A MINI PROJECT REPORT

on

SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR

submitted

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

for the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech)

in

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
by

ISHA RATHOUR (2204220130027)

KAJAL SINGH (2204220130028)

BEAUTY SRIVASTAV (2204220130018)

Under the supervision of

Mrs. ZAINAB KAMAL KHAN

BANSAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
NH-24, Sitapur Road, Behind Sewa Hospital, Jankipuram Extension, LUCKNOW (226201)

FEBRUARY 2024
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certified that BEAUTY SRIVASTAV (2204220130018), ISHA

RATHOUR(2204220130027) and KAJAL SINGH (2204220130028) has carried out the
research work presented in this report entitled “AUTOMATIC TABLE LAMP” for the
partial fulfilment Bachelor of Technology in Information Technology under my/our
supervision. The report embodies results of original work, and studies our carried out by
the student himself/herself.

Date: MRS. ZAINAB KAMAL KHAN

Place: LUCKNOW (Assistant Professor, IT )

 ABSTRACT

Internet of Things (IoT) technology has brought revolution to each and every field of

common man’s life by making everything smart and intelligent. IoT refers to a network of

things which make a elfconfiguring network. The development of Intelligent Smart Farming

IoT based devices is day by day turning the face of agriculture production by not only

enhancing it but also making it cost-effective and reducing wastage. The aim / objective of

this report is to propose IoT based Smart Farming System assisting farmers in getting Live

Data (Temperature, Soil Moisture) for efficient environment monitoring which will enable

them to increase their overall yield and quality of products. The IoT based Smart Farming

System being proposed via this report is integrated with Arduino Technology mixed with

different Sensors and a Wifi module producing live data feed that can be obtained online

from Thingsspeak.com. The product being proposed is tested on Live Agriculture Fields

giving high accuracy over 98% in data feeds.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We thank the almighty for giving us the courage and perseverance in completing the main
project. This project itself is acknowledgements for all those people who have given us their
heartfelt co-operation in making this project a grand success. Like most effective endeavors,
preparing this project was a collaborative effort. I owe a great debt to many individuals who
helped me in successful completion of this project. We are greatly indebted to our project
guide Mrs. Zainab Kamal Khan for providing valuable guidance at every stage of this
project work. We are profoundly grateful towards the unmatched services rendered by him.

Our special thanks to Head of Department Mr. Abhishek Kumar Saxena and all the faculty
of Information Technology peers for their valuable advises at every stage of this work. Last

[i]
but not least. we would like to express our deep sense of gratitude and earnest thanks giving
to our dear parents for their moral support and heartfelt cooperation in doing the main

project.

BEAUTY SRIVASTAV (2204220130018)

ISHA RATHOUR (2204220130027)

KAJAL SINGH (2204220130028)

S.NO TITLE PAGE No.

ABSTRACT
3
1. INTRODUCTION 4-8
1.1. OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT
1.2. LITERATURE REVIEW
1.3. PROBLEM DEFINITION
2. FIELD OF APPLICATIONS OF SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR 9

3. SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR 11-13

3.1. TYPES

3.2. MOTION AND VOCS

3.3. CONSIDERATION FOR HUMAN PRESENCE

[ii]
4. PROPOSED SYSTEM

5. CONCLUSION 14

20

[iii]
 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT

OVERVIEW

The objectives of this report is to proposed IoT based Smart Farming System which will
enable farmers to have live data of soil moisture environment temperature at very low cost so
that live monitoring can be done. The structure of the report is as follows: chapter I will cover
over of overview of IoT Technology and agriculture-concepts and definition, IOT enabling
technologies, IOT application in agriculture, benefits of IOT in agriculture and IOT and
agriculture current scenario and future forecasts. Chapter II will cover definition of IOT based
smart farming system , the components and modules used in it and working principal of it.
Chapter III will cover algorithm and flowchart of the overall process carried out in the system
and its final graphical output .chapter IV consist of conclusion, future scope and references.
1.2 IOT TECHNOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE 1.2.1 IOT: CONCEPT AND DEFINITION
Internet of things IOT consists of two words Internet and Things .The term things in IOT refers
to various IOT devices having unique identities and have capabilities to perform remote
sensing , actuating and live monitoring of certain sort of data.IOT devices are also enable to
have live exchange of data with other connected devices and application either directly or
indirectly , or collected data from other devices and process the data and send the data to
various servers. The other term internet is define as Global communication Network
connecting Trillions of computers across the planets enabling sharing of information .Thus the
IOT can be define as :”A dynamic Global Network Infrusture with self configuring capabilities
based on standard and inter operable communication to protocol where physical and virtual
things have identities, physical attributes ,and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces
and are seamlessly integrated into the information network ,often communicate data associated
with user and their environment.”

An ideal IoT device consists of various interfaces for making connectivity to other devices
which can either be wired or wireless.

Any IoT based device consists of following components:

• I/O interface for Sensors.

• Interface for connecting to Internet.

• Interface for Memory and Storage.

• Interface for Audio/Video.

SMART FARMING IoT devices can be of various forms like wearable sensors, smart
watches, IoT smart home monitoring, IoT intelligent transport systems, IoT smart health
devices etc

1.2 IOT ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES

1.3 Internet of Things has a strong backbone of various enabling technologiesWireless Sensor
Networks, Cloud Computing, Big Data, Embedded Systems, Security Protocols and
 Architectures, Protocols enabling communication, web services, Internet and Search Engines.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN): It consists of various sensors/nodes which are integrated
together to monitor various sorts of data.

Cloud Computing: Cloud Computing also known as on-demand computing is a type

of Internet based computing which provides shared processing resources and data to
computers and other devices on demand. It can be in various forms like IaaS, PaaS, SaaS,
DaaS etc.

Big Data Analytics: Big data analytics is the process of examining large data sets
containing various forms of data types—i.e. Big Data – to uncover hidden patterns, unknown
correlations, market trends, customer preferences and other useful business information.

Communication Protocols: They form the backbone of IoT systems to enable

connectivity and coupling to applications and these protocols facilitate exchange of data over
the network as these protocols enable data exchange formats, data encoding and addressing.

Embedded Systems: It is a sort of computer system which consists of both

hardware and software to perform specific tasks. It includes microprocessor/microcontroller,
RAM/ROM, networking components, I/O units and storage devices.

. 1.3 IOT APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE

With the adoption of IoT in various areas like Industry, Homes and even Cities, huge potential is
seen to make everything Intelligent and Smart. Even the Agricultural sector is also adopting IoT
technology these days and this in turn has led to the development of “AGRICULTURAL
Internet of Things (IoT)”

5|Page
Chapter 2: FIELD OF APPLICATIONS OF GAS DETECION
2.1 Nuclear power plants:-

Nuclear power plants must place safety concerns on the highest level of priority
before other interests such as their business interests. Regular inspections of pipe systems need to be
carried out and robots from INSPECTOR SYSTEMS are widely used.

2.2 Conventional power plants:-

By taking advantage of the NDT inspection methods that our robots offer, defects and
faults can be avoided increasing the 'up and running' operational time of all kinds of pipe systems.
Worldwide, many power plants already use our robots to do just this.

2.3 Refineries:-

The mineral oil industry can benefit from improved supply, transportation, processing
and distribution of mineral oil as well as improved environmental protection. Our robots are helping
to do just this.

2.3 Chemical and petrochemical plant:-

It is of course vital to continually reduce the risks brought about by the manufacture,
transport and storage of chemicals. This means that the possible dangers need to be examined and the
necessary testing and inspections carried out in order to avoid or at least lessen and contain them.
The use of our robots has become obligatory in many well known companies.

2.4 Offshore:-

The technical demands of offshore rigs as well as safety and environmental

requirements are very high and strongly controlled. This means that there is an enormous amount of
required Non Destructive Testing inspections. Our robots are used worldwide in offshore
applications.
2.5 Long distance city heating pipelines:-

Leakages in long distance heat conduits, caused through external corrosion, cause
energy and water losses resulting in damage to, among others, subterranean constructions.
Minimizing energy loss during the transport of heat from source to end user is one of the most
important requirements in order to exclude danger to people and the environment. Our robots help in
this important duty.

2.6 Food and drinks industries:-

The hygiene standard in the food and drinks industries is very high. The condition of
the individual pipe networks is therefore decidedly important. Inspection robots from INSPECTOR
SYSTEMS help to maintain and ensure this high level of hygiene.

2.7 Communal waste water pipe systems:-

Subterranean sewer systems have been responsible for the collection and transport of
waste water since planning and construction began in 1842. With the Republic of Germany most of
these sewage systems are owned by the cities and community districts. Regular inspection of the
roughly 445 km of public sewage systems is therefore a complex and cost intensive process.

2.8 Gas pipelines:-

Within Germany the total length of the natural gas pipeline network is something like 335 km. At the
moment it is run by 18 national companies and around 730 local ones. Robots from INSPECTOR
SYSTEMS are deployed for inspection and maintenance these flexible robots are well suited for
carrying out inspections on pipe systems, especially those that have a lot of bends, vertical sections
and pipe branches.These robots are mainly used in the nuclear power industry, refineries, chemical
plants, petrochemical plants, the offshore industry, gas pipelines, the beverage industry and all types
of pipe lines up to 500m long. Three drive elements provide a speed of up to 200 m/h in both
horizontal and vertical directions and allow for effortless bend taking.

EXISTING SYSTEM
2.1 DEFINITION

The existing system only detects the fire and gas leakage in certain important areas only. In
existing system, the fire and gas leaks are measured and the communication is through wires to the
control station. In case of faults like discontinuity in cables, damage to cable due to environmental
conditions may lead to loosing of vital information related to plant safety.

Increase in the complexity of process industry leads to increase in the number of instruments
to detect fire and leak. This increases the number of cables that run from industrial sensors to the
control station which leads to messy wiring. This also increases the size of the duct. Troubleshooting
the reduced insulation or any wire open is difficult because it is a messy wiring and identifying the
individual cable is very difficult along the duct. This also increases the project cost in terms of cable
cost.

2.2 FIELD VISIT

An F&G safety system continuously monitors for abnormal situations such as a fire, or
combustible or toxic gas release within the plant; and provides early warning and mitigation actions
to prevent escalation of the incident and protect the process or environment. By implementing an
integrated fire and gas strategy based on the latest automation technology, plants can meet their plant
safety and critical infrastructure protection requirements while ensuring operational and business
readiness at project start-up. Throughout the process industries, plant operators are faced with risks.
For example, a chemical facility normally has potential hazards ranging from raw material and
intermediate toxicity and reactivity, to energy release from chemical reactions, high temperatures,
high pressures, etc.

According to international standards, safety implementation is organized under a series of

protection layers, which include, at the base levels, plant design, process control systems, work
procedures, alarm systems and mechanical protection systems. The safety shutdown system is a
prevention safety layer, which takes automatic and independent action to prevent a hazardous
incident from occurring, and to protect personnel and plant equipment against potentially serious
harm. Conversely, the fire and gas system is a mitigation safety layer tasked with taking action to
reduce the consequences of a hazardous event after it has occurred. The F&G system is used for
automating emergency actions with a high-integrity safety and control solution to mitigate further
escalation. It is also important for recovering from abnormal situations quickly to resume full
production.

An industrial safety system is a countermeasure crucial in any hazardous plants such as oil
and gas plants and nuclear plants. They are used to protect human, plant, and environment in case the
process goes beyond the control margins. As the name suggests, these systems are not intended for
controlling the process itself but rather protection. Process control is performed by means of process
control systems (PCS) and is interlocked by the safety systems so that immediate actions are taken
should the process control systems fail.

2.3 ICSS

Process control and safety systems are usually merged under one system, called Integrated
Control and Safety System (ICSS). Industrial safety systems typically use dedicated systems that are
SIL 2 certified at minimum; whereas control systems can start with SIL 1. SIL applies to both
hardware and software requirements such as cards, processors redundancy and voting functions. Fire
and gas detection systems are designed to mitigate unexpected events. Designers need to know what
is available in order to choose the correct systems for their plants.

The main objectives of the fire and gas system are to protect personnel, environment, and plant
(including equipment and structures). The FGS shall achieve these objectives by:

Detecting at an early stage, the presence of flammable gas,

Detecting at an early stage, the liquid spill (LPG and LNG),

Detecting incipient fire and the presence of fire,

Providing automatic and/or facilities for manual activation of the fire protection system as
required,

Initiating environmental changes to keep liquids below their flash point.

Initiating signals, both audible and visible as required, to warn of the detected hazards,

Initiating automatic shutdown of equipment and ventilation if 2 out of 2 or 2 out of 3

detectors are triggered, and the exhausting system.
2.4 LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING SYSTEM

The fire and gas system is generally required to be independent of the control system. This is
consistent with the fire and gas system normally having a higher integrity requirement than the
control system. Some fire and gas systems have been integrated with emergency shut-down systems.
This remains a contentious point.

As already mentioned, no single company can supply all the ‘best in show’ products for all the
items described in this paper. There are therefore normally interfaces between different suppliers.
Minimizing interfaces, document sets and inspections can be achieved by procuring all products from
one source at the cost of reducing choice of initiating devices and possibly increasing the initial
purchase cost.

4-20mA interfaced devices are common, enabling standard or modified process control
interfaces to be used. Field interfaces for smoke detectors, heat detectors and manual call-points are
generally two wires with modifying components in the control system or marshalling cabinets to
allow a 4-20ma interface to be used. Any failure in the loop causes the system to fail. Presently, the
location of the personals working in the site is uncertain. In case of a dangerous event, the Control
station officers have to personally check the positions of the workers in the particular sites. This calls
for more effort and time.

2.5 FEASIBLE SOLUTION

To overcome these difficulties we implemented a portable device. This device can be fixed in
their helmet or jacket. To measure various parameters this device consists of sensors. They are Gas
sensor, Temperature sensor, Heart beat sensor, Pressure sensor.

These sensors in the portables device sense various parameters (gas, temperature, pressure)
continuously. And if the value exceeds the reference value, immediately it activates the relay driver
and produces an alarming sound. So it will be useful for the person to know about hazardous
situation.

Heart beat sensor, senses the workers heart beat continuously. If the person loses his/her
consciousness then this information is sensed by the sensor and it will be passed to the control room.

All the communications are done by wireless zigbee protocols, so that the informations will
be transmitted without any obstructions. The main advantage of zigbee is that it is a multimode
communication, so that the data’s are transmitted node by node.
..
A GPS is used in our project to track the location of the person during hazardous
conditions, so that he can be rescued immediately.

Finally, all the parameters are monitored using labVIEW software. It contains a
comprehensive set of tools for acquiring, analyzing, displaying, and storing data, as well as
tools to help you troubleshoot code you write.

Chapter 3: LEAKAGE DETECTON

3,1 Types

Gas detectors can be classified according to the operation mechanism (semiconductors, oxidation,
catalytic, photoionization, infrared, etc.). Gas detectors come packaged into two main form factors:
portable devices and fixed gas detectors.
Portable detectors are used to monitor the atmosphere around personnel and are either hand-held or
worn on clothing or on a belt/harness. These gas detectors are usually battery operated. They transmit
warnings via audible and visible signals, such as alarms and flashing lights, when dangerous levels of
gas vapors are detected.
Fixed type gas detectors may be used for detection of one or more gas types. Fixed type detectors are
generally mounted near the process area of a plant or control room, or an area to be protected, such as
a residential bedroom. Generally, industrial sensors are installed on fixed type mild steel structures
and a cable connects the detectors to a SCADA system for continuous monitoring. A tripping
interlock can be activated for an emergency situation.
3.1.1 Electrochemical
Electrochemical gas detectors work by allowing gases to diffuse through a porous membrane to an
electrode where it is either chemically oxidized or reduced. The amount of current produced is
determined by how much of the gas is oxidized at the electrode indicating the concentration of the
gas. Manufactures can customize electrochemical gas detectors by changing the porous barrier to
allow for the detection of a certain gas concentration range. Also, since the diffusion barrier is a
physical/mechanical barrier, the detector tended to be more stable and reliable over the sensor's
duration and thus required less maintenance than other early detector technologies.
However, the sensors are subject to corrosive elements or chemical contamination and may last only
1–2 years before a replacement is required. Electrochemical gas detectors are used in a wide variety
of environments such as refineries, gas turbines, chemical plants, underground gas storage facilities,
and more.
3.1.2 Catalytic bead (pellistor)
Catalytic bead sensors are commonly used to measure combustible gases that present an explosion
hazard when concentrations are between the lower explosion limit (LEL) and upper explosion limit
(UEL). Active and reference beads containing platinum wire coils are situated on opposite arms of a
Wheatstone bridge circuit and electrically heated, up to a few hundred degrees C. The active bead
contains a catalyst that allows combustible compounds to oxidize, thereby heating the bead even
further and changing its electrical resistance. The resulting voltage difference between the active and
passive beads is proportional to the concentration of all combustible gases and vapors present. The
sampled gas enters the sensor through a sintered metal frit, which provides a barrier to prevent an
explosion when the instrument is carried into an atmosphere containing combustible gases. Pellistors
measure essentially all combustible gases, but they are more sensitive to smaller molecules that
diffuse through the sinter more quickly. The measureable concentration ranges are typically from a
few hundred ppm to a few volume percent. Such sensors are inexpensive and robust, but require a
minimum of a few percent oxygen in the atmosphere to be tested and they can be poisoned or
inhibited by compounds such as silicones, mineral acids, chlorinated organic compounds, and sulfur
compounds.
3.1.3 Photoionization
Photoionization detectors (PIDs) use a high-photon-energy UV lamp to ionize chemicals in the
sampled gas. If the compound has an ionization energy below that of the lamp photons, an electron
will be ejected, and the resulting current is proportional to the concentration of the compound.
Common lamp photon energies include 10.0 eV, 10.6 eV and 11.7 eV; the standard 10.6 eV lamp
lasts for years, while the 11.7 eV lamp typically last only a few months and is used only when no
other option is available. A broad range of compounds can be detected at levels ranging from a few
ppb to several thousand ppm. Detectable compound classes in order of decreasing sensitivity include:
aromatics and alkyl iodides; olefins, sulfur compounds, amines, ketones, ethers, alkyl bromides and
silicate esters; organic esters, alcohols, aldehydes and alkanes; H2S, NH3, PH3 and organic acids.
There is no response to standard components of air or to mineral acids. Major advantages of PIDs are
their excellent sensitivity and simplicity of use; the main limitation is that measurements are not
compound-specific. Recently PIDs with pre-filter tubes have been introduced that enhance the
specificity for such compounds as benzene or butadiene. Fixed, hand-held and miniature
clothingclipped PIDs are widely used for industrial hygiene, hazmat, and environmental monitoring.
3.1.4 Infrared point
Infrared (IR) point sensors use radiation passing through a known volume of gas; energy from the
sensor beam is absorbed at certain wavelengths, depending on the properties of the specific gas. For
example, carbon monoxide absorbs wavelengths of about 4.2-4.5 μm.The energy in this wavelength
is compared to a wavelength outside of the absorption range; the difference in energy between these
two wavelengths is proportional to the concentration of gas present
This type of sensor is advantageous because it does not have to be placed into the gas to detect it and
can be used for remote sensing. Infrared point sensors can be used to detect hydrocarbons and other
infrared active gases such as water vapor and carbon dioxide. IR sensors are commonly found in
wastewater treatment facilities, refineries, gas turbines, chemical plants, and other facilities where
flammable gases are present and the possibility of an explosion exists. The remote sensing capability
allows large volumes of space to be monitored.
Engine emissions are another area where IR sensors are being researched. The sensor would detect
high levels of carbon monoxide or other abnormal gases in vehicle exhaust and even be integrated
with vehicle electronic systems to notify drivers.
3.1.5 Infrared imaging
Infrared image sensors include active and passive systems. For active sensing, IR imaging sensors
typically scan a laser across the field of view of a scene and look for backscattered light at the
absorption line wavelength of a specific target gas. Passive IR imaging sensors measure spectral
changes at each pixel in an image and look for specific spectral signatures that indicate the presence
of target gases The types of compounds that can be imaged are the same as those that can be detected
with infrared point detectors, but the images may be helpful in identifying the source of a gas.
3.1.6 Semiconductor
Semiconductor sensors detect gases by a chemical reaction that takes place when the gas comes in
direct contact with the sensor. Tin dioxide is the most common material used in semiconductor
sensors, and the electrical resistance in the sensor is decreased when it comes in contact with the
monitored gas. The resistance of the tin dioxide is typically around 50 kΩ in air but can drop to
around 3.5 kΩ in the presence of 1% methane.This change in resistance is used to calculate the gas
concentration. Semiconductor sensors are commonly used to detect hydrogen, oxygen, alcohol vapor,
and harmful gases such as carbon monoxide. One of the most common uses for semiconductor
sensors is in carbon monoxide sensors. They are also used in breathalyzers.Because the sensor must
come in contact with the gas to detect it, semiconductor sensors work over a smaller distance than
infrared point or ultrasonic detectors.
3.1.7 Ultrasonic
Ultrasonic gas leak detectors are not gas detectors per se. They detect the acoustic emission created
when a pressured gas expands in a low pressure area through a small orifice (the leak). They use
acoustic sensors to detect changes in the background noise of its environment. Since most
highpressure gas leaks generate sound in the ultrasonic range of 25 kHz to 10 MHz, the sensors are
able to easily distinguish these frequencies from background acoustic noise which occurs in the
audible range of 20 Hz to 20 kHz The ultrasonic gas leak detector then produces an alarm when there
is an ultrasonic deviation from the normal condition of background noise. Ultrasonic gas leak
detectors cannot measure gas concentration, but the device is able to determine the leak rate of an
escaping gas because the ultrasonic sound level depends on the gas pressure and size of the leak.
Ultrasonic gas detectors are mainly used for remote sensing in outdoor environments where weather
conditions can easily dissipate escaping gas before allowing it to reach leak detectors that require
contact with the gas to detect it and sound an alarm. These detectors are commonly found on offshore
and onshore oil/gas platforms, gas compressor and metering stations, gas turbine power plants, and
other facilities that house a lot of outdoor pipeline.
3.1.8 Holographic
Holographic gas sensors use light reflection to detect changes in a polymer film matrix containing a
hologram. Since holograms reflect light at certain wavelengths, a change in their composition can
generate a colorful reflection indicating the presence of a gas molecule However, holographic sensors
require illumination sources such as white light or lasers, and an observer or CCD detector.

3.2 Hydrocarbons and VOCs

Detection of hydrocarbons can be based on the mixing properties of gaseous hydrocarbons – or other
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) – and the sensing material incorporated in the sensor. The
selectivity and sensitivity depends on the molecular structure of the VOC and the concentration;
however, it is difficult to design a selective sensor for a single VOC. Many VOC sensors detect using
a fuel-cell method.
VOCs in the environment or certain atmospheres can be detected based on different principles and
interactions between the organic compounds and the sensor components. There are electronic devices
that can detect ppm concentrations despite not being particularly selective. Others can predict with
reasonable accuracy the molecular structure of the volatile organic compounds in the environment or
enclosed atmospheres and could be used as accurate monitors of the chemical fingerprint and further
as health monitoring devices.
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) techniques are used to collect VOCs at low concentrations for
analysis.
Direct injection mass spectrometry techniques are frequently utilized for the rapid detection and
accurate quantification of VOCs. PTR-MS is among the methods that have been used most
extensively for the on-line analysis of biogenic and antropogenic VOCs. Recent PTR-MS instruments
based on time-of-flight mass spectrometry have been reported to reach detection limits of 20 pptv
after 100 ms and 750 ppqv after 1 min measurement (signal integration) time. The mass resolution of
these devices is between 7000 and 10,500 m/Δm, thus it is possible to separate most common
isobaric VOCs and quantify them independently.
3.3 Considerations for detection of hydrocarbon gases/risk control

• Methane is lighter than air (possibility of accumulation under roofs)

• Ethane is slightly heavier than air (possibility of pooling at ground levels/pits)
• Propane is heavier than air (possibility of pooling at ground levels/pits)
• Butane is heavier than air (possibility of pooling at ground levels/pits)
 CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED SYSTEM
Grove - Gas Sensor(MQ2)

The Grove - Gas Sensor(MQ2) module is useful for gas leakage detection (home and industry). It is
suitable for detecting H2, LPG, CH4, CO, Alcohol, Smoke or Propane. Due to its high sensitivity
and fast response time, measurement can be taken as soon as possible. The sensitivity of the sensor
can be adjusted by potentiometer.

Features

• Wide detecting scope

• Stable and long lifetime
• Fast response and High sensitivity
We have used a LPG gas sensor module to detect LPG Gas. When LPG gas leakage occurs, it
gives a HIGH pulse on its DO pin and arduino continuously reads its DO pin. When Arduino gets
a HIGH pulse from LPG Gas module it shows “LPG Gas Leakage Alert” message on 16x2 LCD
and activates buzzer which beeps again and again until the gas detector module doesn't sense the
gas in environment. When LPG gas detector module gives LOW pulse to arduino, then LCD
shows “No LPG Gas Leakage” message.
Components Used

1. Arduino UNO R3
2. LPG Gas sensor Module
3. Buzzer
4. BC 547 Transistor
5. 16x2 LCD
6. 1K resistor
7. Bread board
8. 9 volt battery
9. Connecting wires

LPG Gas Sensor Module

This module contains a MQ3 sensor which actually detects LPG gas, a comparator (LM393) for
comparing MQ3 output voltage with reference voltage. It gives a HIGH output when LPG gas is
sensed. A potentiometer is also used for controlling sensitivity of gas sensing. This module is very
easy to interface with microcontrollers and arduino and easily available in market by name “LPG
Gas Sensor Module”. We can also build it by using LM358 or LM393 and MQ3.
Circuit Diagram and Description sensitivity of this sensor module by inbuilt
 potentiometer placed on it. arduino pin number 13 through a NPN BC547 transistor having a 1 k
resistor at its base.

Program Description then performed

operation according to input.

For testing this project we have used a cigarette lighter which contains LPG gas.

Code:
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(3, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7);
#define lpg_sensor 18 #define
buzzer 13 void setup()
{
pinMode(lpg_sensor, INPUT);
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.print("LPG Gas Detector");
lcd.setCursor(0,1); lcd.print("Circuit
Digest"); delay(2000); } void loop()
{
if(digitalRead(lpg_sensor))
{
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);
lcd.clear(); lcd.print("LPG
Gas Leakage");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1); lcd.print("
Alert "); delay(400);
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
delay(500);
}

else
{
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
lcd.clear(); lcd.print(" No
LPG Gas ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1); lcd.print("
Leakage "); delay(1000);
}
}
Advantages of Gas Detection

4.1 Advantages

• The pipe inspection robot inspects situation inside the pipe which will be recorded and
displayed on the monitor screen, it also facilitates working personnel for effective
observation, detection, quick analysis and diagnosis.
• Save comprehensive investment, improve work efficiency, more accurate detection.
• Reduce the frequency of entering into the testing environment.
• Operating cost related to other method is low.
• Cost of manufacturing of this robot is relatively low.

4.2 Limitation of pipe inspection robot

• Pipe inspection robots have such limitations as their ability to turn in a T-shaped pipe or
move in a plug valve.
• Another drawback of earlier robots is that the friction between the pipe and the cables for
communication and power supply makes it difficult to move a long distance. A fiber optic
communication system can reduce the friction.
• This robot does not work in water.
• This robot works only in empty pipe.
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION & RESULT

5.1 SUMMARY

“Gas leak Deection” is a project based on to enhance man and machine safety in a petrochemical
industry. As petroleum industries are the largest process control industry it is also highly prone to
major fire and gas disasters. A petrochemical industry has excessively high amount of crude oil
stored within a confined area. Therefore presence of any external source which can cause heat or fire
would lead to a major disaster. Even the gas that are present in petroleum refineries are hazardous.
And another instance, the Vishakhapatnam, HPCL refinery tragedy claimed lives of 30 people.
Though a gas and fire detection system was present which is connected to the sensors using large
number of wires that run from the control room to various plant areas. But during the fire the wire
itself got damaged, so the information did not reach the control room. Therefore our system is
developed with the aim of overcoming the restrictions and disadvantages of the existing system. The
system we have designed is an integrated system which will monitor timely gas leakage in any area
around the plant using Arduino which is a wireless communication device. We have also proposed a
new system which monitors human density within the plant area. Therefore Integrated plant safety
monitor system based on Arduino can realize workers attendance registration, Real-time precise
positioning, Dynamic gas concentration monitoring, Real-time data transmission & Danger alarm.
This project is focused on implementing the newly designed integrated system in CPCL, Manali.
5.2 CONCLUSION

“gas monitoring system using Arduino” is developed to enhance man and machine safety in a
petroleum refinery. The main objective of the project was early detection of gas leakage around the
plant area. With the detection of a gas leak the sensor present in the plant area as well as with the
plant area workers alerts the control room personnel. Therefore with this system even the human
density in the plant area was determined. We have also analyzed various wireless technologies and
various hardware and software approaches that can be implemented. After implementing this system
in CPCL, Manali it was found out to be more efficient than the previously existing system. And with
the introduction of Arduino the whole project cost was also reduced and human safety level was also
increased.

5.3 FUTURE SCOPE

In addition to the developed system, the system can be enhanced by adding a control element
which controls the gas leakage if it exceeds the specified upper explosive level for the various gases
in the plant area. This can be achieved by any gas leakage indication in any part of the plant alerts the
control room and then the control valve is shut off. Therefore preventing any hazard arising due to
gas leakage.
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• Theory of Machine -Prof. R. S. Khurmi & Prof. J. K. Gupta.

• Automation production systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing -
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Automation Society (May 1, 2002)Year of Publication: 2012