A COMMUNITY-CENTRIC WILDLIFE CONSERVATION PROGRAM TO

BOLSTER RESIDENTS' INTENTION TO PARTICIPATE IN CONSERVATION

EFFORTS OF PHILIPPINE EAGLE (PITHECOPHAGA JEFFERYI) IN THE

FACE OF EX SITU BREEDING IN BARANGAY MALAGOS, DAVAO CITY,

PHILIPPINES

An Undergraduate Thesis

Presented to the Faculty of the School of Teacher Education

MARIEL VILLAMOR

MARY ANN SUAN

CHRISTOPHER LAMBERT LAZARO

December 2023
 A COMMUNITY-CENTRIC WILDLIFE CONSERVATION PROGRAM TO

BOLSTER RESIDENTS' INTENTION TO PARTICIPATE IN CONSERVATION

EFFORTS OF PHILIPPINE EAGLE (PITHECOPHAGA JEFFERYI) IN THE

FACE OF EX SITU BREEDING IN BARANGAY MALAGOS, DAVAO CITY,

PHILIPPINES

------------------------

An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the School of Teacher Education

------------------------

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirement for the Subject
Research in Teaching Science (SCI 312)

------------------------

Mariel Villamor

Mary Ann Suan

Christopher Lambert Lazaro

December 2023
 Approval Sheet

This undergraduate thesis entitled “A Community-Centric Wildlife

Conservation Program to Bolster Residents' Intention to Participate in
Conservation Efforts of Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) in the Face
of Ex Situ Breeding in Barangay Malagos, Davao City, Philippines”prepared
and submitted by Mariel Burbe Villamor, Mary Ann Robles Suan and
Christopher Lambert Lazaro in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
subject Research in Teaching Science (SCI 312) has been examined and is
recommended for oral examination, approval, and acceptance.

MARBHEN DOMINIQUE O. ABENDAÑO, MAED

Adviser

————————————————————————————————————

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the Panel of Examiners with a grade of

JOHN MART ELESIO, MAED

Chairperson

Rhys Llyod D. Lacia, MAED KEVIN PAUL C. BONOTAN,

MAED
Member Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the subject Research in

Teaching Science (SCI 312).

ENGR. LOLITO G. ESTRERA, PhD

Program Chairperson, School of Teacher Education
Proposal Defense Grade : PASSED
Date of Proposal Defense : SEPTEMBER 10, 2023
Final Defense Grade :
Date of Final Defense : DECEMBER 14, 2023
 Acknowledgment

This research study owes its existence to the invaluable contributions of

the individuals who generously shared their expertise and insights in the
development of this study.

To the panel of examiners, Mr. John Mart Elesio, MAEd, Kevin Paul
Bonotan, MAEd, and Rhys Lloyd Lacia, MAEd, without your guidance, valuable
recommendations, and expertise in the research in the science field, this study
would not have been fulfilled.

To our research adviser, Mr. Marbhen Dominique O. Abendaño, MAEd,

we extend our heartfelt gratitude for his dedication and commitment to our
research. His immense expertise and enthusiasm had an enormous influence on
the depth and quality of our work.

To the Barangay Malagos officials and its head, Hon. Arnel Liong, for the
assistance you have provided in reaching out to the residents of Barangay
Malagos. I hope you continue to become the source of inspiration for all aspiring
youth leaders out there.

To our research respondents, we extend heartfelt appreciation for your

willingness to participate and generously share your time and perspectives,
contributing significantly to the in-depth study that will not be possible and
successful.

To our colleagues and classmates, we express our sincere gratitude for

your continuous support and encouragement during the research journey. Your
helpful hands and insights greatly motivate us to never surrender and trust each
other in the success of this research.
 To our parents and siblings, we express our deep gratitude for being our
support system, for understanding, and especially for providing financial support.
Your unending encouragement of our abilities shaped us to overcome the
challenges in this research journey.

To end our acknowledgement, this would not be complete without saying

all praise and glory to our Almighty God, who has been a source of strength and
inspiration in the successful completion of our research thesis. Thank you, O
Lord, for giving us the light on our path and providing the fortitude to navigate the
challenges encountered during our research journey.
 Faith Reflection

Our research journey became one of the most challenging journeys that

we encountered during these days. As we embarked on this journey, we found a

beautiful verse that we held throughout this research journey: 1 Peter 5:6 says,”

Humble yourselves, therefore, under God’s mighty hand, that he may lift you up

in due time.” This verse emerged as a guiding light. The journey of our thesis,

influenced by this verse, unfolded not as a solitary pursuit but as a shared

endeavor guided by divine wisdom. Hence, despite peaks and valleys, we are

highly pushed to trust God’s mighty hand in everything we do.

While conducting this research study, there were times that we forgot to

commit ourselves to him. We admit our shortcomings to God; there are times we

question ourselves about why God let us suffer from unending revisions,

changes, and challenges. These made us realize that God sent numerous

instruments to help us survive, from our research adviser to our friends and

family. God sends us the light on our path to the success of this research

journey.

These hardships and challenges we have encountered in our journey

have awakened our faith through the realization that we must humble ourselves

before him. This journey helps us to trust God and enlighten our minds and

hearts to understand that we are nothing without God. These circumstances help

us to remember that God is always at our back in every hardship we face,

helping us to survive.

CHAPTER 1

The Problem and Its Scope

The alarming absence of public commitment to protecting endangered

species further compounds the issue (McCune et al., 2017). One pivotal aspect

in this complex equation is local participation, which has proven indispensable for

practical conservation efforts, yet the deficiency in involving local communities in

conservation projects still needs to be pronounced (Wesolek, 2020). Illustrating

this crisis, the Philippine eagle, revered as the national bird and known as the

kingbird or "haring ibon" in Filipino, is spotlighted in a National Geographic article

by Lu (2019). Wildlife conservation needs public support to cope with the

poaching caused by illegal demand of wildlife products and inadequate

governmental input on wildlife conservation affairs (Wang et al., 2020).

Consequently, the issue at hand revolves around a notable lack of interest

and intention among the general populace in the Philippines to actively engage in

wildlife conservation, particularly concerning the critically endangered Philippine

eagle (Broad & Cavanagh 2023). This disinterest may stem from a combination

of factors, including insufficient awareness about the ecological importance of

wildlife, a scarcity of educational initiatives, and competing priorities within the

socio-economic landscape (White et al., 2023). The low participation in wildlife

conservation poses a significant challenge to the preservation of this emblematic

species and underscores the need for targeted interventions to address the root

causes of this apathy (Larson et al., 2023).

The behavioral intention, particularly in the realm of environmental issues,

plays a pivotal role in the conservation of endangered species like the Philippine

eagle. The actions of individuals in Barangay Malagos can either support or

undermine efforts to protect this majestic bird. Constructive behavior involves

backing conservation initiatives, respecting natural habitats, and adopting

sustainable practices, while destructive actions such as deforestation and illegal

hunting directly harm the Philippine eagle's survival. Recognizing that

environmental problems are anthropogenic highlights the responsibility of

individuals as both contributors to and potential solvers of the challenges faced

by the Philippine eagle.

This in line with the study about human behavior, that it is a deliberate act

of man with certain motive and purpose in mind. Thus, environmental behavior

means how humans respond to the environmental problem. It is an individual

behavior that contributes or does not contribute to the sustainability of the

environment (Abun, 2017). Human behavior toward the environment is either

constructive or destructive. It has been recognized that environmental problems

are anthropogenic in nature, in the sense that it is man-made problem. The root

cause is not something outside of human beings themselves. Human beings are

the main actors to be blamed. In the end, our behavior is either mitigating

exacerbating or aggravating environmental problems (Jarreau, 2014). The root

cause of this behavior is human values, beliefs, attitudes, and intentions.

Therefore, solving environmental problems is not just simply activities such as

planting trees, conservation, and recycling but it is also education that changes

the mindset of people toward the environment.

Determining the root cause of environmental behavior lies in human

values, beliefs, attitudes, and intentions. In the case of the Philippine eagle,

altering detrimental behavior is essential for its conservation. Education emerges

as a powerful tool not only for promoting tangible activities like habitat protection

but also for reshaping mindsets. By fostering an understanding of the intrinsic

connection between individual actions and the well-being of the Philippine eagle,

education becomes a key driver in promoting sustainable behavior and ensuring

the survival of this iconic species.

Davao City is renowned for its wildlife, particularly the critically

endangered Philippine eagle. However, the efforts in the Philippines to conserve

this rare raptor, as highlighted by Ibanez (2021), are insufficient in engaging

people for its preservation. With only around 400 pairs remaining in the wild, the

critically endangered status of the Philippine Eagle is deeply concerning. Despite

heightened awareness and information campaigns, the loss of such remarkable

wildlife continues, as noted by the Chief of the Biodiversity Management Bureau,

Theresa Mundita Lim, in an interview with Rappler.

Notably, Barangay Malagos in Calinan, Davao City, Philippines, serves as

a model ecological foundation, focusing on revitalizing the Philippine Eagle

population and their habitats. However, continuous shooting remains a big threat

to our national bird. Consequently, with poor access to formal education and a

limited understanding of wildlife laws, the captor and perhaps his village
members hold a purely utilitarian value for the eagles and other wildlife (Ibañez,

2021). Nevertheless, poverty is often the cause to force people to sell off land to

survive, threatening eagle habitat wildlife (Ibañez, 2017). Hence, immense

challenges and obstacles remain despite the implanted policies and laws in

conservation efforts. The low participation of people to participate in conservation

leads to a decline in the number of Philippine Eagle (Chavez, 2019).

In wildlife preservation, citizen engagement emerges as a potent catalyst

for fostering ecological equilibrium (Greving, Bruckermann, & Kimmerle, 2020).

The precarious status of the Critically Endangered Philippine Eagle

(Pithecophaga jefferyi) on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red

List (Luzon, 2014) accentuates the pressing need to delve into residents'

behavioral inclinations toward actively participating in its conservation. The

resonant sentiment shared by Finance Secretary Carlos Dominguez III, drawing

a connection between the survival of the Philippine eagle and the sustenance of

communities, prompts a quantitative investigation into this intricate link

(Department of Finance, 2018). Equally compelling, Department of

Environmental and Natural Resources Assistant Secretary Marcial Amaro Jr's

impassioned plea for safeguarding forest habitats and fostering harmony with

threatened wildlife underscores the significance of empirical scrutiny (Mayuga,

2023). Nevertheless, despite the policies implemented, there is still a

conspicuous gap in comprehending residents' behavioral intentions for proactive

involvement in Philippine eagle conservation. As a correspondence, limited

engagement from residents hinders efforts to protect the Philippine Eagle for its
conservation, highlighting the need for tailored initiatives to bridge this

understanding gap.

Rationale of the Study

This research study seeks to investigate the underlying reasons for local

residents' willingness to participate in Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi)

conservation programs within the context of Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga

jefferyi) conservation programs within the framework of community-centric wildlife

conservation. By examining the beliefs held by local residents, the study aims to

shed light on the factors that influence their engagement in conservation efforts.

This investigation is essential as it contributes to an enhanced understanding of

community attitudes and motivations toward wildlife protection, which is crucial

for designing effective and sustainable community-based conservation strategies

that align with the needs and values of the local populace. Considering this study

is essential, as it enables the Department of Environment and Natural Resources

(DENR) Officials, the Philippine Eagle Center (PEC) Officials, the Department of

Education (DepEd) Officials, the Barangay Malagos Officials, science teachers,

students, residents of Malagos, and future researchers to potentially advance

strategies, programs, and advocacies through its findings.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources Officials. The study's

findings may contribute Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Officials with a new valuable resource for crafting targeted conservation policies

and initiatives. Department of Environment and Natural Resources officials play a

crucial role in safeguarding our environment and natural resources by enforcing

regulations, conducting research, and promoting sustainable practices. By

understanding the beliefs and motivations of local residents regarding Philippine

Eagle conservation, they can make more wise decisions about where to allocate

resources. This means that Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Officials can focus its efforts and funds on areas where community engagement

is most critical, ensuring that these resources are used efficiently and effectively.

Moreover, the insights from the study can help Department of Environment and

Natural Resources Officials identify potential barriers to community involvement

and develop strategies to overcome them, ultimately leading to more successful

and sustainable conservation efforts.

Philippine Eagle Center Officials. Philippine Eagle Center Officials can use

the study's insights to fine-tune their conservation programs and outreach

strategies. Equipped with a deeper understanding of the beliefs and motivations

of local residents, they can design initiatives that resonate more effectively with

the community. This, in turn, can lead to increased support and active

participation from local residents in Philippine Eagle conservation efforts.

Philippine Eagle Center Officials can tailor its messaging and activities to align

with the values and concerns of the community, making their programs more

relevant and impactful. By fostering a sense of ownership and pride in protecting

the Philippine Eagle, Philippine Eagle Center Officials can build a stronger and

more enduring connection with the local populace.

Department of Education Officials. Department of Education Officials can

use the findings of this study to strengthen education-related programs in schools

near the affected area, with a focus on wildlife conservation and the Philippine

Eagle. Instead of concentrating solely on improving curricula, they can apply the

data to enrich and expand targeted educational initiatives. Collaborating with

wildlife conservation organizations, officials can create compelling materials and

activities that vividly convey the importance of wildlife conservation. By

incorporating these initiatives, the aim is to nurture a generation of

environmentally conscious individuals who not only acquire knowledge but also

develop a sincere passion for supporting conservation efforts. This collaborative

and programmatic approach ensures a more hands-on and impactful integration

of wildlife conservation into the educational experience, fostering a community

that actively values and participates in the protection of the Philippine Eagle and

its habitat.

Barangay Malagos Officials. Local barangay officials can utilize the

study's results to develop community-specific conservation plans and policies.

Understanding the beliefs and motivations of their constituents regarding wildlife

conservation, particularly the Philippine Eagle, allows them to craft initiatives that

resonate with the local values and needs. This community-centric approach

ensures that conservation efforts are not only effective but also considerate of

the unique circumstances and concerns of the residents. It promotes active

participation and support from the community, as people are more likely to

engage in initiatives that align with their interests and priorities. By involving the

community in decision-making and conservation planning, barangay officials can

create a shared sense of responsibility for protecting the Philippine Eagle and its

habitat.
 Science Teachers. Science teachers can enhance their classroom

discussions and activities by incorporating the insights gained from the study.

This allows them to provide more comprehensive and engaging lessons on the

importance of preserving the Philippine Eagle and its ecosystem. Teachers can

use real-world examples and local context to make the subject matter more

relatable to students. They can also encourage critical thinking and discussions

about the role of communities in wildlife conservation. By using the study's

findings as a teaching tool, science teachers can inspire their students to become

passionate advocates for conservation and empower them to take active roles in

protecting the Philippine Eagle and its environment.

Barangay Malagos residents. Local residents benefit from this study by

fostering a sense of ownership of the Philippine Eagle. Moreover, through

targeted barangay activities, workshops, and community engagement, residents

not only gain a deeper understanding of the importance of preserving the

Philippine Eagle but also develop practical skills for actively contributing to its

conservation.

Furthermore, the establishment of a dedicated program resulting from this

study opens up valuable opportunities for local residents to actively participate in

the conservation efforts. This hands-on involvement not only benefits the

Philippine Eagle but also empowers the residents to take pride in their role as

stewards of this magnificent species. By intertwining residents' well-being with

wildlife conservation, the initiative aims to cultivate a lasting and collective

commitment towards the successful breeding and protection of the Philippine

Eagle.
 Students. Students stand to benefit by gaining a deeper understanding of

their local community's views on wildlife conservation, especially in the context of

the Philippine eagle as one of the country's endangered species. This knowledge

can motivate them to become advocates for conservation and engage in relevant

initiatives. By actively participating in conservation clubs, projects, or awareness

campaigns, students can contribute to the long-term protection of the Philippine

Eagle and its habitat. Furthermore, fostering a strong connection between

students and their local environment can also enhance their overall appreciation

for biodiversity and ecological balance, creating a more sustainable future for all.

Additionally, this involvement can also foster a sense of environmental

stewardship, instilling values and behaviors that can last a lifetime and positively

impact future conservation efforts.

Future Researchers. Future researchers in the field of wildlife

conservation can leverage this study as a foundational reference for their own

investigations. Building upon the findings, they can explore specific aspects of

community-centric wildlife conservation in greater depth. This includes delving

into the intricacies of community engagement, identifying best practices, and

developing innovative strategies to address conservation challenges. The study's

data can serve as a benchmark, enabling researchers to measure changes in

community attitudes and behaviors over time. By continually building upon the

knowledge base established by this study, future researchers can advance the

field of wildlife conservation, improve conservation strategies, and contribute to

the long-term protection of the Philippine Eagle and other endangered species.
 Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine residents' intention to participate in the

conservation efforts of the Philippine Eagle in Barangay Malagos, Davao City,

and to identify any indicators of intention to participate that significantly influence

residents' participation in Barangay Malagos, Davao City. Specifically, it aimed to

answer the following questions:

1. What is the Barangay Malagos residents' level of attitude, subjective norms,

perceived behavioral control, experience of wildlife conservation, and knowledge

about the Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi)?

2. What is the Barangay Malagos residents' level of intention to participate in the

Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) conservation efforts?

3. Does Barangay Malagos residents' attitude, subjective norms, perceived

behavioral control, experience of wildlife conservation, and knowledge influence

their intention to participate in the Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi)

conservation efforts?

4. Based on the inferential results, what community-centric wildlife conservation

program may be developed to bolster residents' intention to participate in

conservation efforts of Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) in the face of ex

situ breeding in Barangay Malagos, Davao City, Philippines.

 Hypothesis

H01. Barangay Malagos residents' attitude, subjective norms, perceived

behavioral control, experience of wildlife conservation, and knowledge does not

influence their intention to participate in the Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga

jefferyi) conservation efforts.

Review of Related Literature

The review of the literature for this study focuses on Conservation of

Philippine Eagle, which is the independent variable with its indicators: intention,

attitude to the Philippine Eagle, attitude to participation, Injunction norm,

descriptive norm, perceived behavioral control, experience in wildlife

conservation and knowledge of the Philippine Eagle. Moreover, the concentration

on global, national, and local context of Behavioral intention to Philippine Eagle

Conservation sums up the value of its existence.

Philippine Eagle

The Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) often known as the Great

Philippine Eagle or Monkey-eating Eagle, is one of the world's tallest, rarest,

largest, and most powerful birds. It is a bird of prey in the Accipitridae family and
is also known as "Haribon" or "Haring Ibon," which means "Bird King"

(Gordon,2023). This gorgeous raptor is only found in the Philippines, specifically

on the islands of Luzon, Leyte, Samar, and Mindanao (Lucson et al., 2014). The

Philippine Eagle is an apex predator that lives predominantly in lush, highland

forests (Miller,2018). The rarity and significance of this bird highlight the essential

relevance of conservation efforts to conserve its declining numbers and their

delicate environments.

The Eagle’s existence only came to light when English

explorer/ornithologist John Whitehead first saw a specimen in Paranas, Samar

on June 15, 1896 (FilipiKnow,2022). The Philippine eagle was given the scientific

name "Pithecophaga jefferyi" in honor of John Whitehead's father, Jeffrey, who

supported his expeditions and explorations (Valdeavilla ,2018). Pithecophaga

jefferyi, sometimes referred to as the Great Philippine Eagle or Monkey-Eating

Eagle, is among the tallest, rarest, largest, and most potent bird species in the

world (Ramel,2023). The eagles' sole prey were monkeys, earning them the

moniker "Monkey-eating Eagle” (Sta. Maria,2021). Due to the birds' modest

reproductive rates, population growth is challenging.

After reaching sexual maturity, which takes them five to seven years, the

female begins to lay one egg every two years (Sarmiento, 2021). The fact that

the Philippine Eagle is mentioned in the oral histories and other cultural artifacts

of several indigenous groups in the nation suggests that it contributes to the

creation of a distinctive culture by humans (Philippine Eagle Foundation,2018).

Moreover, wildlife plays an important role in environmental stabilization by

controlling factors such as insect and organism populations, soil erosion, and
more (Jenkins,2023). Jenkins emphasized the importance of wildlife in a world

that is becoming increasingly dominated by humans as our population grows.

The presence of birds in forests indicates a healthy and abundant environment

for its inhabitants, one that provides enough food, medicine, clean water, fresh

air, and other necessities (Republic of the Philippines,2023).

Although they will search for food in both old-growth and second-growth

forests, these enormous birds only maintain populations in old-growth lowland

rain forests (Villanueva,2013). Furthermore, the Philippine Eagle, often known as

the monkey-eating eagle, is extremely important ecologically and culturally in the

Philippines. It represents the delicate status of the country's rich biodiversity as

one of the world's rarest and most endangered raptors (Borja, 2023). The

Philippine Eagle serves as a flagship species for conservation efforts in addition

to its biological significance as a top predator in the rainforests (Gozum, 2021).

Its conservation highlights the importance of preserving its unique habitat and the

other species that inhabit it, stressing the critical role of environmental

stewardship in maintaining not only this majestic bird but also the Philippines'

natural heritage for future generations (Teves, 2018).

Collectively, the Philippine Eagle is officially classified as critically

endangered and is experiencing a declining population trend, as stated by the

International Union for Conservation of Nature (2018). However, despite being

the country's national bird, little is known about the raptor's range and population

size (Fabro,2023). According to Ibanez’s most recent research, as of May 2022,

there were about 300 pairs of Philippine Eagles left in the wild, most of which

were found in the provinces of Leyte and Samar in the Visayas, the Cordilleras in
Luzon, and the forests of Mindanao (Mendoza,2022). Moreover, the Philippine

Eagle Geothermica died on September 7, 2023. Accordingly, Philippine Eagle

Geothermica brought attention to the plight of his species to a larger,

international audience.

However, due to a lung infection, he did not survive and died. Moreover,

his greatest contribution as one of the national birds placed under international

cooperation in 2019 to save this Philippine national bird from extinction will never

be forgotten (Philippine Eagle Foundation, 2023). Notably, the decreasing

number of Philippine Eagles is alarming, and conservationists have noticed an

increase in the illegal trade and hunting of protected animals for food as a result

of the weak economy. Ranger positions were lost when ecotourism stopped,

leaving conservation areas vulnerable to poaching and other intrusions

(Enano,2022). Illegal wildlife killing is a major conservation issue that, to be

effectively addressed, necessitates an understanding of the factors that influence

human behavior (Newth,2021).

To ensure the conservation of future generations of Philippine eagles and

their territories, as well as their ability to thrive and coexist with other threatened

wildlife, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), through

its Biodiversity Management Bureau (BMB), calls on all Filipinos to help protect

forest habitat (Moaje, 2023). Collectively, Republic Act 9147, also known as the

Wildlife Conservation and Protection Act, became one of the municipal wildlife

protection laws against illegal poachers (Belena ,2020). Panopio (2017)

emphasized the Republic Act of the Philippines No. 6147 also declares the

Pithecophaga jefferyi, also known as the monkey-eating eagle, to be a protected

bird in the Philippines, provides for its preservation, and authorizes the

appropriation of funds for that purpose. Despite rigorous community-based

conservation efforts, human activity, such as hunting and habitat destruction,

remains the most serious threat to Philippine eagles (Chavez,2019).

In the realm of environmental changes, ex-situ conservation is the

technique of conserving all levels of biological diversity outside their natural

habitats through different techniques like zoos, captive breeding, aquariums,

botanical gardens, and gene banks (Wilson & Primack, 2022). Hence, in the

context of the Philippine Eagle, which holds records including rare Philippine

Eagle sightings in several parts of the Philippines, the breeding population is

generally considered to be isolated within the southern one-third of the country,

in a group of islands called Mindanao (Sarmiento, 2021). Moreover, deforestation

in the Mindanao Islands is almost complete, and the Philippine Eagle Foundation

supports the species through a captive breeding program (Panopio, 2021).

Whereas, captive breeding happens because of its vulnerability to habitat loss

and other detrimental actions simply because of deforestation due to timber

poaching and slash-and-burn farming, which also significantly endanger this

rarest of eagles (Sarmiento, 2018).

Behavioral Intention to Participate in Philippines Eagle Conservation

Behavior is more than just movement; it must be defined by its function

(Baum, 2023). Intentions are assumed to capture the motivating factors that

influence behavior; they are indications of how hard people are willing to try, of
how much effort they intend to put in to perform the behavior (Ajzen, 1991 cited

by Brookes, 2023). Peoples’ active participation in the conservation of wildlife is

critical for the survival of many endangered species and can serve as an

important economic, social, and security engine for communities and individuals

(The World Bank, 2017). Roughly 99 percent of threatened species are at risk

because of human activities alone (Dublin, 2023). Considering peoples’ feelings

and attitudes towards wildlife affects their willingness to coexist with them and

may contribute to or deter larger biodiversity conservation goals (Castillo-Huitrón

et al. 2020; Frank 2016 cited by Ngo, K. M., Hosaka, T., & Numata, S., 2022).

According to Devokaitis (2019), the willingness of some Filipinos to

participate in the conservation of the Philippine eagle is evident. Particularly,

among indigenous forest owners, who are the species' best protectors. Humans

have a significant impact on the survival and persistence of species, but social

science data is only used infrequently in conservation decisions (Manfredo et al.,

2021). Effective conservation programs, on the other hand, must consider human

behavior, characteristics (cultural beliefs, values, attitudes, concern, norms, and

rules), and communities, as well as their role and level of involvement in

endangered species conservation (Wesolek, 2020).

As the rate of biodiversity loss increases around the world, ecosystem

services and ecological processes also experience growth (Maas et al., 2021).

Promoting public participation proves effective in enhancing wildlife conservation

efforts (Yang et al., 2022). Favorable outcomes in wildlife conservation involve

the identification of factors that positively contribute to higher levels of intention,

such as personal values, an emotional connection to nature, and the perceived

effectiveness of actions (Miller & White, 2017). Additionally, interventions that

foster community involvement, education, and interactive communication

channels have demonstrated their capacity to elevate participation rates and

encourage positive contributions (Lee et al., 2019).

Moreover, according to Escobar (2015) which implies that economic

growth is part and parcel of this development, exploration of its effects on

biodiversity has the potential to strengthen the diagnosis of biodiversity decline

and support the design of effective solutions. However, limited technological

campaigns and access remains a big threat to our national bird due to poor

exposure to online and offline activities, which limits the understanding of the

importance of wildlife, as well as their intentions. (Ibañez, 2021).

Furthermore, concerning biodiversity, the Philippine archipelago is

undeniably one of the world's richest countries (Tanalgo, 2017). Nonetheless,

few studies have explored public willingness to refrain from consuming wildlife

and the associated reasons and consequences (Zhang, 2022). Adverse

outcomes in wildlife conservation often bring attention to challenges like a lack of

awareness. Moreover, according to Tanaka et. al (2020), it also shows

incomplete species knowledge, time constraints, and the perceived

inconvenience of participation. Essentially, environmental issues are influenced

by human behavior, which human actions and choices impact the environment,

shedding light on the critical interplay between human behavior and ecological

challenges (Tian and Liu, 2022).

Attitude to Philippine Eagle

The attitude towards the Philippine Eagle pertains to the collective

feelings, beliefs, and actions of individuals and communities regarding the

preservation and safeguarding of this endangered bird species (Campbell, 2022).

This measure offers insights into whether people possess positive or negative

emotions and viewpoints regarding the species (Nilsson, Fielding, & Dean,

2020). It also considers their acknowledgment of the Philippine Eagle's

importance within the local community and its ecological role in the ecosystem

(Agduma, 2023).

Furthermore, understanding residents' attitudes concerning both the social

and ecological significance of the Philippine Eagle is vital (Villegas et al., 2021)

because it reveals their emotional connection to the species and its broader

contributions. Consequently, this can impact their intentions and actions towards

its preservation (Watkins et al., 2021). Nevertheless, some individuals' lack of

interest in the Philippine Eagle obstructs conservation efforts, potentially

endangering the species' survival and ecological importance (Horgan, Mundaca,

& Crisol-Martínez, 2021). Furthermore, according to Hariohay et al. al. (2018),

negative attitudes can be a strong influence on human behavior and intention to

conserve wildlife species.

Attitude to Participation

Attitudes toward wildlife play a significant role in determining whether

individuals are inclined or hesitant to participate in conservation activities related

to a particular species (Störmer et al., 2019). Moreover, people's emotions and

attitudes towards wildlife can impact their willingness to coexist with these

creatures, influencing broader biodiversity conservation objectives (Castillo-

Huitrón et al., 2020; Frank 2016, as cited by Ngo, Hosaka, & Numata, 2022).

According to Pinheiro et al. Al (2016) study in Northeastern Brazil also discloses

that residents with no experience with wildlife and consequently a negative

attitude have low tolerance toward wildlife.

Therefore, this indicator serves as a vital tool for identifying the

psychological barriers or motivators that individuals perceive when contemplating

involvement in wildlife conservation efforts (Alonso, González-Montaña, and

Lomillo, 2020). However, despite generally positive attitudes, a low level of

participation suggests that these attitudes may not be strong enough to translate

into conservation-friendly behaviors (Htay et al., 2022). By gaining insights into

these attitudes, conservation programs can be customized to effectively address

these perceptions (Ren et al., 2022). This approach aims to cultivate a greater

sense of participation among residents in the conservation initiatives for the

Philippine Eagle (Panopio et al., 2021).

Injunctive Norm

The concept of Injunctive Norm involves gauging the perceived approval

or disapproval from significant individuals, such as family and friends, regarding

involvement in Philippine Eagle conservation (Gavrilets, 2020). This indicator

holds substantial scope and importance in understanding the social influences on

individuals' conservation behaviors (Niemiec et al., 2020). It provides insights into

how social networks and community dynamics can influence intentions and

actions related to conservation efforts (Commerçon, Zhang, & Solomon, 2021).

According to Rassim Khelifa & Hayat Mahdjoub, 2021), study which

indicates that programs have the potential to educate the public about ecology,

conservation, and life history and will probably engage people in environmental

and ecological advocacy gradually. Consequently, it can be valuable in devising

strategies that harness these social influences to effectively encourage local

residents' participation (Ballew, Omoto, and Winter, 2015). Nevertheless,

research indicates that injunctive norms in wildlife conservation can sometimes

lead to complacency and reduced efforts among individuals and communities,

potentially undermining critical conservation initiatives (Kerr et al., 2019).

Descriptive Norm

Descriptive norms play a role in shaping social behavior by indicating what

actions other people commonly take (Bergquist, & Nilsson, 2019). Furthermore,

examining descriptive norms is crucial because it offers insights into how social

norms and the behavior of peers can influence an individual's own intentions and

actions related to conservation (Jafarpour, 2015). Consequently, by

comprehending these norms, conservation programs can be tailored to align with

the prevailing behaviors within the community, potentially encouraging more

widespread involvement (Farrow et al., 2017; Goldstein et al., 2008 as cited by

Niemiec et al., 2020).

 Moreover, the study conducted by Praharawati (2022) which implies that

low subjective norms effort to explore the reflection of individual perceptions of

social pressure, Intention variables shows a sturdy result that for locals wildlife

has nothing to do with the welfare of life. However, in the context of wildlife

conservation, a concerning aspect of descriptive norms is that if the majority of

individuals or communities engage in unsustainable practices, it can perpetuate

harmful behaviors and contribute to the decline of wildlife populations and their

habitats (Richter, Thøgersen, & Klöckner, 2018). Moreover, according to

Glanville, Ford, and Coleman (2023), studies where the subjective norm did not

emerge as significant because individuals perceive minimal social pressure to

engage in wildlife conservation.

Perceived Behavioral Control

Perceived behavioral control refers to an individual's perception of how

easily they can perform a specific behavior based on their past experiences,

mainly considering the resources and abilities required for that behavior (Li et al.,

2023). This metric evaluates how much individuals believe they possess the

necessary resources, skills, and opportunities to engage effectively (Galván-

Mendoza et al., 2022). Examining perceived behavioral control is vital because it

helps identify potential obstacles and factors that can facilitate participation

(Tomczyk et al., 2020). Consequently, according to Fenitra et al., (2021)

research, underscores that perceived behavioral control, signifies individuals'

confidence in actively participating in wildlife conservation efforts, and

significantly contributes to shaping their behavioral intention toward wildlife

preservation.

Furthermore, Yang et al. (2022), revealed that broadening and making the

public aware of the channels of participation should be an effective way to

improve public behavioral intention to conserve wildlife species. Consequently,

programs can be designed to boost individuals' confidence and remove barriers,

ultimately increasing their likelihood of getting involved in conservation efforts

(Balzani and Hanlon, 2020). However, Situmorang and Hussain (2022) found in

their study that the key factors influencing behavioral intention are conservation

attitude and perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention significantly

affects the actual participation in conservation activities. According to Fabaian et

al. (2020) study, revealing that the low rate of respondents intending to

participate in conservation action indicates that perceived behavioral control has

a role in limiting intention towards and, in turn, actual conservation behavior.

Experience of Wildlife Conservation

The history of involvement in wildlife conservation activities, which

includes an individual's past engagement or exposure to initiatives like those

related to the Philippine Eagle, is a significant gauge (Berger‐Tal, Blumstein, &

Swaisgood, 2020). This factor offers valuable insights into people's direct

encounters, which, in turn, can influence their attitudes, intentions, and actions

regarding wildlife conservation (Schell et al., 2021). Comprehending the impact

of previous experiences in wildlife conservation is crucial for shaping tailored

engagement strategies and program activities (Young et al., 2021). By building

upon these experiences, organizations can foster sustained participation and a

deeper commitment to conserving species like the Philippine Eagle (McClure et

al., 2023).

According to Yang et al. (2020), study illustrates that the experience of

wildlife conservation—specifically, previous engagement in activities related to

wildlife conservation—contributes significantly to behavioral intention.

Nonetheless, even when individuals have significant experience in wildlife

conservation, challenges and issues can persist, necessitating ongoing efforts to

address them effectively (Walls, 2018). Furthermore, Manfedo et al (2020),

revealed that in the case of humans and wildlife, domination has fostered the

treatment of wildlife with low regard for their well-being. Moreover, the study of

Sumasgutner et al (2021), stated that with low experience in conservation,

people often overlook the Philippine Eagle's plight, failing to give it the care and

attention crucial for safeguarding this endangered species.

Knowledge of Philippine Eagle

The assessment of knowledge about the Philippine Eagle involves

evaluating individuals' comprehension of this species, encompassing its

ecological importance and conservation status (Ong et al., 2019). Knowledge

forms the bedrock for engaging in conservation because well-informed

individuals are more likely to recognize the significance of conservation

endeavors and proactively take steps to safeguard the species (Castillo-Huitrón

et al., 2020). Examining knowledge levels can pinpoint areas where there are
gaps that need addressing through program initiatives and outreach endeavors

aimed at promoting awareness and action in conservation (Berger‐Tal,

Blumstein, and Swaisgood, 2020). Nevertheless, despite the wealth of

knowledge regarding the endangered status of the Philippine Eagle, the

persistence of significant conservation challenges emphasizes the ongoing need

for continued efforts to ensure its survival (Senarillos, Pitogo, & Ibañez, 2021).

According to Sutton et al. (2023), study revealed that Filipinos exhibit a

notable lack of fundamental information about the distribution and population size

of the Philippine Eagle, contributing to challenges in implementing effective

conservation measures. Furthermore, Liu (2018); Ngo, Hosaka, and Numata

(2019), study revealed that knowledge about wildlife was low among Singapore

residents, and that tolerance for problem-causing animals depended on the kind

of animals and the people interviewed. According to Praharawati et al (2022),

study emphasized that people are less aware that the decline in wildlife

populations and environmental damage will have a negative impact on their lives

and challenges occur when the lack of knowledge is not reached by law

enforcement.

Overall, Attitude towards Philippine Eagle conservation strongly shapes

individuals' intentions to participate in conservation efforts, highlighting the pivotal

role of perception and inclination in driving engagement (Thomas-Walters,

McNulty, & & Veríssimo, 2020; Labao et al. 2008). Furthermore, the subjective

norm, influenced by social dynamics and perceived expectations, plays a pivotal

role in molding individuals' intentions to participate in wildlife conservation efforts,

underscoring the profound impact of communal attitudes on engagement (Newth

et al., 2022). Moreover, greater knowledge about Philippine Eagle conservation

fosters a heightened intention to participate, emphasizing the influential role of

awareness and understanding in driving engagement with conservation efforts

(Santiago, 2023). While direct experience in wildlife conservation activities

contributes significantly to individuals' intentions to participate in Philippine Eagle

conservation efforts, emphasizing the impactful role of hands-on involvement in

fostering commitment (Celeste, 2021). Consequently, perceived behavioral

control, reflecting an individual's assessment of their readiness to engage,

strongly influences the overall intention to participate in Philippine Eagle

conservation efforts (Enriquez, Mendoza, & Velasco, 2022), highlighting the

psychological impact of perceived readiness on actual commitment (Nilsson,

Fielding, & Dean, 2020).

Synthesis

This comprehensive review of related literature provides a comprehensive

context for studying Philippine Eagle conservation across multiple dimensions,

including demographic characteristics, attitudes toward the Philippine Eagle,

Attitude to Philippine Eagle, Attitude to Participation, Injunctive Norm, Descriptive

Norm, Perceived Behavioral Control, Experience of Wildlife Conservation, and

Knowledge of Philippine Eagle. Demographics, particularly the rising participation

of young persons, point to a good trend in animal conservation. Gender

disparities in conservation views highlight the necessity of varied perspectives in

conservation efforts.
 The Philippine Eagle serves as a flagship species for conservation in the

Philippines, symbolizing both ecological and cultural value. However, because of

its severely endangered status and persistent threats, it requires ongoing

conservation efforts. Individuals' engagement in conservation efforts is influenced

by their attitudes regarding the Philippine Eagle, participation in conservation

activities, injunctive and descriptive norms, perceived behavioral control, and

prior experience. These criteria, coupled with behavioral intention, give useful

information for developing personalized conservation initiatives to encourage

greater participation and overcome difficulties.

Moreover, the interconnectedness of human attitudes and behaviors

toward the Philippine Eagle underscores the importance of fostering a collective

sense of responsibility for its survival. It is crucial to recognize the various factors

shaping individuals' engagement in conservation, including cultural perceptions

and societal norms. Furthermore, navigating the delicate balance between

ecological preservation and cultural heritage requires a comprehensive approach

that addresses both human and environmental elements, ensuring the enduring

legacy of the Philippine Eagle for future generations.

Lastly, understanding the Philippine Eagle's ecological relevance and

conservation status emerges as a critical incentive for conservation measures.

Despite existing knowledge, the ongoing conservation difficulties highlight the

necessity for conservation actions. In sum, this literature review lays a solid

foundation for a comprehensive study of Philippine Eagle conservation,

elucidating the intricate interplay of factors influencing individuals' intentions and

behaviors in wildlife conservation efforts.

 Theoretical Framework

The theory of planned behavior is a development of the theory of

reasoned action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975), necessitated

by the limits of the original model in addressing activities over which persons

have imperfect volitional control (Ajzen, 1991). This theory was formulated and

proposed by Izek Ajzen in December 1991. The motivating variables that drive

an action are thought to be captured by intentions, which also serve as indicators

of how much effort a person is prepared to put forth to carry out the action. In

addition, this theory correlates with this study since it posits the individual's

intention to engage in a behavior that is influenced by attitude, subjective norms,

and perceived behavioral control.

On the contrary, the theory of planned behavior by Icek Azjen pave the

way to have a deep understanding of individual intention to participate in the

conservation efforts to Philippine eagle. Moreover, Azjen’s theory assists in

understanding individual intention by examining attitudes, subjective norms, and

perceived behavioral control. Simultaneously, this framework enable a nuanced

exploration of both individual motivation and communal influences, offering

valuable insights into bolstering residents’ intention to actively engage in

Philippine Eagle conservation.

Nonetheless, The theory of planned behavior is a development of the

theory of reasoned action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975),
necessitated by the limits of the original model in addressing activities over which

persons have imperfect volitional control (Ajzen, 1991). This theory was

formulated and proposed by Izek Ajzen in December 1991. The motivating

variables that drive an action are thought to be captured by intentions, which also

serve as indicators of how much effort a person is prepared to put forth to carry

out the action. In addition, this theory correlates with this study since it posits the

individual's intention to engage in a behavior that is influenced by attitude,

subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.

On the contrary, the theory of planned behavior by Icek Azjen pave the

way to have a deep understanding of individual intention to participate in the

conservation efforts to Philippine eagle. Moreover, Azjen’s theory assists in

understanding individual intention by examining attitudes, subjective norms, and

perceived behavioral control. Simultaneously, this framework enable a nuanced

exploration of both individual motivation and communal influences, offering

valuable insights into bolstering residents’ intention to actively engage in

Philippine Eagle conservation.

Nonetheless, The Theory of Planned Behavior provides a solid foundation

for understanding individual motivation and communal influences, offering

insights into strategies for enhancing residents' intention and involvement in

conservation efforts. This understanding helps determine effective methods and

strategies for the Philippine Eagle Foundation (PEF) to promote awareness and

formulate conservation efforts, crucial in addressing animal extinction and

ecological loss.
 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 serves as a detailed visual representation of the intricate conceptual

framework underpinning this study. Within the framework, the research

methodologically embraces the IV and DV model, where the Independent

Variable (IV) is postulated as the presumed causal factor influencing another

variable, while the Dependent Variable (DV) is systematically measured and

projected to hinge on the IV. The expansive array of predictors integrated into

this study includes attitudes, subjective norms, knowledge, experience in wildlife

conservation, and the perceived behavioral control intricately associated with the

conservation efforts targeted at the Philippine Eagle.

In terms of methodology, the researchers opt for a meticulously designed and

modified survey questionnaire. This instrument is deliberately tailored to delve

into the nuanced levels of behavioral intention exhibited by residents in Barangay

Malagos concerning their active participation in the Philippine Eagle conservation

program. The directional arrow within the framework conspicuously points

towards the anticipated outcome, indicating that the researchers not only aspire

to derive conclusive results but also plan to catalyze the initiation of a targeted

awareness program within the community of Barangay Malagos.