: Water used for irrigation can come from one source or
from a combination of sources. In Pennsylvania, most irrigation systems use untreated surface water or
groundwater. In a few special cases, it is possible to irrigate cropland using a municipal water-supply system.

Surface water: Surface water runoff from local watersheds can be collected, stored in a pond, and used for
irrigation during periods of lower than normal precipitation and for critical growth periods. In Pennsylvania, 2
acres of watershed tributary provide approximately 1 acre-foot of water annually. (An acre-foot is the volume
that would cover 1 acre to a depth of 1 foot.) Much of this water (about 40 to 60 percent) is lost to seepage
through the pond bottom and to evaporation on the pond surface. Therefore, you will need about 4 acres of
watershed to supply 1 acre-foot of irrigation water per year.

Groundwater: Groundwater in Pennsylvania is generally of good quality and frequently is used to supply
homes and farmsteads. It also can be a good source of irrigation water. However, locating and drilling a well
that will provide adequate, high-quality water is a difficult and expensive task that may not always be
successful. Because groundwater is stored in soil and rock below the soil surface where it cannot be seen, there
is no guarantee that sufficient groundwater is available to meet irrigation needs.

Municipal water: Depending on your location, you may be able to purchase water from a municipal water
supplier. Municipal water is of high quality and usually is delivered at a minimum pressure of 40 pounds per
square inch (psi). However, municipal water suppliers may place limits on how much water can be used and
when. These limits are established to protect the other users of the system. Generally, it is very costly to use
municipal water to irrigate agricultural crops.
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE FIFTH WEEK

DAY LEARNING OUTCOME Person

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DAILY
& DATE In-charge
ACTIVITY
Signature

We collected information about Irrigation by Started documentation

Day–1 using Reference(Documentation). C. Ishaq
Shareef

We divided our documentation into parts. Each part is assigned to each

Day -2 member of our team. C. Ishaq
Shareef

Day–3 Attached the pictures which we are visited. We attached the pictures of
Irrigation. C. Ishaq
Shareef

Day–4 We collect some more information by references.We collect information by

references. C. Ishaq
Shareef

Day–5 Documentation with proper manner. The documentation is done

with well manner. C. Ishaq
Shareef

Day–6 Completed the document. Completed the document.

C. Ishaq
Shareef
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK–5(From Date:03/09/2022 to Date:10/09/2022)
Objective of the Activity Done : All the collected information is being documented.

Detailed Report : We prepared the document about Irrigation.

Irrigation methods:
The three main types of irrigation used by Canadian agricultural operations include sprinkler irrigation,
micro-irrigation, and surface irrigation. The irrigation method used depends on several factors, including
the type of crop, the type and quality of water supply, and soil and climatic conditions, which can vary
considerably from one part of the country to the other.

In 2014, as in 2012, farm operations most often used sprinkler irrigation methods to irrigate their crops
(76% of farms that irrigated in 2014), with the majority of these farms being in the West. Farms in British
Columbia and in Alberta accounted for 80% of all the farms reporting this type of irrigation.

Water sources and availability: Farms can obtain water for irrigation from a number of sources,
including on-farm surface or groundwater and off-farm water. Of the farms that irrigated in 2014, 19%
obtained their irrigation water from on-farm groundwater; 38% from on-farm surface water; and 49%
from off-farm sources (can be surface or groundwater).

Water availability was not a significant problem in 2014 as it was a fairly wet year, particularly in
Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario. In 2014, 79% of farms reported that no issues prevented irrigation
for any period of time, ranging from 62% of farms in Manitoba to 84% of farms in Quebec

Crop types: Farms that grew field crops, such as canola and soybeans, were most likely to use sprinkler
irrigation, with 93% of these irrigating farms reporting the use of this method. Sprinkler irrigation was
also the most common method of irrigation used by farms that grew forage crops, such as hay and alfalfa;
90% of these farms used this irrigation method

The most common irrigation method reported for fruit operations was micro-irrigation, with 65% of
the irrigating fruit growers using this type of system. Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia showed the
largest proportions of micro-irrigation use with 52%, 43% and 41% of irrigating farms reporting this
method, respectively. Irrigation for fruit trees, common in these provinces, is also used as protection
against frost and heat.
The majority of farmers irrigating vegetable crops reported using sprinkler irrigation over other
methods (73%).

Conservation methods: Farmers using irrigation employ a range of water conservation practices,
particularly when water availability or cost is a factor. Nationally, the most popular conservation methods
used by irrigators were watering at night or in the morning (57%), using water or energy saving nozzles on
their irrigation equipment (56%), incorporating compost or organic matter into the soil (56%), and
pressure reduction (52%).

The most popular conservation practices differed by province. Farms located in the Atlantic region
(78%), Quebec (84%), Ontario (86 %), and British Columbia (62%) were all most likely to conserve
water by watering at night or in the morning (i.e. to avoid watering at mid-day when more water would be
lost through evaporation).
 CHAPTER 5 : OUTCOMES DESCRIPTION

Details of the Socio-Economic Survey of the Village/Habitation. Attach the

questionnaire prepared for the survey.
1)What types are there?

2)What is an Irrigation?

3)What is Surface Irrigation?

4)what is Furrow Irrigation?

5)what is Border strip Irrigation?

6)what is Basin Irrigation?

7)which type of Irrigation is used for your crops?

8)How many days you want to Irrigate the land?

9)Irrigation water availability for sustainable agriculture?

10)How does LIMAN Irrigation carried out and how does it work?

11)How to Irrigate vegeterian in an automatic and intillegent?

12)Impact of drip Irrigation on water use and crop production?

13)How to protect ground water from Pollution?

14)Is transpiration affected by Irrigation method?

15)List crop coefficient for Kurnool?

16)Daily effective rainfall in Kurnool?

17)How an Irrigation water with high Sodium salt can be utilized?

18)How to estimate Groundwater Abstraction?

19)Soil water Index and Irrigation Depth?

20)what are the advantages of using Drip system?

Describe the problems you have identified in the community
1)Sufficient water is not available for the crop.

2)Some crops are not able to cultivate on that Lands.

3)Lesser workers are available.

4)Fertilizers and pesticides are not accessible.

5)Inability to provide.

6)Less canals and vessel.

7)Mostly people are Uneducated.

8)Sometimes heavy rains leads to Floods.

9)Contamination is caused by pesticides.

10)Pollution in the natural waterbodies.

11)They don’t have any Finanicial support from Government.

12)They are not getting sufficient price to their production.

 Short-term and long-term action plan for possible solutions for the problems
identified and that could be recommended to the concerned authorities for
implementation.
The solution of the above problems

1)To evaluate the performance of small scale irrigation schemes

2)Maintain Pond Water Condition– One of the biggest reasons for insufficient production.

3)To test the comparative performance indicators in the basin

4)To see the conveyance and application efficiency of the irrigation schemes

5) To recommend appropriate strategies that will improve the performance of small-scale irrigation
schemes
6)Water Development by constructing small earthen dams in the region was believed to bring changes
in the way of life of the local communities in the area
7) The major problem related with such kind of projects is that their negative impact on the environment
and human healthy.
8) Irrigation projects have the potential to degrade the land, the soil and waste the valuable resource- water
if they are mismanage
9) Performance evaluation of irrigation projects is not common in the country.

10) Lack of kowledge and tools used to assess the performance of projects adds to the problem.

11)To Improve the facility of potabile of Irrigation system ,it is the Short term plan.
Description of the Community awareness programme /sconducted w.r.t the problems
and their outcomes.
Awareness of Irrigation:Society,Companionship,pleasure,service,conservation,and.

Stabilization of the economy are but a few of the contributions are help our society

Throughout our history, Irrigation development was going down for year to year.

Officials testing a drip irrigation installation at a mango garden at Thadakanpalle in Kurnool district on
Sunday.
The Andhra Pradesh Micro Irrigation Project will launch a series of awareness camps for farmers at
villages in Kurnool district on Monday.
Fifty villages will be covered in the first phase. For 2019-20, a target has been set to bring 32,000
hectares under micro irrigation in the district.
Speaking to the media here on Sunday, the APMIC project director (Kurnool).

Vidyashakar said all the area officials of the department along with the drip irrigation equipment
companies would undertake the campaign covering at least two villages daily in each division.
The officials were directed to prepare action plans covering the beneficiaries (farmers) who have
potential water source in their fields, by providing them the equipment on subsidy.
The campaign organisers should focus on the importance of drip and sprinkler irrigation methods in the
district in the wake of perennial drought conditions.
The comparison of the performance of irrigation systems will help to now the present status of these
systems. Therefore for the improvement of the irrigation system management and the irrigation practice
frequent performance evaluation is imperative.
The output from cultivable area of Haiba is very poor. So it should improve its production by experience
sharing from Ma’ynugus. Therefore farmers and development agents of these systems should share
experience by visiting their sites one another. And this would be best if the government after identifying
the weaknesses and strengths of each site by conducting subsequent performance evaluation assists it.
Hydraulic flow metering structures should be constructed at deferent levels of the canals. This will assist
to monitor the activities in relation to water utilization and irrigation efficiencies as well. Moreover this
is a preliminary work for the introduction of fees in the system to make it based on the amount of water
consumed.

The application efficiency of Haiba and Meila irrigation schemes are poor than the Ma'ynugus, therefore
it is good to transform that experience to the rest dams. This can be done by giving subsequent training
to the farmers
 Report of the mini-project work done in the related subject w.r.t the
habitation/village.
The objective of this project is to provide a combination of manual supervision and partial
automation and is similar to manual set up in most respects but it reduces the labour involved in
terms of Irrigation design is simple , easy to install, microcontroller based circuit to monitor and
record the values of Temperature , soil moisture that are continuously modified and controlled in
order optimize them to achieve maximum plant growth and yield.

Irrigation
Irrigation: Water is the most important element for the growth of plants. Different types of plants require
different quantities of water at different times during their growing period. Water is supplied to the plants
through direct rain or flood waters of the rivers which inundate large land areas during floods. As these are
natural processes, there may be heavy rain damaging the crops or creating a scarcity of supplying water for
the crops. So an artificial method is needed by which water can be collected and stored so that it can be
used when necessary. This method of science is termed “irrigation”. There are various types of irrigation
methods. Irrigation system definition, irrigation history, irrigation scheduling approaches, and irrigation
examples are briefly described below.

What is Irrigation System

Irrigation may be defined as the science of the artificial application of water to the land in order to fulfill
the water requirements of the crops throughout the crop period for the full nourishment of the crops.
Nutrients to the crops may also be applied through irrigation.
Irrigation Synonym: rinse, wash, wash out, inundate, flow, soak, etc.
Irrigation antonym: Dry, drought, drainage.
Crop period: The time period between the instant of sowing seeds to the instant of harvesting the plants is
called crop period.
Irrigation water should be supplied as soon as the moisture falls up to the optimum level. The quantity of
water that produces the maximum yield of the crops is termed as optimum water level. More or less than the
optimum level results in a reduction of the yield
 History of Irrigation:
Agriculture is the oldest way to serve food to humans. Ancient people from different regions used the
irrigation system to supply water to their agricultural lands. At that time irrigation was mainly the control of
water flow. Mesopotamia and Egypt were the most successful user of the irrigation system. A brief
description of the history of irrigation is stated below.

Mesopotamia:
Mesopotamia (at present Iraq and some parts of Iran) was familiar as the land of two rivers of Tigris
(to the north) and Euphrates (to the south). As rains were seasonal, irrigation in Mesopotamia was extremely
necessary for its agriculture. Another problem was that Tigris and Euphrates carried a large amount of silt
which caused floods. So, a system was developed for controlling the direction and flow of water. Canals and
irrigation ditches were also built for supplying water to the fields. A brief idea about the Mesopotamia
irrigation system can be found from this YouTube link

Approaches for Irrigation Scheduling:

The importance of irrigation is very high for mankind. Irrigation scheduling determines when and
how much water has to apply to the field. Scientists and farmers use several approaches for scheduling
irrigation. These are as follows.
1.Soil moisture depletion approaches
For scheduling irrigation, a good criterion of available soil moisture in the root can be used. The amount
of water that lies between the field capacity and the permanent wilting point is called moisture content.
 2.Plant basis:
Plants can be used as a guide for scheduling irrigation. Plants will reflect the deficiency of water
through various symptoms such as curling or rolling of leaves and change in foliage color. All of
these symptoms are indication that the plant requires water. Plant basis irrigation scheduling has the
only drawback that it does not give the quantitative estimation of moisture deficiency.
3.Climatological approach:
Climate is the main controlling factor for evapotranspiration. Climatological data is used for
estimating the amount of lost water by evapotranspiration (ET). Irrigation is scheduled when ET
reaches a particular level. The same amount of ET or fraction of ET is supplied as irrigation water.
There are different methods of climatological approaches such as IW/CPE method and the pan
evapotranspiration method.
4.Critical growth approach:
In each crop, there are critical periods or moisture-sensitive periods. Generally, crop growth stages at
which moisture deficiency leads to irreversible yield loss are termed critical periods. Whenever soil
moisture is depleted during critical periods, irrigation must be scheduled. In case of limited water
supply conditions, irrigation is scheduled only for critical periods, and irrigation is skipped for
noncritical conditions.
5.Plant water status itself:
The latest approach for irrigation scheduling is the plant water status. As the plant is a good indicator
of available soil moisture and climate factors, plant water status itself can be used for irrigation
scheduling. This approach is not yet so common for the lack of standard and low-cost techniques to
determine plant water status.

Automatic Irrigation Systems – New technology awareness and its benefits to farmers
This article shares the importance of upgrading manual control irrigation systems to semi or
fully-automatic irrigation systems by small or big farmers for optimum crop production.
Irrigation systems in India are mainly of 3 types:
1.Surface
2.Sprinklers
3.Drip

In India, agriculture is the major source of food production to the growing demand of its population
and irrigation is an essential process that influences crop growth and crop yield. Small land-holding
farmers with low returns from the field, avoid adopting newer technology although it may help them
indirectly by saving time, labour costs, and precise watering of crops, which would result in
increased yield and ultimately better financial returns.

How do Automatic irrigation systems work?

Automatic Sprinkler & Drip Irrigation systems have many automated components that are different
from regular systems including components like – Electronic controller that operates various
devices like the water pump which can start automatically at a pre-set time, high tech-components

Remotely Monitored Fully Automatic Irrigation System

The system can also be used remotely to allow a farmer to monitor the entire system including-
automatically measure the water needs and the content of the crop, check if there is any blockage in
the passage of water, and if any problem is seen the user can switch off the system through the
device application. A smart irrigation system is equipped with many devices like soil moisture, rain,
light, temperature, water level, and flow sensors and these control the water pump, solenoid valve,
filtration and fertigation units, and different segments of the irrigation field in sequence.
Canal Irrigation Systems : Structures, Main System, Canal Outlets and Water Delivery
Methods
Large irrigation projects have been constructed all over the world for the purpose of irrigating agricultural
lands through gravity flow systems. These projects usually consist of one or more storage reservoirs,
diversion structures, canals and related structures, outlets and finally drainage facilities. The reservoirs
constructed could also serve the purpose of flood control and hydroelectric power generation in which case
they are referred to as multipurpose projects. The principles of the design of various structures are outlined
in literature on hydraulic structures.

Structures in an Irrigation System:

The different structures in an irrigation system may be listed as follows:

1. Main Reservoir:
(i) Masonry or concrete dams further classified as gravity dams or arch dams, or
(ii) Earth dams, or
(iii) Rock fill dams.
2. Diversion Head Works:
(i) Weirs, and
(ii) Barrages.
3. Canals:
(i) Main canals,
(ii) Secondary canals,
(iii) Tertiary canals or watercourses.
4. Canal Structures:
(i) Canal falls,
(ii) Canal regulators,
(iii) Canal escapes, and
(iv) Metering flumes.

5. Cross-Drainage Works:
(i) Aqueduct and syphon aqueducts,
(ii) Super passages,
(iii) Level crossings, and
(iv) Inlets and outlets..
Main System:
The main reservoir stores the water collected from the catchment area and releases through the
spillway or the power house. The structures which are constructed at the head of the canal, in order to divert
the river water towards the canal are known as diversion head-works. Weirs and barrages are used for this
purpose. If a major part or the entire ponding water is achieved by a raised crest and smaller part by shutters
or gates then the structure is referred as a weir and if a major part of the ponding is by gates the structure is
referred to as a barrage also referred to sometimes as a river regulator.
The canal system consists of main canals, secondary canals and tertiary canals. The terms branch canals,
distributaries, minors and watercourses are also used. The tertiary canals or watercourses deliver water to
individual farmers. As the canals pass through varied topographical situations, different types of structures
are needed in the canal system Whenever the natural ground slope is steeper than the designed bed slope of
the channel, the difference is adjusted by constructing vertical “falls” or “drops” in the canal bed at suitable
intervals. Regulators in the canal control the flow of water into the branch canals. A head regulator at the
head of the off-taking channel controls the flow of water a cross regulator may be required in the main
channel downstream of the off-taking channel in order to provide the necessary head of water to ensure flow
into the off-taking channel. A canal escape is a side channel constructed to remove surplus water from an
irrigation channel into a natural drain. The surplus water may result due to excess rainfall or closure of the
canal outlets.
Cross drainage works are structures constructed at the crossing of a canal and a natural drain in
order to dispose the drainage water without affecting the canal supplies. This is achieved in different ways
depending on the topographical situation of the irrigation canal and the drainage channel. The irrigation
canal can pass over the drainage channel (aqueduct or syphon aqueduct) or the drainage channel can pass
over the irrigation channel (super passage).Level crossing is a type of structural arrangement wherein the
irrigation water and drainage water are allowed to mix. This is done when an irrigation canal and drainage
channel (like a stream) approach each other practically at the same level. Similarly, inlets and outlets are
provided depending on the situation, to take in drainage water into the irrigation channel and letting it out
when in surplus of the channel capacity. Details about the structures used in surface irrigation systems are
given in Ankum (1991) and Garg (1987).

Canal Outlets:
A canal outlet is a structure built at the head of the tertiary unit to deliver water from the canal to the
field watercourses. Water is taken from the field watercourses for irrigating individual fields. In many large
irrigation systems, the system management is responsible for delivering water upto the canal outlet and it is
usually the responsibility of the farmers beyond this point. As water is to be delivered through a network of
canals and related structures to these outlets, delivery of the right amount of water in right time is a difficult
job. The outlets also have to function properly for delivering the designed amount of water.
Types of Outlets:
There are several types of outlets used in different countries. Only a few of them are described here-
These outlets are referred to as modules in India and Pakistan and are classified as follows:

1. Non-modular modules – In these structures, the discharge depends on the difference of head between the
distributary and the watercourse. The discharge of these outlets is variable.

2. Semi-modules or flexible modules – In these structures, the discharge depends only on the upstream water
level and independent of the water level in the watercourse.

3. Rigid modules – These are structures in which the discharge is constant and fixed within limits,
irrespective of the fluctuations of the water levels of either the distributary or of the water-course or both.
Water Delivery Methods in Large Irrigation Systems:
In any irrigation system, water could be delivered to the fields owned by individual farmers using
three principal methods viz.:
1. Demand Method:
In the demand method water is delivered to individual farms or crops as per the requirement. This is possible
in relatively smaller systems. In large systems because of the distances and the large number of farmers, it is
practically impossible to implement this procedure.
2. Continuous Flow Method:
In the continuous flow system, water flows all the time in the mains, secondary and tertiary canals. Water
can be taken by individual farmers at the time of need. This system is possible only when water is abundant
and not limiting. By far in all large irrigation systems, rotational method is practiced where water is
delivered to the farmers by a system of rotation predecided in the project.
3. Rotational Method:
Rotational system can be for main canals, laterals, tertiary units or within the tertiary units. Rotations within
the tertiary units and among the tertiary units are the most commonly followed in the major irrigation
systems in the Asian region. Different possible patterns of water deliveries to the tertiary units .An example
of water allocation time within a tertiary unit.
Wara bandi System of Water Allocation:
This method of water allocation has originated in the Indus system in India and Pakistan. “Warabandi”
means a weekly rotation, each farmer getting water on a fixed day of the week. Each farmer obtains an equal
share of available water volume per unit of area based on an allocated time to his field.
The time required for water to travel in field channels from one irrigator to the other and the seepage losses
in the field channels are duly adjusted but the irrigation efficiencies in the farmers’ fields are not considered.
The wara bandi is just an organised way of water distribution to a large number of cultivators in the
irrigation system. The water deliveries may not be as per the crop water requirements.
There are several local variations of the warabandi system. The variations consist in calculating the time
available for irrigation and allocation to farmers groups instead of a single farmer.
Time available in some areas is considered 24 hours a day meaning thereby night time irrigation has to be
done, while in some areas 14 hours of irrigation during a day is considered. In some projects instead of
calculating the time for each farmer, allocation time for a group of farmers is calculated and the group is
allowed to adjust the time for each among themselves.
In spite of these variations, calculations are made broadly as indicated below. It is considered that certain
time is required for filling the channel before the farmer can irrigate and some farmers could benefit as a
result of the water in the irrigation channel draining into their fields. The time allotted to the ith field in hours
(TTI) is given by-

Irrigation system and their components:

The irrigation system represents irrigation and drainage system designed for land reclamation. The principal
engineering problem of the irrigation system consists in withdrawing water from an irrigation source,
delivering it to irrigated land in due time and in required amount, distributing it among individual farms and
crop-rotation fields, and providing soil moisture needed for plants on fields.
 Among irrigation system components are:
1. Irrigation source;
2. Head water intake structure;
3. Water-collecting & escape network and collector & drainage network;
4. Hydraulic facilities in the network;
5. Forest belts and road network;
6. Irrigated lands with inter-farm and on-farm planning of the territory.
Hence, the irrigation system of continuous flow irrigation represents a complex composed of irrigated lands,
irrigation source, and various structures on those for fundamental improvement of adverse natural conditions
and enhancement of soil fertility with the view of gaining heavy crop yields with the most efficient use of
land and water resources and without having detrimental effects on surrounding lands. Water sources for
irrigation can be represented by: rivers in their natural or regulated condition; lakes; local surface runoff
inflowing to ponds; groundwater; and reused commercial, household, and waste waters of the system. The
basic requirement to the irrigation sources is to supply required volume and proper quality of water. Water
quality is determined by hydrological and water-management design. The water source can be located close
to the irrigated land and advisably at higher elevation than that land (so that to ensure gravity water
supply).When designing the irrigation system, it is necessary to know the hydrological characteristics of the
irrigation source, hydrogeology, and land form. Being aware of these features, one can determine the
following: possible irrigated area; necessity to regulate the irrigation source; need for water clarification;
pattern of water withdrawal and water supply to the irrigated land. The irrigation source is to completely
satisfy water requirement throughout the irrigation period. Harmonization of the irrigation source regime
with the irrigation regime is provided as follows: 1 – by regulating the water source; 2 – by adapting the
irrigation regime to the water source regime; 3 – by simultaneously regulating the water source and the
irrigation regime.
Irrigation water quality is assessed based on agronomic (soil fertility, prevention of salinization,
alkalinization, and sodium formation processes, productivity, product quality and storageability), technical
(content of microelements, radioactive substances, pH, etc.), and environmental (content of the causative
agents of diseases that are hazardous from the epidemiological point of view, quantity of bacteria) criteria.
The head water intake structure is used for water withdrawal from an irrigation source and delivery to an
irrigation network.
There are three types of water withdrawal/intake:
1. river-canal (dam less) intake;
2. dam intake;
3. water-lifting intake.
According to the way of water withdrawal from an irrigation source, irrigation systems are divided into
gravity and water-lifting types.
According to its function, the irrigation system is divided into two parts: conduit and regulation networks.
The conduit network is built as permanent. Its purpose covers water transport from an irrigation source to
irrigated lands and water distribution between particular farms, crop-rotation plots and fields within the
irrigated lands’ boundaries.
The conduit network includes: the main canal MK and its branches 1-МК and 2-МК; inter-farm and farm
distributors of different orders 1-1.К, 1-2.К, 1-2.1.К, 1-2.1.1.К; and on-farm distributors 1-1.К 1, 1-1.К 1.1.
The main canal and its branches deliver water from a water-intake structure to different-order distributors.
Inter-farm distributors deliver water from the main canal to several farms, while farm distributors to a single
farm.
On-farm irrigation canals distribute water among production sites, crop-rotation plots, and irrigated fields
within a farm. Lowest-order on-farm distributors that deliver water to irrigated plots are called delivery
ditches.
The purpose of the regulation network is to distribute water over the field and transform water from the state
of flow into the state of soil moisture.
At surface irrigation, the regulation network is composed of temporary ditches, field head ditches and
furrow ditches, irrigation pipes, irrigating machines, irrigation ditches, furrows, and checks; at sprinkling
irrigation, it is composed of sprinkling machines (sprinklers) and pipelines; at subsoil irrigation, it is
composed of soil moisteners.
In order to exclude restricting the conditions for mechanical operations at agricultural fields, the regulation
network is made temporary, portable or mobile, or fixed, i.e. put at a certain depth in the ground.
According to its design, the irrigation network can be broken down into three types as follows:
 open type consisting of unlined (earth) canals or lined canals if it is needed to reduce seepage or rise the
flow velocity, or of flumes used in complex topographical and geological conditions;
 closed type consisting of pressure and free-flow pipelines laid in the ground; on the surface, water is
supplied by means of hydrants;
 mixed type, in which the major large canals are made open, the major network is closed, or water from a
water intake structure to a farm is delivered through pipes, and the on-farm network is made in the form
of open canals and pipelines.
The water-collecting & escape network is meant for collecting and diverting excessive surface water and
discharging water from irrigation canals. It consists of:
 emergency water removal and tail escapes,
 water-collecting canals of different orders, and
 interception drains that protect irrigated lands from inflowing surface water from upper areas.
The drainage network serves for diverting excessive ground water from the area commanded by the
respective irrigation network. It consists of inter-farm and on-farm collectors and drains.
The irrigation network is equipped with hydraulic structures. Flow regulators are installed to control water
level and flow rate in canals; water-conveying facilities (aqueducts, inverted siphons, tunnels) are installed
to transport water over/through man-made and natural obstacles; and check drops and inclined drop
structures are installed to connect lower and upper reaches. The hydraulic structures are equipped with water
metering, water level and flow rate controlling automatic devices as well as centralized remote monitoring
and control devices. Network of observation wells is arranged to monitor groundwater level at an irrigated
area.
Roads are designed for servicing the system, for agricultural machines to travel, for supplying seed grains,
moving out crops. Field roads are built in order to connect with each field: on-farm ones are built for
connecting fields, farmsteads and field camps with one another; inter-farm ones, for connecting each farm
with railway stations, docks, administrative centers/towns; operational roads, for servicing the system.
Forest belts lower wind speed and reduce evaporation as well as accumulate snow in the winter period. The
following types of forest belts are arranged on the area reclaimed: forest shelter belts; canal side forest belts;
drainage ones; roadside ones; coastal ones; water-body-side ones; pasture-protecting ones; landscaping ones;
and borderland ones.
CHAPTER 6 : RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS OF THE MINIPROJECT

Today are concerted efforts towards increased Irrigation System Precise and economic water use
is very important issue for irrigated farms. With the complexity in scientific approaches, the irrigation
scheduling has moved towards a high-tech process with the precision application of water. The methods for
irrigation scheduling are classified into several approaches based on soil water measurements (gravimetric
method), soil water balance estimates (sophisticated methods) and plant stress indicators (crop water stress
index), in combination with very sophisticated methods (remote sensing). The aim of this review paper is to
critically discuss different methods and approaches of irrigation scheduling. The soil water measurement
methods are found to be simple and with fair range of applicability. These methods are used for real time
irrigation scheduling at smaller scale i.e., farmers field level. The other class of methods is soil water
balance which requires a number of factors to be determined with a good accuracy. The problem of its
popularity is huge calculations needed throughout its implementation. Furthermore, plant stress indicators
can be used only if weather conditions are not rapidly changing (wind and radiation) and only for fully
developed crops (in order to avoid soil surface temperature influence on measurements). However this
approach can be made productive and easy to use for farmers if guidelines are established for different crops
in different climatic conditions. The use of this technique however, usually is limited to small scale. In the
modern age, there are several algorithms developed to assess the actual and potential evapo transpiration
using the satellite remote sensing techniques. The difference of actual and potential evapo transpiration is
being used to assess the water deficit and hence the amount of water require. Spatial and temporal resolution
of the data attained from the satellite however still remains the main concern of these techniques.
Dependencies of these techniques on satellite overpass time and fix spatial resolution of the individual
satellites does not allow to develop a flexible irrigation schedule. After a critical review of all these methods,
implementation of irrigation schedule for enhancing the crop water productivity in mechanized agriculture
depends upon soil type, availability of modern tools, human capacity to implement these tools.
 Student Self-Evaluation for the Community Service Project
Please rate the student’s performance in the following areas:
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Student Name: U.Akhila

Registration No:202T1A05A9

Date of Evaluation:10/09/2022

Name of the Person in-charge: Mr. C. Ishaq Shareef

Address with mobile number:8712254733

1 2 3 4 5
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8) Work Plan and organization 1 2 3 4 5

9) Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5

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11)Quality of work done 1 2 3 4 5

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Date:10/08/2022 Signature of the Student:U.akhila

 Evaluation by the Person in-charge in the Community/Habitation

Student Name: U.Akhila

Registration No: 202T1A05A9

Date of Evaluation:10/08/2022

Name of the Person in-charge: Mr. C. Ishaq Shareef

Address with mobile number:8712254733

Please rate the student’s performance in the following areas:

Please note that your evaluation shall be done independent of the Student’s self-evaluation
Rating Scale:1 is lowest and 5 is highest rank

1) Oral communication 1 2 3 4 5

2) Written communication 1 2 3 4 5

3) Pro activeness 1 2 3 4 5

4) Interaction ability with community 1 2 3 4 5

5) Positive Attitude 1 2 3 4 5

6)Self-confidence 1 2 3 4 5

7) Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5

8) Work Plan and organization 1 2 3 4 5

9) Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5

10)Creativity 1 2 3 4 5

11)Quality of workdone 1 2 3 4 5

12)Time Management 1 2 3 4 5

13)Understanding the Community 1 2 3 4 5

14)Achievement of Desired Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5

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Date:10/09/2022 Signature of the Supervisor:U.Akhila

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