ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY

ARBA MINCH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (AMIT)

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROJECT 1
DESIGN HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL FOR AIR STORAGE

Advisor: Mr. Getachew

BY

GROUP MEMBER ID NO

ABDURAHIM MIFTAH …………………………. NSR/039/12

BIRUK FENTAHUN……………………………….. NSR/481/12

GASHAW ALEBIE…………………………………. NSR/1081/12

LATERA TEREFE……………………………………NSR/1467/12

TEWODROS DERESE……………………………….NSR/2316/12

YISHAK ZELEKE…………………………………….NSR/2511/12

MAY, 2023
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, we would like to express our heartfelt thanks for our instructor Mr. GETACHEW for
his consistent initiations and advices in doing this project work. We would thanks our group
members in advising and encouraging us to attendee our project, and our university for its
facilities such as digital library, reference books, Wi-Fi and so on

I
 ABSTRACT

This project deals with design and analysis of horizontal pressure vessel used for air storage. A
pressure vessel project involves designing and constructing a container that can safely hold air
gases. These vessels are used in various industries, including oil and gas, chemical processing,
and power generation. The project typically involves detailed calculations to ensure the vessel
can withstand the required pressure and temperature conditions. Materials selection,
fabrication, and testing are also important aspects of the project to ensure the vessel meets safety
standards and regulatory requirements. The final product must be able to safely contain and
transport pressurized substances without any leaks or failures.

Keywords: pressure vessel and air storage

II
 NOMENCLATURE

Rm radius of the pressure vessel

L length of the P.V. from tangent to tangent line, mm.

A distance between saddle centre and tangent line, mm.

b width of the base plate, mm.

t thickness of shell, mm.

Q Maximum reaction load at the saddle, kg. f or N.

Σ1, σ2 Longitudinal stresses in the shell N/mm2

σ3, σ4 Longitudinal stress at top and bottom of saddle, N/mm2

M1 Maximum longitudinal bending moment at the saddle, N-m

M2 Maximum longitudinal bending moment

Ө angle of contact of saddle with shell, degree.

P internal pressure, MPa

Di, Do inside/outside diameter, mm.

S allowable or calculated stress, MPa

E joint efficiency

L crown radius, mm.

RI, Ro inside/outside radius, mm.

K, M coefficients

𝜎𝑟 longitudinal stress, MPa

𝜎𝐶 circumferential stress, MPa

𝜎𝑅 Radial stress, MPa

III
 Rm mean radius of shell, mm.

t thickness required of shell, head, or cone, mm.

ABBREVATIONS

ASME …………………. American Society of Mechanical Engineers

TABLE CONTENTS

IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................................I

ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................II

NOMENCLATURE......................................................................................................................III

ABBREVATIONS........................................................................................................................IV

TABLE CONTENTS......................................................................................................................V

LIST OF FIGURE......................................................................................................................VIII

LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................IX

CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1

1.1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1

1.1.1 Application of Pressure Vessel.......................................................................................2

1.1.2 Uses of Pressure Vessel..................................................................................................3

1.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Pressure Vessel........................................................4

1.1.4 Types of Pressure Vessel................................................................................................4

1.2 Problem statement...............................................................................................................13

1.3 Objectives............................................................................................................................14

1.3.1 General objective..........................................................................................................14

1.3.2 Specific objective..........................................................................................................14

1.4 Significance of study...........................................................................................................14

1.5 Scope and Limitations.........................................................................................................14

1.5.1 Scope.............................................................................................................................14

1.5.2 Limitation.....................................................................................................................15

CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................16

2. LITRATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................................16

CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................18

V
3. MATERIALS AND METHDODS............................................................................................18

3.1 Methodology........................................................................................................................18

3.1.1 General Methodology of Pressure Vessel.....................................................................18

3.2 Material selection.................................................................................................................19

3.2.1 Pre-condition to select material....................................................................................19

3.3 Factors affecting Engineering Materials:.............................................................................21

3.3.1 Why We Select Spherical Heads?................................................................................22

3.3.2 Why We Selected Cylindrical Pressure Vessel?..........................................................22

3.3.3 Why we selected saddle support?.................................................................................22

CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................23

4. DESIGN ANALYSIS................................................................................................................23

4.1 Design of shell.....................................................................................................................24

4.1.1. Length calculation for the shell...................................................................................24

4.1.2 Thickness calculation for shell.....................................................................................24

4.1.3 Stresses in a thin cylindrical shell due to internal pressure..........................................27

4.2 Design of Head....................................................................................................................29

4.3 Design of Nozzle.................................................................................................................30

4.4 Design of Saddle support.....................................................................................................31

CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................................................38

5 .RESULT AND DISCUSSION..................................................................................................38

5.1 Result...................................................................................................................................38

5.2 Discussion............................................................................................................................39

CHAPTER SIX..............................................................................................................................40

6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION........................................................................40

VI
 6.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................40

6.2 Recommendation.................................................................................................................40

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................41

APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................42

APPENDIX I TYPES OF WELDED JOINTS..........................................................................42

APPENDIX II TABLES............................................................................................................43

APPENDIX III: DETAIL AND ASSEMBLE DRAWING......................................................45

LIST OF FIGURE

VII
Figure 1Application of pressure vessel............................................................................................3

Figure 2spherical pressure vessel....................................................................................................6

Figure 3cylindrical pressure vessel..................................................................................................7

Figure 4 Components of horizontal pressure vessel........................................................................9

Figure 5 Shell of pressure vessel.....................................................................................................9

Figure 6 Elliptical and Hemispherical...........................................................................................10

Figure 7 Types of head..................................................................................................................11

Figure 8 Supports in pressure vessel.............................................................................................11

Figure 9 Types of flange................................................................................................................12

Figure 10 Circumferentially Split Shell.........................................................................................27

Figure 11 Longitudinally Split shell..............................................................................................28

Figure 12 longitudinal bending stress of saddle support...............................................................31

LIST OF TABLES

VIII
Table 1Property of materials.........................................................................................................20

Table 2 Part and material stress.....................................................................................................21

Table 3 Design of horizontal pressure vessel specification...........................................................23

Table 4 Result analysis..................................................................................................................38

IX
 CHAPTER ONE

1.1. INTRODUCTION

A pressure vessel is defined as container with internal pressure, different from atmospheric
pressure. The fluid inside the pressure vessel may undergo state of change like in case of air
Pressure vessel has combination of high pressure together with high temperature and may be
with flammable radioactive material. Because of these hazards it is important to design the
pressure vessel such that no leakage can take place as well as the pressure vessel is to be
designed carefully to cope with high pressure and temperature. Plant safety and integrity are one
of the fundamental concerns in pressure vessel design and these depend on adequacy of design
codes. In general, the cylindrical shell is made of a uniform thickness which is determined by the
maximum circumferential stress due to the internal pressure. Since the longitudinal stress is only
one-half of this circumferential stress. The structure is to be designed fabricated and checked as
per American Society of Mechanical Engineers standards. Pressure vessels are used in number of
industries like power generation industry for fossil and nuclear power generation, in
petrochemical industry for storage of petroleum oil in tank as well as for storage of gasoline in
service stations and in the chemical industry. (RICHARDSON, 2005 )

Pressure vessels are also used in a variety of applications including the industry and the private
sector. They appear in these sectors respectively as industrial compressed air receivers and
domestic hot water storage tanks. other examples of pressure vessels are: diving cylinder,
recompression chamber, distillation towers, autoclaves and many other vessels in mining or oil
refineries and petrochemical plants, nuclear reactor vessel, habitat of a space ship, habitat of a
submarine, pneumatic reservoir, hydraulic reservoir under pressure, rail vehicle airbrake
reservoir, road vehicle airbrake reservoir and storage vessels for liquefied gases such as
ammonia, chlorine, propane, butane and LPG. The size and geometric form of pressure vessel is
varying from large cylindrical vessel for high pressure application to small size used as hydraulic
unit of aircraft. In pressure vessel whenever expansion or contraction occurs normally as result
of heating or cooling, thermal stresses are developed. There are many types of stresses developed
in the vessel. (RICHARDSON, 2005)

1
 Stresses are categorized into primary stresses and secondary stresses. Primary stresses are
generally due to internal or external Pressure or produced by moments and these are not self-
limiting. Thermal stresses are secondary stresses because they are self-limiting. That is yielding
or deformation of the part relaxes the stress (except thermal stress racketing). Thermal stresses
will not cause failure by rupture in ductile materials except by fatigue over repeated loading
applications. The end caps fitted to the cylindrical body are called heads, and these heads may be
hemispherical, rectangular, elliptical or circular shape. (RICHARDSON, 2005)

In an early effort to design tank capable of withstanding pressures up to 10,000 psi (69MPa), a
6-inch (150 mm) diameter tank was developed in 1919 that was spirally-wound with two layers
of high tensile strength steel wire to prevent sidewall rupture, and the end caps longitudinally
reinforced with lengthwise high-tensile rods.

The need for high pressure and temperature vessels for petroleum refineries and chemical plants
gave rise to vessels joined with welding instead of rivets (which were unsuitable for the
pressures and temperatures required) and in the 1920s and1930s the BPVC included welding as
unacceptable means of construction, and welding is the main means of joining metal vessels
today. (bos, 1997)

The interaction effect of the stress between two closely spaced nozzles in thin types of pressure
vessel by studying the stress distribution around the edge of the single zone and stress for two
nozzles placed closed to each other has been also studied at the interaction of the inner edge of
the vessel, to investigate the effect of a second nozzle the researcher uses a computational
simulation. The result is taking by changing different geometric parameters like center-to-center
distance, axial distance, etc. affecting maximum stress have been studied. Result for each case is
plotted and discussed in detail. (stricker, 2021)

1.1.1 Application of Pressure Vessel

 Pressure vessels have a great significance role in many engineering applications start
from small application to large application of to transmit pressurized fluid.
 Pressure vessels used in garage
 High pressure chemical reactors
 High pressure mixers super critical extraction system

2
  The special application of pressure ves.1sel is to isolate the load material in an isolation
 We use it in steam boiler
 Used in engine cylinder
 Used in petroleum products (petrol, diesel, etc…)

They are used for various industrial applications and private sectors such as: -

Figure 1 Application of pressure vessel

1.1.2 Uses of Pressure Vessel

 Pressure vessels are used to store and transmit liquids, vapor, and gases under pressure in
general. Major uses of pressure are as follows:
 Use in steam boiler
 Used in storage of chemical in chemical plants
 Use in storage of petroleum products (i.e. petrol, diesel etc.)
 Also used in engine cylinders.

3
1.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Pressure Vessel

Advantage

 It is holding the largest volume per unit surface area of the container
 It is easier to fabricate
 They are probably cheaper to construct
 Lower production costs compared to other tanks

Disadvantage

 Thermal expansion can be an issue

 Cleaning is time consuming
 Only suitable for small sizes

1.1.4 Types of Pressure Vessel

According to their functions
 Storage vessel (paraffin, water, gas, oil and etc…)
 Reactors
 Boilers
 Mixers, and
 Heat exchangers.

According to scheme of loading

 Vessel working under internal pressure and,
 Vessel working under external pressure

According to wall temperature

 Heated and,
 Unheated pressure vessels.

According to the orientation in space

 Vertical,
 Horizontal and,
 Sloped pressure vessels.

4
According to the methods of assembly
 Detachable and,
 No detachable pressure vessels.

According to the wall thickness:

 Thin walled (d◦/di<0.1) and
 Thick walled (d◦/di≥0.1) pressure vessels.

Where; d◦ and di are the outer and inner diameter of the shell respectively

According to the dimension

The pressure vessels according to their dimensions may be classified as thin shell or thick

shell the ratio of equal thickness (t) of the shell to its diameters (D) deciding factor.

 Thin shell: - if the wall thickness of shell (t) is less than 1/10 of the diameter of the shell
is called thin shells.
 Thick shell: - if the wall thickness of shell (t) is greater than 1/10 of the diameter of shell
is called thick shell.

According to the materials

The pressure vessels are according the material classified as: -

 Brittle material pressures vessels

 Ductile material pressure vessels

According to the direction of force acting on the wall of vessels

 Subjected to internal pressure
 Subjected to external pressure

According shape of vessel

 Spherical pressure vessel
 Cylindrical pressure vessel
 Horizontal pressure vessel
 Vertical pressure vessel

5
 Spherical pressure vessel

This particular type of pressure vessel is ideal for storing high-pressure liquids. A spherical
structure is a very strong one because the stresses are evenly distributed on its surface, both
externally and internally. Thus, it eliminates any weak points, but it is also true that
manufacturing them can be a lot more expensive than their cylindrical counterparts. They also
require ancillary equipment like tank storage. For instance, access vacuum/ pressure vent or
manholes that can prevent breathing loss from barometric pressure changes, earthling points,
daily temperature, access ladders, or venting loss from boiling.

Figure 2 Spherical pressure vessel

Cylindrical Pressure Vessel

As this particular shape of pressure vessels is less expensive to produce, they are widely used for
storage. Nonetheless, it should be noted that cylinders don’t have the same strength as spheres
because they have a weak point at each end. It is possible to reduce this weakness by opting for
fitted rounded or hemispherical ends. If a thicker material is used for manufacturing the whole
cylinder, then it can have the same storage pressure as that of a spherical pressure vessel. and

6
make better use of the available s pace. Boiler drums, heat exchangers, chemical reactors, and
so on, are generally cylindrical. (r.moss, 2004)

Figure 3 Cylindrical pressure vessel

Horizontal Pressure Vessel

horizontal pressure vessel is normally used as storage, separation tank or settling tank which
used to particulate settles to form a deposit on to the bottom of the liquid. Size of this vessel is
depending on the usage and the volume required by the industry. Large vessels can be as large as
84 inches in diameter and length about 30 feet long. commonly used elliptical ratio is 2:1.

Vertical Pressure Vessel

vertical pressure vessel regularly used as a surge drum or a knock out drum. As a surge drum, it
acts as an absorber that maintaining the flow rate of the liquid out of the vessel regardless of flow
rate into it. The design of this vessel is regularly using elliptical ratio of 3:1.

7
Types of pressure vessels according to end construction

Open vessels

Open vessels are commonly used as surge tanks between operations, as vats for batch operations
where materials be mixed and blended as setting tanks, decanters, chemical reactors, reservoirs
and so on. Obviously, this type of vessels is cheaper than covered or closed vessel of the same
capacity and construction. The decision as to whether or not open vessels may be used depends
up on the fluid to be handled and the operation. (r.moss, 2004)

Closed vessels

Combustible fluids, emitting toxic or obnoxious fumes and gases must be stored in closed
vessels. Dangerous chemicals, such as acid or caustic, are less hazardous if stored in closed
vessels. The combustible nature of petroleum and its products associates the use of closed
vessels and tanks throughout the petroleum and petrochemical industries. Tanks used for the
storage of crude oils and petroleum products and generally designed and constructed as per API
specification for welded oil storage tanks. 2.6 Component of pressure vessel (r.moss, 2004)

A pressure vessel has the following four components: -

1. Shell
2. Head
3. Nozzle
4. Supporter

8
 Figure 4 Components of horizontal pressure vessel

1. Shell

The Shell contains the pressure and consists of plates that have been welded together with an
axis. Horizontal drums use shells with a cylindrical shape. It is the primary component that
contains the pressure. Pressure vessel shells in the form of different plates are welded together to
form a structure that has a common rotational axis. Horizontal drums have cylindrical shells and
are constructed in a wide range of diameter and length. The shell sections of a tall tower may be
constructed of different materials, thickness and diameters due to process and phase change of
process fluid. Shell of a spherical pressure vessel is spherical as well.

Figure 5 Shell of pressure vessel

9
 2. Head

This is what closes off the end of a pressure vessel. Curved heads results in less losses and less
stress concentration. All the pressure vessels must be closed at the ends by heads (or another
shell section). Heads are typically curved rather than flat. The reason is that curved
configurations are stronger and allow the heads to be thinner, lighter and less expensive than flat
heads. Heads can also be used inside a vessel and are known as intermediate heads

Figure 6 Elliptical and

3. Nozzle Hemispherical

This is a cylindrically shaped component used for penetration of the shell. A nozzle is a
cylindrical component that penetrates into the shell or head of pressure vessel. It is responsible
for the intake of the fluid at lower pressure and discharge the fluid at higher pressure as per the
specification given by the client. The velocity of the fluid getting discharged is very high.

Figure 7 Types of head

4. Support

10
These take the weight off the pressure vessel. There are numerous types of supports including
Saddle and Lug. Horizontal drums are typically supported at two locations by saddle support. It
spreads over a large area of the shell to prevent an excessive local stress in the shell at support
point. One saddle support is anchored whereas the other is free to permit unstrained longitudinal
thermal expansion of the drum.

The five type of pressure vessel supports: -

Figure 8 Supports in pressure vessel

 Skirt support
 Leg support
 Saddle support
 Ring support
 Lug support

Flange

A flange is an external or internal rib, or tip which is used for strength, or for a glade or for
attachment to another object. Types of flange, and selection several different types of flange are
used for various applications. The principal types used in the process industries are a bolt and
nut.

Figure 9 Types of flange

11
A bolt and nut:

In combination is a fastening device used to hold two parts together. The body of the bolt, called
shank is cylindrical in form, the head; square or hexagonal in shape, is formed by forging. Screw
threads are cut on the other end of the shank. Nuts in general are square or hexagonal in shape.
The nuts with internal threads engage with the corresponding size of the external threads of the
bolt.

1.2 Problem statement

The main problem of previously worked horizontal pressure vessel for air storage is the
demonstration of the use of high alloy vessel steel so that we use low alloy vessel steel in order
to reduce vessel weight and to give it medium wall thickness for high quality welding and
inspection.

And other common major problem is the air system is high pressure which leads the material to
fail so that we deduced the restriction upon cladding materials and surfaces finish quality and

Realistic effort to get away from specification of costly narrow tolerances in shape and
measures.

12
1.3 Objectives

1.3.1 General objective

The main objective of the project is to design a horizontal pressure vessel for storage of air and at
capacity of 4.06m3.

1.3.2 Specific objective

The specific aim of our project are stated as follow
 To design Shell
 To design Nozzle
 To design Head and
 To design Saddle support draw by solid works

1.4 Significance of study

An air receiver tank provides the following significance: -

 The reservoir tank act as a reservoir of compressed air for peak demands.

13
  The reservoir tank will help remove water from the system by allowing the air a chance
to cool.
 The significance of air receiver is to damp the pulsations from the discharge line of a
reciprocating compressor, resulting in an essentially steady flow of air in the system.

1.5 Scope and Limitations

1.5.1 Scope

Our design project starts from the theoretical definitions, classifications and literature review,
and includes a proper material selection for our given design parameters using ASME code and
some other significant standard data books. Our project also covers a detail design of pressure
vessel components like design and analysis of shell, head, nozzle, support using different
physical principle and calculations. The design includes finding of the proper dimensions, like
diameter, length, thickness and others. There is also a part drawing and assembly drawing with
SOLIDWORKS software for our pressure.

1.5.2 Limitation

In this project we will do only design and analysis of horizontal pressure vessel not the real
object since the shortage of money, material requirement for horizontal pressure vssel, time
needed to design.

14
 CHAPTER TWO

2. LITRATURE REVIEW

In this section research papers are discussed related to the present work. Published papers are
highlight in this section.

According to Z. Modi A J, Jadav C.S concluded that the radial stresses in case of hemispherical
head pressure vessel is low compared to other types of head, in this paper author study the
comparative structural behaviour of different types of geometry of pressure vessel, the head is
under internal uniform pressure, the analytical and finite element method used for finding
stresses in pressure vessel, the aim is finding best head for specific parameter with finite element
analysis of thin cylindrical pressure vessel, here three types of geometry consider like
hemisphere, flat and ellipsoidal and computation result compared with finite element analysis.

According to Hardik B nayak, R trivedi had worked on stress analysis of reactor nozzle to head
junction, in this paper stress analysis is carried out for nozzle to head junction subjected to
applied external load, internal pressure and moments under different loading condition, the stress
will occur at the nozzle to head or shell junction area due to discontinuity geometry defect will
occur and the junction region will be the failure source of the whole structure, stresses at reactor
nozzle to head junction are obtained by welding research council(WRC) 107 and PVcodecal
software 2008 with and without stress indices and they found that general solution obtained for

15
nozzle to head junction have not given the result in allowable limits for WRC 107 and PV code
Cal software because it does not take pressure into account while calculating the local and
general primary membrane equivalent stress and the stress calculated by nozzle to head junction
using ANSYS software give more accurate data.

According to M J Mungla had conducted design and analysis of various components of pressure
vessels like shell, heads, flanges, and nozzle and support structures along using ASME code.
Design of base ring and skirt sections has not been covered under ASME code and their
dimensions are calculated with general design principles. Stress analysis of these components
has been carried out with combined load cases. Multilayered pressure vessels are built by
wrapping a series of sheets over the core tube. Scope is obtained to select different materials at
different layers according to functionality. Inner layer can be made of anticorrosive materials
while outer layers can be made of material having high strength. The design is based on ASME
Code Section VIII division I. Using multi-layered pressure vessel results in percentage saving of
material of 26.02% reducing overall weight of the vessel. With help of FEM software, it is found
that the stress variation from inner to outer surface for multilayer vessel is 12.5% and that for
solid vessel is 17.35% resulting in more uniform stress distribution. Thus, the multi-layered
pressure vessels are suited for high pressure and high temperature applications.

According to Puneet Deolia, Firoz A. Shaikh have carried out Finite Element Analysis to
estimate burst pressure of mild steel pressure vessel using Ramberg-Osgood model. Burst
pressure is the pressure at which the vessel bursts or crack and fluid leaks which is undesirable
and such pressure must not be exceeded. The burst pressure can be found out numerically using
Ramberg-Osgood material curve. The finite element method is used to calculate the burst
pressure using Ramberg-Osgood equation and then comparing it with the results obtained from
elastic-plastic curve and true stress strain curve. Analyzing the results Ramberg-Osgood model
showed better correlation with the experimental observations as compared to modified Faupel
Formula. Thus, the use of FEM can help save time and cost of actual testing

16
 CHAPTER THREE

3. MATERIALS AND METHDODS

3.1 Methodology

3.1.1 General Methodology of Pressure Vessel

1. Start
2. Selection of materials elements
3. Input parameter for components
4. Calculation of shell thickness
5. Calculation of thickness of head
6. Calculation of nozzle thickness
7. Support analysis
8. Preparation of horizontal pressure vessel by SOLIDWORKS

The methodology we follow in this project is summarized as followed.

Force analysis which is the basic part of the project that identifies the overall mathematical
formulas, design descriptions, and the total steps of designating the pressure vessel also
including strength analysis which is the major issue of designing the pressure vessels

17
SOLIDWORK designation by using software, we finalize our project design components like
shell, supporter, head, nozzles etc. which is the final step of the project that decided the project
might be ready to manufacture. Also contains the assembly drawing of the project.

The design of pressure vessel occurs by two ways

Design by rule by using the known rule calculated based shell thickness, thermos mechanical
stress, and keeping stress below the allowable stress.

Design by analysis by calculating each component of each geometric stress etc.

3.2 Material selection

In order to select a material that we use for constructing a pressure vessel, we have to decide
based on the factors. Material selection refers as mechanics of material looks at the behavior of
material when forces applied, in our case pressure forces, applied to them. These forces include
different type of stresses up on and within the material in all different direction and the strain that
experienced in the material due to pressure forces. It determines required component thickness.
Studying the reaction of material usually being looking at static force on and within the material
to determine all the forces affect it. The overall strength is determined by Yield strength,
Ultimate tensile strength, Creep strength, Rupture strength. (Bansal, 2018)

3.2.1 Pre-condition to select material

Corrosion resistance: it the condition of deterioration of materials through various

electrochemical, chemical, and environmental factors. Our design considers the following factors
that govern corrosion

 The metal from which the component is made.

 The protective treatment the component surface received
 The environmental in which component is kept.

Fracture toughness: it the ability of material to withstand conditions that cause brittle fracture.

Brittle fracture: Typically, at low temperature can occur below design pressure no yielding
before complete failure.

18
Machinability: the material we decide to construct the Pressure vessel must be easy to construct
able to with stand any required special fabrication practice weld able material.

Mechanical properties: include Hardness, Softness, and Ductility Malleability, Rigidity,

Tensile strength, Strength, Elasticity, Plasticity, Wear resistance, Shear strength, fatigue strength,
toughness and impact strength.

Physical properties: includes Density, Color, Magnetic property, Electrical and heat
conductivity, Melting temperature, Fusibility.

Chemical property: includes Corrosion resistance to acids Resistance to alkali and salts,
resistance to other chemicals.

Dimensional: This includes size, tolerance, shape, micro topography or surface finishing.

Commercial factors: This includes Cost, Appearance, Availability, Ease maintenance and
repairing, easy to manufacturing.

Table 1Property of materials

19
Based on the above parameters we select Low alloy steel as our shell material for the pressure
vessel, because: -

 Low alloy steel is a good corrosion resistant

 High strength with density around 7800 kg/m3
 Good machinability
 Low alloy steel suits with our medium air

Table 2 Part and material stress

Parts of Horizontal Materials Used Design Stress

Pressure Vessel

Nozzle Carbon steel 80N/mm2

saddle support Carbon steel 80N/mm2

Flanges Stainless steel (Ti) 125N/mm2

Shell Stainless steel 230N/mm2

Head Stainless steel (Ti) 125N/mm2

Pipe stainless steel 18%cr/8%Ni 100N/mm2

Manhole Carbon steel 80N/mm2

20
One of the most important requisites in the development and manufacturing of satisfactory
pressure vessels at minimum cost is the material choice. The choice depends upon several
factors, including stress levels, stress states, number of trading cycles, construction stages, stress
discontinuities, failure criterion and environmental conditions. This selection of material is based
on the appropriateness of the design requirement so; selection of materials of the steel plates
shall take into account the suitability of the materials with the maximum working pressure and
fabrication process.

3.3 Factors affecting Engineering Materials:

 Heat treatment that the material received during or after manufacturing.

 Composition, from which elements the material is composed.
 Processing, cold working or hot working process affects the material behavior.
 Temperature, in which the material gives service.

3.3.1 Why We Select Spherical Heads?

 If we cover the end of a pressure vessel by a flat end, the Flat End will be subjected to
Bending stresses due to the internal pressure. The bending stresses are very high
compared to normal tensile and compressive stresses. So the thickness of the flat end
would be much higher, leading to high material cost and weight. The discontinuity
stresses at the Shell-Head junction are also high when using a flat head.

21
  But when using a hemispherical head, it is only subjected to membrane stresses, which
are tensile in nature, and uniform about the whole cross section. Thus, a hemispherical
head would be very thin compared to a flat head for the same pressure rating.

3.3.2 Why We Selected Cylindrical Pressure Vessel?

Cylindrical pressure vessels most of the times are preferable in design, this is because of:
 They are easier to fabricate
 They pack more efficiently to a rectangular structure such as, boxes, and buildings
and they are cheaper to construct and install

3.3.3 Why we selected saddle support?

Because the size of saddle support is suitable for horizontal vessel
 Horizontal drums are typically supported that are welded to the lower portion of
the shell.

CHAPTER FOUR

4. DESIGN ANALYSIS

Table 3 Design of horizontal pressure vessel specification

Product Air storage tank

22
Maximum pressure 50,000pa / 5bar 0.5Mpa

Design codes ASME section Vlll division 1

Saddle support vessel

Support system

Function Air receiver

Lay out Horizontal pressure vessel

Material = Stainless steel Tensile strength ( 540 Mpa )

Design stress at temperature 00c and 50 0c Design stress 165Mpa

Product type Pressure vessel

Working temperature 00c -500c

Capacity volume (4.06m3)

23
4.1 Design of shell

4.1.1. Length calculation for the shell

Based on the given parameter we are going calculate some data that are useful for our design as
follows. The given volume is 4.06m3 and assume the internal diameter of the shell Di=1050mm
According to ASME the ratio of the length to diameter is less than 5.

V =πr² × L + (πr³) from this we calculate length

4.06=3.14(0.525)² × L + 3.14(0.525³)
L=3.999m=4m

The ratio L/Di =3.81 which is less than 5, therefore, the size of the pressure vessel is suitable for
our design.

4.1.2 Thickness calculation for shell

Design information for shell

 Internal pressure = 0.5Mpa
 Design pressure = 1.69Mpa
 Design temperature = 52℃
 Operating temperature = 37℃
 Material for shell = Stainless steel 18cr/8Ni Ti stabilized (321)
 Allowable stress = 165Mpa
 Corrosion allowance(C) =1mm
 Joint efficiency(E) = 1
 Length of shell=4000mm
 Internal diameter of shell=1050mm

In design of shell the parameter that we want to design are:

 Thickness of shell(t)
 Checking the pressure

24
Now let;

Pd - Internal Pressure

t
Rm - Mean Radius = Ri +
4

Di - Internal Diameter of the Cylindrical Shell

L - Length of the Cylindrical Shell

t - Thickness of Cylindrical Shell

σ c - Circumferential or Hoop Stress of the Cylindrical Shell

F - Force

A - Cross Sectional Area of the Cylindrical Shell

Longitudinal section calculation thickness

According to ASME the formula for finding thickness of thin cylindrical shell is

Pd Ri
We know that: t= +C
2 σE+0.4 P

Where:

Pd - Design pressure

t - Thickness of shell

C - Corrosion allowance

Ri - Internal shell radius

E - Joint efficiency

σ - Allowable stress of the material

p - Operating pressure

Now, we can calculate the required thickness of the vessel.

25
 Pd Ri
t= +C
2 σE+0.4 P

N
1.69 2
∗525 mm
mm +1mm
t= 2
2∗165∗1+0.4∗1.69 N /mm

t =3.68mm say 4mm

Circumferential section thickness calculation

According to ASME the formula for finding thickness of thin cylindrical shell is

We know that;

P d∗R i
t= +C
σE−0.6 Pd

N
1.69 2
∗525 mm
mm + 1mm
t= 2 2
165 N /mm × 1−0.6 × 1.69 N /mm

t = 6.41mm say=6mm

Since the thickness of the circumferential section is greater than that of longitudinal therefore for
design purpose, we use the greater value that is t = 6mm.

The Outer diameter of the shell becomes;

Do = Di+2t

Do = 1050mm+2×6mm

Do = 1062mm

To determine whether the shell is thick or thin we can use the next formula i.e.

For Thin cylindrical shell

t 1
<
Di 10

26
For thick cylindrical shell;

t 1
>
Di 10

Therefore:

6 1
< = 0.0057 < 0.1 → so our designis thin cylinderical shell
1050 10

4.1.3 Stresses in a thin cylindrical shell due to internal pressure

When a thin cylindrical shell is subjected to an internal pressure, it is likely to fail in the
following two ways.
1 It may fail along the longitudinal section (i.e. circumferentially) splitting the cylinder into
two troughs, as shown in the following figure. Tensile stress acting in the direction of the
axis is called longitudinal stress.

Figure 10 Circumferentially Split Shell

P d × Ri
σ h=
t

Using hoop stress, we have:

P d × Ri
σ h=
t

σ h= (1.69Mpa×525mm) / (6mm)

σ h = 147.86Mpa

27
 2 It may fail across the transverse section (i.e. longitudinally) splitting the cylinder into two
cylindrical shells, as shown in the following figure Tensile stress acting in the direction
of tangential to the circumference

Figure 11 Longitudinally Split shell

.As we know longitudinal stress ( σ l) is half of hoop stress (σ h ¿

σ h 147.86
Then σl ¿ = =73.9 Mpa
2 2

Thus,hoop strees<allowable strees

(147.86Mpa < 165Mpa, so our design is safe.)

Also we have to check by using theory of failure Maximum principal strees theory

We know that

σh+ σl
± 0.5 √(σ h−σ l ) +4 τ , τ =0
2 2
σ 1 , σ 2=
2

( 147.86+73.9 ) MPa
= ± 0.5 √ (147.86−73.9)2+ 4∗0
2

The principal stress is the maximum, thus

σ 1=147.86 Mpa,σ 2=73.9 Mpa

Since, the principal stress is less than the allowable stress

(σ 1=147.86 MPa<σ all=165 Mpa ¿,thus our design is safe

maximum shear stress

28
 σ 1−σ 2 147.86−73.9
τ max = = =36.98 Mpa
2 2

σ allow 165 Mpa

But allowable shear stress , τ all = = =82.5Mpa
2 2

Therefore, the maximum shear stress is less than allowable shear stress.

(τ max=36.98 Mpa <τ all=82.5 Mpa)…..our design is safe .

maximum distortion energy theory

2 2 2
σ all=σ 1−σ 1 σ 2+ σ 2

= 147.862 −(147.86 ×73.9)+73.92

= 5474.516Mpa

σ all = √ 5474.516

σ all=¿ 73.99Mpa

Since σ all = 165Mpa > 73.99Mpa then our design safe

4.2 Design of Head

Heads are one of the important parts in pressure vessels and refer to the parts of the vessel that
confine the shell from left and right sides. The ends of the vessels are closed by means of heads
before putting them into operation. The heads are normally made from the same material as the
shell and may be welded to the shell itself. They also may be integral with the shell in forged or
cast construction.

For internal diameter;

Pd Ri
𝑡= +C and
2 SE−0.2 P d

For external diameter;

P d Ro
𝑡=
2 SE−0.8 P d

29
During spherical head the longitudinal stress ( σ l) and circumferential Stress (σ h) are equal.
Therefore:

Pd R
𝜎l=𝜎c=
2t

Now we can calculate the thickness of head and also circumferential and longitudinal stress.

Pd Ri 2
1.69 N /mm × 525 mm
=
t = 2 SE−0.2 P d 165 N 2 + 1mm
2× 2
×1−0.2 ×1.69 N /mm
mm

t =3.7mm say 4mm,

The thickness of head and the value we get is less than the thickness of shell, when it is assembled it
is shape is not the same since we can take the thickness of head 6mm.

This is the circumferential or longitudinal stress

P d R 1.69∗525
𝜎l=𝜎c= = = 110.9Mpa
2t 2∗4

4.3 Design of Nozzle

Nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates into the shell or head of pressure vessel. It is
used in piping for flow into or out of the vessel or attaching instruments (level gauges or pressure
gauges). Vessel components are weakened when material is removed to provide openings for
nozzles or access openings.

Then, we can calculate the thickness of the nozzle by nozzle equation

Pd D N
tN= +C ,
2 SE−0.2 Pd

Where:

t N – Thickness of the nozzle (minimum required)

Pd - Design pressure

S - Maximum allowable stress

30
 Dn=Diameter of nozzle

E - Joint efficiency=1 and C = corrosion allowance

2
1.69 N /mm × 35.56 mm
tN= 2 2
+1 mm
2×165 N /mm × 1−0.2 ×1.69 N /mm

t N =¿1.182mm

This thickness is the same for all nozzles (inlet, outlet and drain valve) Now
calculate the stress on a nozzle
Pd D N
. We know that σ h= , where σ h−hoop stress
2∗t N

35.56 mm 2
σ h=1.69 Mpa × =25.42 N /mm
2× 1.182 mm

Since, the calculated stress (σ h) is less than the allowable stress (

σall ¿ , mathematically 25.42 Mpa< 165 Mpa , that means design is safe.

4.4 Design of Saddle support

The saddle must be designed to withstand the load imposed by the weight of vessel and content.
They are constructed of stainless steel metal. The contact angle should not be less than 120.
Wear plate is often welded to the shell wall to reinforce the wall over the area of contact with the
saddle. Vessels supported by saddle are subjected to:

 Longitudinal bending stress

 Tangential stress
 Circumferential stress

31
 Figure 12 longitudinal bending stress of saddle support

Now determine the values of dimension A and B from the above figure;

Take the inside diameter of a shell.

Inside diameter of a shell (Di) =1050mm = 41.338in = 3.44ft

Since 1mm=0.03937in and, 1in=0.0833ft

Di = 6.86ft + 13.12ft

= 41.338ft + 0.084in

And from standard the contact angle of the saddle is 120°

Now the nominal diameter of the vessel (ft.-in) is 0.8-0.084

But from the standard table of saddle support the nominal diameter of the vessel is not stated so
we approximated to the standard (1-0 ft.-in). So our nominal diameter of the vessel is 1-0 (ft.-in)

Then it is possible to determine the required parameters (A, B, C, D, E, H, G, K) from the saddle
table

A = 0ft+10.5in = 266.7mm

The base of a saddle (G)=1/4in = 6.35mm

B= 1ft-0in = 304.8mm

C= 4in = 101.6mm

32
 D= 4in = 101.6mm

E= 0ft-3.5in = 88.9mm

H= ¼ in = 6.35mm

The length between the two saddles (L) becomes

L=L shell-2A, where L shell=4000mm

L= 4000-2×266.7

L= 3466.6mm

Total Weight of vessel parts and liquid

Then the total operating weight (WT) over the length (L)

WT = W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 + W5

W1 = weight of shell material + weight of the fluid

Weight of material

π
Wm = ¿)×L×ρm×g
4

Weight of the fluid

π 2
Wf = (Di )×L× ρa×g
4

Where;

ρm = Density of stainless steel ρm =7700kg/m3

ρa = Density of air = 1.2kg/m3

g = gravity (9.81m/sec2)

Do= outside diameter of the shell =2112mm

Di= inside diameter of the shell = 2100mm

L= the length between the two saddles, L= 3466.6mm

33
 π π
Now W1 = ¿)×L×ρm×g + (Di2)×L× ρa×g
4 4

π π
= ¿)m3.×4666m×7700kg/m3×9.81m/sec2+ (1.5m)2×3.4666m× 1.2kg/m3×9.81m/sec2
4 4

W1 = 549.31N + 14.245N = 563.56N

W2 = total weight operating over the length A, (A = 266.7mm)

π 2 π
W2 = W4 = ( DO −D2i ¿ A ×× ρm×g + ×Di2×A ×ρa×g
4 4

π π
= (1.622−1.52 ¿ ×0.2667 m×7700kg/m3×9.81m/sec2+ 1.5m×20×.2667m
4 4
1×.2kg/m3×9.81m/sec2

Therefore W2 = W4 = 42.26N + 1.1N = 43.36N

W3=W5 = weight of the material along the hemispherical head + weight of medium along
hemispherical head + weight of the material along the pipe(nozzle)

By using the following formula, we can calculate

π
W3=W5 = ½¿ × ρ× a × g ¿ + × L p(×dop2-dip2)× ρm × g
4

Where; L p= length of pipe (nozzle) perpendicular to shell

Surface limit(Y) = L p= 22mm(since from table M22×1.5 type )

dip = inside diameter of the nozzle (= 25.4mm)

dop = outside diameter of the nozzle (=2tN + 25.4 =27.85mm)

Now

π
W3=W5=½¿×1.2 Kg/m3 × 9.81m/ sec 2 ¿ + ×22 mm ×(27.852-25.42)mm2
4
3 2
×7700 Kg/m ×9.81 m/sec = 1.23N + 6.65N + 0.17N W3=W5 = 8.05N

The wind effect is negligible because of the vessel is set inside the bottom part of the truck, and
the total weight that apply on this support becomes:

34
 WT = W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 + W5, since W2 = W4 , W3 = W5

WT =W1 + 2W2 + 2W3

WT = 563.56N + 24×3.36N + 2×8.05N

WT =666.38N

Now take the maximum weight of the vessel from a saddle table on the range of nominal
diameter of a vessel (1ft-0in).

Since 1N = 4.448lb

Wmax = 42000lb = 186,816N

The total weight (WT) is less than the maximum weight of the vessel (W max) so the support can
hold this applied weight (WT = 666.38N) without deforming

i.e. WT < Wmax (666.38N < 186816N)

Calculating the stresses within the saddle support helps us understand whether the design is safe
or not.

Longitudinal bending stress at the saddle

2 2
A R −H
+
L 2 AL
QA (1− )
4H
1+
3L
S1 = 2
k R ts

Where:

Q – load on one saddle support

W T 666.38
Q= = =333.19 N
2 2

L- length of shell = 4000mm = 4m

H-length of head=1050mm=1.05m

R-radius of shell=525mm=0.525

35
ts- thickness of shell=16mm=0.0016m

k-contact at 1200=0.335

A=266.7mm=0.2667m

2 2
0.2667 0.525 −1.5
+
4 2 ×0.2667 × 4
62.9260 ×.2667 (1− )
4 ×1.5
1+
3×4
S1 = 2
0.355 ×0.525 0 ×.016

S1=19,990.1 Pa

S1=0.19 MPa< 0.95 σ ×all

S1=0.19 MPa< 0.951× 65 MPa

S1=0.19 MPa< 148.5 MPa , so the design is safe

Tangential shear stress

R
Condition: saddle away from head; A> ; k 2=1.171-from table
2

k 2 Q L−4 A
S2 = ( )
R ts 4
L+ H
3

1.171 ×62.926 4−4∗0.2667

S2 = ( )
0.525 ×0 .016 4
4 + ×1.5
3

S2=5175 Pa=−0.51 MPa

S2=0.51 MPa ( compression ) <0.8 × σ all

S2=0.51 MPa< 0.8× 165

S2=0.51 MPa<132 MPa, thus the design is safe

36
Circumferential stress

Condition 1: At horn of the saddle, L<8R, from chart K6=0.053

−Q 12 k 6 QR
S4 = −
4 t s ( B+1.56 × √ R t s )
2
2t s

−62.926 12 ×0.053 ×62.926 × 0.525

S4 = −
4 × 0.016 × ( 0.3048+ 1.56× √ 0.5 ×0.016 ) 2 ×0.016 2

S4 =−22865.67−39082.833

S4 =−61948.5 Pa=−0.06 MPa

S4 =0.06 MPa ( compression ) <1.5 ×σ all

S4 =0.06 MPa<1.5 × 165

S4 =0.06 MPa<247.5 MPa , thus our design is safe

Condition 2: at the bottom of the shell, from table K7=0.760

−k 7 Q
S5 =
t s ( B+1.56 × √ R t s)

−0.7606 ×2.926
S5 =
0.016 ×(0.3048+1.56 × √ 0.525× 0.016)

S5=−70281.2 Pa=−0.7 MPa

S5=¿0.7MPa (compression)¿ 0.5 × σ all

S5=¿0.7MPa ¿ 0.51 ×65 MPa

S5=¿0.7MPa¿ 82.5 MPa, thus the design is safe

37
 CHAPTER FIVE

5 .RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Result
Table 4 Result analysis

Parts LENGTH WEIGHT THICKNESS HEGHIT DIAMETER STRESS

(m) (N) (m) (m) (m) (MPA)

HEAD 1.05 3.7 0.525 110.9

SHELL 4.00 0.006 0.525 147.86

SUPPORT 3.4666 4 3.36 1.062

NOZZEL 1.182 0.03556 25.42

38
5.2 Discussion
The pressure vessel has been designed successfully according to ASME codes for desired Design
pressure and design temperature. The stresses induced in the pressure vessel at various parts are
compared with their material allowable stresses. The saddle support has been designed to
withstand loads. The pressure Vessel has been modeled by SOLID WORKS software and the
results verify that the Pressure Vessel is safe for our objective.. Different materials and the
effects of their yield strength on the thickness of the vessel and the cost of these materials have
been considered and the most appropriate material has been selected for fabrication.

1 The Head have a length of 1.05 meters and a thickness of 3.7 meters with Stress
110.9MPa
2 The nozzle have a thickness of 1.182 meters with a internal diameter of 0.03556 meters
with a stresses of 25.42 Mpa.
3 The cylindrical shell have a length of 4.00 meters with a internal diameter 0.565metres
with the hoop stress 147.86MPa and longitudinal stress 73.93.

39
 CHAPTER SIX

6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1 Conclusion
The design of pressure vessel is initialized with the specification requirements in terms of
standard technical specifications along with numerous requirements that lay hidden from the
market. The design of a pressure vessel is more of a selection procedure, selection of its
components to be more precise rather designing each and every component. Regarding storage of
air for a pressure vessel system should be preferred due to its simplicity, better sensitivity, higher
reliability, low maintenance, compactness for the same capacity. The storage of fluid at high
pressure in the pressure vessel is at the heart of its performance and is the first step towards the
design. Pressure vessel has wide applications in many areas that play a great role for industries,
factories, and others that are using it.
It is important to know how designing of the pressure vessel is proceed safely because if it is not
proceeding safely and if failure happens it cause many damage on the material stores the fluid
but the main thing is it is the cause for injury of people who work around.

6.2 Recommendation
This paper is pleased to do this project and recommended for all to design pressure vessel.
We done the best one and promote for market to join our members and work together as a
customer.as we remark preferred thin walled vessel operate low pressure and it has simple
bending stress due to weight of vessel itself and fluid can be eliminate. Welded also fabricated
the stress is comfortable with diameter and thickness and we chose the material better strength
and economically have low cost. Based on this project we recommended that:

40
  Selection of a suitable material must take into account the suitability of the material for
fabrication.
 Primary consideration is necessary during pressure vessel design, especially for nuclear
reactor vessels, due the potential impact of a possible accident.
 The temperature must to be corresponds to the design pressure.

REFERENCES

Bansal, R.K. 2018. strength of material. delhi : laxmi publication, 2018. 978813180814.

bendar, henry h. february 1, 1991. pressure vessel design handbook. FLORIDA : krieger pub.,
february 1, 1991. ISBN 089464503X.

bos, C.J Dekker andH.J. 1997. exeternal load and internal pressure. northern ireland : elsevier
science limited, 1997. 03080161.

Jones, david R.H. 2011. engineering material one. oxford UK : butterworth heinemann, 2011.
0080966659.

r.moss, dennis. 2004. pressure vessel manual. oxford UK : Gulf professional publishing, 2004.
0750677406.

RICHARDSON, CLOUSON ABD. 2005. chemical engineering. oxford : snnott,r.k, 2005.

008049255X.

stricker, robert f. 2021. pressure vessewls the ASME code simplified. new york : Mc graw hill,
2021. 9781260455410.

41
 APPENDIX

APPENDIX I TYPES OF WELDED JOINTS

42
43
APPENDIX II TABLES

44
PROPRETY OF MATERIALS

45
APPENDIX III: DETAIL AND ASSEMBLE DRAWING

46