Parasite Megatable

🐌PARA PARAAN🐌 Peepeepoopoo MTLE one take cutie
PARASITE MEGATABLE
NEMATODES
● Phylum Nemathelminthes
● Generally: Roundworms are unembryonated, elongated and cylindrical in shape
● Sensory organ: chemoreceptors
● Females may be:
○ Oviparous
○ Viviparous
○ Larviparous
● Development Stages: Ova → Larvae → Adult
● 3 morphological forms
○ Ova: vary in size and shape
○ Larvae: long and slender
○ Adult: females are usually larger and adults have complete digestive and reproductive tracts
Parasite Common Name Ova Adult IS DS Habitat Int. Host 2nd Int. Pathology MOT Details Treatment
Host
Trichuris trichiura Whipworm Embryonated Unembryonate Large – – ● Rectal Fecal Oral ● Mistaken for C. ● Albendazole
ova in d ova in feces intestine prolapse philippinensis ● Mebendazole
soil/feces (DFS) ● IDA ● Can also be seen ● Oxantel-Pyrantel
No lung ● ↓ Albumin in children and
Embryonated migration ● Appendicitis psychiatric
in soil (STH) patients
● M: Curved
Japanese ● F: Blunt;
lantern/Barrel/Football/Lemon contains
shaped stichocytes
2 Bipolar Mucus Plugs
Enterobius Pinworm Embryonated Embryonated Ileum, – – ● Pruritus ani Hand to ● Retroinfection is ● Albendazole
vermicularis ova perianal ova Cecum ● Inflammation mouth possible ● Mebendazole
Seatworm (Scotch (adult) ● Irritation ● Pyrantel
tape/cellophan ● Nausea Inhalation pamoate
Eastworm e swab) Migration to ● Vomiting
perianal ● Difficulty
Worm of Lopsided/D-shaped/Football ● Spindle shaped area (gravid sleeping
Civilization shaped ● Contains female)
cephalic alae
● M: Curved tail
● F: Pointed tail
BS EMPTY (joke not mine, ctto: MedTech KNOWS from twt)

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Trichinella spiralis – Encysted Encysted Muscle of – – ● Rheumatic Ingestion of ● Causes ● If not serious, no
larvae (pork larvae (Tissue man or pig pain encysted elevations in treatment
meat) biopsy) ● Eosinophilia larvae in LDH, Aldolase, ● Prednisone for
Ocular area ● Swollen uncooked Creatinine severe infection
eyelids pork Phosphokinase ● Corticosteroid
Deltoid ● Blurred vision for allergic
● Thread-like ● Edema reaction
Encysted larva with spearlike ● F: blunt Pectoralis ● Cough
burrowing tip ● M: curved with ● Weakness
cloaca and Tongue ● Fever
clasping papillae ● Headache
Heart ● Nausea
● Diarrhea
● Vomiting
● Death by
myocardial
infarction/enc
ephalitis
Capillaria Pudoc worm Larva in raw Ova, Larvae Small Bagsit – ● Borborygmi Ingestion of ● Caused an ● Electrolyte
philippinensis fish (DFS and Kato intestine ● Intestinal larvae in raw epidemic in replacement
Katz) Bagsan malabsorption fish Ilocos Sur in ● High protein diet
Embryonated ● Abdominal 1966 ● Mebendazole
● F: Embryonated ova in Bacto pain ● Typical female: ● Albendazole
ova freshwater ● Diarrhea 8-10 eggs in a
● M: chitinized Birut ● Villi flattening row
spicule and long ● Death by ● Atypical female:
Guitar/Peanut shaped sheath Ipon electrolyte 40-45 eggs in 2-3
loss rows
Guppy
Ascaris lumbricoides Giant Embryonated Embryonated Small – – ● 5-10 worms: Ingestion of ● Lipoidal layer: ● Albendazole
Roundworm ova ova (DFS) intestine Asymptomatic ova inner and ● Mebendazole
● Petechial nonpermeable
Larva Liver to lung hemorrhage layer; absent in
migration in lungs due unfertilized ova
● F: Embryonated to larval ● Glycogen layer:
ova migration middle, thick and
● M: Chitinized ● Pneumonia transparent layer
spicule ● Vague ● Mamillated
Corticated and fertilized abdominal albuminoid layer:
pain outer; no more
● Vomiting refractile
● Fever granules
● Distention of ● Has trilobate lips
Female mass worms
causing
intestinal
obstruction
Corticated and unfertilized ● Eosinophilia

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● Cough
● Secondary
bacterial
infection
Male
Decorticated and fertilized
Decorticated and unfertilized
Ancylostoma Old World L3 filariform Embryonated Small – – ● Intense Oral ● Collectively ● Pyrantel
duodenale Hookworm larvae ova (DFS, Kato intestine allergic Percutaneous known as pamoate
Katz) itch/Ground hookworms ● Mebendazole
Can migrate itch ● Ova are ● Iron replacement
to lungs ● Cutaneous indistinguishable for
Larva ● Differentiate asymptomatic
Migrans species
● Sore throat according to
4-8 cells with embryonic ● 2 pairs of ● Bloody dentition
cleavage prominent sputum
ventral teeth ● Wheezing
Thin and colorless shell ● Copulatory ● Headache
bursa ● Mild
pneumonia
Necator americanus New World with cough Skin
Hookworm ● Microcytic penetration
hypochromic by filariform
anemia larvae
● Semi-luna
cutting plates
● Fin-like
copulatory bursa
Strongyloides Threadworm L3 filariform Rhabditiform Small – – ● Diarrhea Skin ● Soil transmitted ● Albendazole
stercoralis larvae larvae in stool intestine (Cochin penetration helminth ● Ivermectin
(fresh stool or China by filariform ● Parthenogenetic
duodenal Can migrate Disease) larvae females
aspirate/Entero to lungs and ● Abdominal
test) bloodstream pain Autoinfection

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8 cell with embryonic cleavage ● Filariform larvae ● Urticaria

with notched tail Ova (zinc ● Eosinophilia
Thin shell and genital sulfate ● Vomiting
primordium concentration) ● Constipation
● Weight Loss
● Variable
Anemia
● Lobular
Pneumonia
● Malabsorption
Brugia malayi Malayan filarial – L3 Larvae in Microfilaria Lymphatics Mosquitoes: – ● Fever Bite from ● Adults are long, ● Diethylcarbamaz
worm arthropod (Blood smear ● Granulomato arthropod creamy and ine (DEC)
or Knott’s Bloodstream Aedes us lesions vector filariform in ● Anti-inflammator
Concentration) ● Chills morphology but y drugs
Anopheles ● Lymphadeno W. bancrofti and
pathy B. malayi adults
Mansonia ● Lymphangitis are
● Elephantiasis indistinguishable
● Hydrocele ● To diagnose
● Sheathed properly, collect
● Contains blood following
cephalic space nocturnal
● Kinky curvatures periodicity
● Secondary kinks ● The best time to
● Large excretory collect blood is
cells 10pm to 2 am
● 2 nuclei at tip of ● The effects of
tail elephantiasis and
● Column of nuclei hydrocele are
are in 2 rows irreversible
which are
distinct or
confluent
Wuchereria bancrofti Bancrofti’s filarial – Mosquitoes: ● Granulomato ● Diethylcarbamaz

worm us lesions ine (DEC)
Culex ● Eosinophilia ● Ivermectin
● Fever ● Surgical removal
Aedes ● Chills ● Unna’s paste
● Elephantiasis boots
Anopheles ● Calabar ● Elastic
Swelling bandages
● Blindness ● Simple elevation
● Sheath longer ● Calcification
than larvae of abscesses
● Dark stained upon death of
nuclei with adult worm
external axis
● Graceful
curvature

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● Nuclei are not

terminal and
appear in 2-3
rows
Loa loa Eye worm – L3 Larvae Microfilaria in Subcutaneo Deer fly – ● Calabar Bite from ● Specific to Africa ● Diethylcarbamaz
blood smear or us tissue (Chrysops) swelling vector ine (DEC)
biopsy ● Subconjunctiv ● Corticosteroids
al migration of ● Surgery
adult
● Sheath may be
shed
Dracunculus Guinea worm – L3 Larvae Microfilaria in Mesenteric Copepods – ● Blisters with Ingestion of ● Disease has ● Metronidazole
Medinensis lesions tissue serous infective already been ● Thiabendazole
exudates copepods eliminated in 19
May migrate ● Pseudoperito of 21 countries
to lower neal and is on the
extremities syndromes verge of
eradication
Onchocerca volvulus – – L3 Larvae Microfilaria in Subcutaneo Black Fly – ● Pruritus Bite from ● Specific to Africa ● Diethylcarbamaz
biopsy us tissue (Simulium) ● Dermatitis vector but can also be ine (DEC)
● Onchocercom seen in Latin ● Corticosteroids
ata America and the ● Surgery
● Lymphadeno Middle East
pathy
● Ocular
lesions (River
blindness)
Parastrongylus Rat Lungworm L3 Larvae Larvae in brain Brain Giant – ● Severe Ingestion of ● Formerly known ● No
cantonensis African intermittent larva in snails as antihelminthic
Spinal cord Snail: occipital/bite Angiostrongylus treatment
mporal cantonensis ● Mebendazole
Achatina headache ● Discovered in and Albendazole
fulica ● Eosinophilic Canton China in have been
meningoence 1935 effective
Hemiplegia phalitis ● Man is an ● Surgical removal
sagittifera ● Leptomeningit accidental host of worm from the
Elongated, Ovoidal with delicate is ● Difficult to eyes (P.
hyaline sheath Hemiplegia encephalomal diagnose since cantonensis)
macrostoma acia the adult resides
● Filiform (post-mortem) in the brain
● F: Barber’s pole Vaginulus ● Presumptive
pattern (milky plebeius diagnosis is

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white uterine made through

tubules that are Veronicella travel history and
spirally wound altae history of
around a intestine of
blood-filled snails, crabs or
intestine) leafy vegetables
● M: well ● May be
developed diagnosed with
caudal bursa marked
(kidney shaped) eosinophilia
● Rats are the final
hosts
Angiostrongylus – – Larvae in Intestinal Snails – ● Mimics ● Hispid common

costaricensis intestinal wall wall appendicitis, rats (Sigmodon
Slugs Crohn’s hispidus) are the
(Veronicellid disease, or final hosts but
ae & Meckel’s may also be
Limacidae) diverticulum found in other
● Eosinophilia species of rats
● Intestinal such as black
● Adult found in obstruction rats (Rattus
biopsy and rattus),
perforation short-tailed
● Ectopic zygodonts
infection (Zygodontomys
brevicauda),
spiny pocket
mice (Heteromys
adspersus), and
pygmy rice rats
(Oligoryzomys
fulvescens)
Toxocara spp – L3 larvae or L3 larvae Various – – ● Visceral Ingestion of ● Seen more in ● Mebendazole
ova tissue as Larva infective ova cats and dogs as ● Albendazole
Toxocara canis they migrate Migrans in soil they are the ● Most patients
(dogs) throughout ● Ocular Larva definitive hosts recover without
the body Migrans ● Humans are treatment
Toxocara cati (cats) ● Covert accidental hosts
Toxocariasis:
coughing,
T. canis adult with wheezing,
trilobate lips chronic/recurr
ent abdominal
pain,
hepatomegaly
, sleep
disturbance,
headache,

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malaise,
anorexia
T. cati with trilobate

lips
T. canis with broad

alae and striations
T. cati with
prominent digitiform
point
Anisakis Herring Worm L3 Larvae Larvae (via – Marine – Pseudoterranova Ingestion of ● Commonly seen ● Mechanical
endoscopy) crustaceans spp: Throat infective in Japan where removal using
Cod Worm and fish irritation (Tingling marine raw fish are endoscopic
throat syndrome) crustaceans normally ingested forceps
Seal Worm and fish (via ● Anisakid ● Corticosteroids
Anisakis simplex: sashimi and members for allergic
reaction regarding sushi, etc) include: Anisakis anisakiasis
larvae, simplex, the ● Albendazole for
inflammation of Pseudoterranova intestinal
stomach and decipiens anisakiasis
intestines complex and the
Contracecum
osculatum
Anisakiasis: local
complex
tissue response
● The definitive
and possible
host of A.
perforation of

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bowels simplex are

composed of
Gastric: less several cetacean
acute and species while the
exudative than definitive host of
intestinal with P. decipiens are
severe abdominal composed of
pain, nausea and pinnipeds.
vomiting; larvae ● The definitive
may be hosts for
regurgitated and Contracecum
symptoms are osculatum
similar with peptic complex are
ulcer, cholecystitis found in the
and bearded seal
gastroenteritis (Erignathus
barbatus), and
Intestinal: severe the gray seal
eosinophilic (Halichoerus
granulomatous grypus)
response ● Seals and
dolphins are
considered as
paratenic hosts
TREMATODES
● Aka flukes
● Possess 2 muscular suckers – oral and ventral
○ Except for Heterophyes: 3 suckers
● Requires at least 1 intermediate host
○ Mollusk
○ Aquatic life
● Leaf-like shape
● Hermaphroditic except for Schistosoma spp.
● Ova are operculated except for Schistosoma spp.
● Requires at least 2 IHs except for Schistosoma spp.
● First IH is always a snail
● IS: metacercariae except for Schistosoma spp.
● Larval stages: miracidium → sporocyst → rediae → cercariae → metacercariae
● Embryonated when ova is laid: Schistosoma, Heterophyes, Opisthorchis, Clonorchis
● Unembryonated when ova is laid: Paragonimus westermani, Echinostoma ilocanum, Fasciola, Fasciolopsis buski
● 2nd IH
○ Fish: Heterophyes, Opisthorchis, Clonorchis
○ Crab: Paragonimus Westermani
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○ Plants: Fasciola, Fasciolopsis
○ Snail: Echinostoma ilocanum
Host
Schistosoma Oriental Blood Embryonated Liver, Oncomelania – ● Schistosome Skin ● Adults are found ● Praziquantel
japonicum Fluke ova in stool Mesenteric hupensis Cercarial penetratio in copula as the
(DFS, FECT, venules, quadrasi Dermatitis: n by males hold the
Kato-Katz, and small inflammation, cercariae females through
MIFC) and in intestine, allergic reaction, in infected their
rectal biopsies heart, petechial water gynecophoric
Cercaria spleen, hemorrhages, canal
CNS localized edema ● Cercariae are
and pruritus able to penetrate
Smallest ova ● Pulmonary the skin with lytic
Schistosomiasis enzymes
Pear shaped with thin shell and : Cor ● Only the head
recurved hook/lateral knob pulmonale, enters, turning
● Katayama the cercaria into
Fever: fever, a schistosomule
chills, ● All are capable
hepatosplenom of migration
egaly, ● All become
dysentery, dioecious adults
lymphadenopat that deposit eggs
hy in the blood
● Fulminant vessels which
meningoenceph can travel
alitis around to other
● Intestinal organs
mucosal ● Egg deposition
inflammation, occurs after
hyperplasia, 24th-29th day
ulcerations, after penetration
microabscesses ● It takes 10 days
, blood loss and to embryonate
lower abdominal ● Infective stage to
pain snail is the
● Hepatosplenic miracidium
schistosomiasis ● Once miracidium
● Fibro-Obstructiv enters the snail,
e Hepatic it becomes a
Schistosomiasis sporocyst
● Eggs only hatch
in clean fresh
water with
sufficient oxygen
● Ideally, they
grow in water at

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Schistosoma Vesical Blood Embryonated Adult: Biomphalaria – ● Dysuria and 25-31oC and at ● Praziquantel
haematobium Fluke ova in urine bladder, hematuria slightly alkaline ● Metrifonate
liver ● Yellow sandy pH
patches in ● Worms ingest
Larvae: vesical mucosa RBCs and
Venous ● Granuloma possess
plexuses formation, hemoglobinase
Elliptical shaped with a terminal fibrosis and that breaks
spine ulceration and globulin and
pseudo hemoglobin
abscesses in ● For the detection
bladder of S.
● Cor pulmonale haematobium,
the best time to
Schistosoma mansoni Mansoni’s Blood Embryonated Liver, Bulinus – ● Cercarial collect urine is at ● Praziquantel
Fluke ova in stool Mesenteric dermatitis 12-3PM
(blood, mucus) venules, ● Katayama-like ● To determine ova
and in rectal lungs fever viability, perform
biopsies ● Hepatosplenic Faust-Meleney’s
Schistosomiasis Egg Hatching
● Nephrotic Technique
syndrome (positive: egg
Elliptical with a lateral spine
● Spinal cord hatches)
Schistosomiasis ● COPT may also
be used as a
confirmatory test
(positive: bleb
formation)
● Antigens:
Circulating
cathodic
antigens (CCA),
Circulating
anodic antigen
(CAA), and
Soluble Egg
Antigen (SEA)
Fasciola hepatica Sheep Liver Metacercariae Unembryonated Bile duct of Lymnaea Kangkong ● Triad of High Ingestion ● Ova is recovered ● Triclabendaz
Fluke encysted on ova in feces sheep philippinensis (Ipomea Fever, of infected from FECT and ole
aquatic and duodenal obscura) Hepatomegaly, aquatic Kato-Katz ● Bithionol
Temperate Liver vegetation aspirates Lymnaea and Marked plants ● Difficult to
Fluke ● Presence of auricularia Watercress Eosinophilia distinguish ova
cephalic cone rubiginosa (Nasturtium ● Jaundice due to from F. buski
with prominent officinale) obstruction of ● Ova is reported
shoulders bile ducts as Fasciola egg
Contains vitelline cells and an ● Pain ● Man is the
operculum ● Anorexia occasional host
● Liver rot in ● Final host of F.
sheep hepatica: sheep
● Persistence of ● Final host of F.

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Fasciola gigantica Giant Liver Fluke Similar morphology of F. Unembryonated Biliary tract adults in biliary gigantica: cattle
hepatica ova but larger ova of larger ducts ● Embryonation
Tropical Liver herbivores ● Fibrosis/cirrhosi occurs in the
Fluke such as s water for 9-16
cattle ● Migrate to days
ectopic sites ● Adults are flat
● Halzoun/Marrar and broad with
a branched testes
● Pseudo and dendritic
Fascioliasis branching
ovaries
● Presence of
cephalic cone
without
prominent
shoulders
Clonorchis sinensis Chinese Liver Metacercariae Embryonated Biliary tract Parafossarul Cyprinoid ● Cholangiocarcin Ingestion ● Ova of both ● Praziquantel
Fluke encysted on ova in feces of humans us freshwater oma of infective species are
freshwater fish and in biliary fish ● Impaired liver uncooked indistinguishable
● Branched testes duodenal Bulinus function but fish ● Ova are similar
● Spatulate aspirates normal AST and with
● Largest oral Semisulcospi ALT Heterophyes but
Embryonated, sucker ra have an
pitcher-shaped/Old fashioned ● Flat and abopercular
light bulb appearance attenuated Melanoides knob
anteriority ● Higher in males
Contains opercular shoulders Thiara ● Testes: arranged
with a convex operculum in tandem
Alocinma ● Ovaries: lobed
Has an abopercular
protuberance
Opisthorchis felineus Cat Liver Fluke Similar with C. sinensis Biliary tract Bithynia ● Periportal
and small fibrosis
intestine of ● Invasion of
cats and pancreas
dogs ● Bile stones
● Ventral sucker is
larger than oral
sucker
● Lancet shaped

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Paragonimus Oriental Lung Metacercaria Unembryonated Parenchy Antemelania Mountain/fre ● Dry cough Ingestion ● Worm may not ● Praziquantel
westermani Fluke in crustaceans ova in stool or ma of asperata shwater crab ● Bloodstained/ru of reach lungs and ● Bithionol
sputum lungs (Sundathelph st colored undercook may become
Antemelania usa sputum with a ed crab erratic
Found in dactylus philippina) fishy odor ● Miracidium
fibrotic ● Similar to TB, undergoes 1
capsules Chronic sporocyst and 2
bronchitis and redial stages
bronchial ● Embryonation
asthma occurs in water,
Operculum at broad end ● Erratic moist soil or
Paragonimiasis leached feces
Contains opercular ● Coffee-bean (Cutaneous and within 2-7 weeks
shoulders/ridges shaped Cerebral) ● Reservoir: dogs,
● Rounded ● Granulomatous cats, rats
Contains abopercular anteriorly and reactions ● Reproduces in
thickening tapered ● Liquefaction pairs or in threes
posteriorly necrosis ● Cercariae
Large, golden brown and ● Testes are lobed ● Fibrinous gliosis contain spines;
unembryonated and in opposite ● Chronic they are
● Ovaries are 6 bronchiectasis ellipsoidal in
unbranched and pleural shape with small
lobes fibrosis (serious tail
● Intestinal ceca: sequelae) ● Cysteine
wavy ● Elevated IgE protease is
and eosinophils important in
development
● Cleaves IgG and
creates zone of
immune privilege
around worm
● Specimen of
choice: sputum
Fasciolopsis buski Giant Intestinal Metacercariae Unembryonated Duodenum Segmentina Water ● Inflammation Ingestion ● Ova takes 2 ● Praziquantel
Fluke in aquatic ova in stool of small caltrops and ulcerations of weeks to
plants intestine in Hippeutis (Trapa leading to encysted embryonate in
humans bicornis) bleeding metacerca freshwater
and pigs ● Gland riae in ● Reservoir: pig,
Water abscesses in aquatic dog, rabbit
chestnut mucosa plants ● Pathology only
(Eleocharis ● Obstructive due to adult
tuberosa) effects ● Diagnosed along
● Toxic effects with patient
Morning ● Marked history, eating
Glory eosinophilia habits and
(Ipomea ● Malabsorption clinical
Indistinguishable from Fasciola aquatica) of Vitamin B12 impression
Unembryonated and Large Kangkong

● Elongated and
(Ipomea

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Hen’s Egg Appearance oval obscura)

● Whitish brown
when fresh Lotus
● Ventral sucker is (Nymphaea
larger than oral lotus)
sucker
● No cephalic
cone
● Intestinal ceca is
simple and
unbranched
● Testes are
dendritic and in
tandem
● Ovaries are
branched at the
right of the
midline
● Fine vitelline
follicles ar lateral
margin
Heterophyes Minute Fishborne Metacercariae Embryonated Small Brackish Brackish ● Local Ingestion ● Smallest fluke ● Praziquantel
heterophyes Flukes in fish ova in stool intestine water snail water fish, inflammation at of ● Diagnosed via
(Pironella) saltwater attachment site encysted autopsy
fish, tilapia ● Colicky pain metacerca ● Cardiac
and mild riae in fish heterophyiasis is
Mullet (Mugil diarrhea mistaken for
cephalus) for ● Peptic ulcer Cardiac beri beri
● Pyriform shaped
Operculated with no H. disease and
● Fine tegument
abopercular protuberance heterophyes acid peptide
● Scale-like spines
disease
● Contains a
Small, ovoid and embryonated ● Granuloma
Gonotyl
formation in
● Testes
brain, spinal
arrangement
cord and heart
vary
● Extraintestinal
● Ovaries are
infection
globular
Metagonimus Brackish ● Most common

yokogawai water snail intestinal fluke in
(Semisulcosp SE Asia and Far
ira) East Asia
● Diagnosed via
autopsy
● Pyriform shaped ● Cardiac
● Fine tegument heterophyiasis is
● Scale-like spines mistaken for
Operculated with no ● Testes Cardiac beri beri
abopercular protuberance arrangement

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vary
Small, ovoid and embryonated ● Ovaries are
globular
Echinostoma ilocanum Garrison’s Fluke Metacercariae Unembryonated Small Gyraulus Kuhol (Pila ● Inflammation at Ingestion ● No sporocyst ● Praziquantel
ova in stool intestines convexiuscul luzonica) site of of stage
us attachment metacerca ● Endemic in North
Susong ● Bloody Diarrhea riae in Luzon
Hippeutis Pampang and abdominal snail ● High incidence in
umbilicalis (Vivipara pain rainy weather
angularis) ● Intoxication due ● 2nd IH is more
to worm abundant in rice
Dot-like operculum metabolites paddies in rainy
season
Ovoid, straw-colored ● Important
Reservoir: Rats
● Tapers at ● 10 days to
posterior embryonate in
● Circumoral Disk freshwater
with 49-51 collar
spines
● Testes: deeply
bilobed in
tandem
● Single ovary
Dicrocoelium Lanceolate/Lanc Metacercariae Embryonated Liver and Cionella Ant (Formica ● Enlargement of Ingestion ● Man is an ● Praziquantel
dendriticum et Fluke in infected ova in stool Bile duct of lubrica fusca) bile duct of infective accidental host
cows or ants human or ● Hyperplasia of ant or cow ● Final hosts are
or cow/sheep epithelium herbivores that
● Cirrhosis accidentally eat
Fasciola dendriticum ● Periductal infected ants
fibrosis ● Cercariae are
or released by
slime ball from
Large, operculated and
Fasciola lanceolata the snail
embryonated
● Lancet/Blade
like
● Aspinous
● Ventral sucker is
larger than oral
sucker

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Eurytrema Pancreatic Fluke Metacercariae Embryonated Biliary and Macrochlamy Ant ● Destruction of Ingestion ● Final host: pig, ● Praziquantel
pancreaticum ova in stool pancreatic s indica (Technomyr pancreas of sheep, cattle,
ducts mex ● Possible to ant/grassh goat
detergens) cause Type I opper ● Man is an
DM accidental host
Grasshopper ● Chronic
granulomatous
Similar to Lancet Fluke pancreatitis
● Leaf-shaped ● Enlargement of
● 2 notched testes pancreas
● 1 notched ovary
● Ruffled body
margin
CESTODES
● Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Cestoda
● Facultative
● Bilaterally symmetrical excretory system, collecting tube, and capillaries which terminate at flame cells
● Compressed dorso-ventrally
● Has a definite anteroposterior axis
● Lacks a circulatory system
● Reproductive organs are highly elaborated and complicated
● Most are hermaphroditic/monoecious
● Adults inhabit intestinal tract
● Usually ribbon-like or tape-like and segmented
● Consist of 3 different regions
○ Scolex: holdfast organ
○ Neck: region of growth
○ Strobila: composed of series of segments called proglottids
● Larvae parasitize tissue of vertebrate
● Life cycle includes: egg with hexacanth embryo → larval stage → adult stage
● Intestinal species:
○ Taenia saginata
○ Taenia solium
○ Hymenolepis nana
○ Hymenolepis diminuta
○ Dipylidium caninum
○ Diphyllobothrium latum
● Extraintestinal species: Echinococcus granulosus

15
Host
Taenia solium Pork tapeworm Cysticercus Embryonated Small Hogs, wild – ● Diarrhea Ingestion ● Ova are similar ● Praziquantel
cellulosae ova or gravid intestines boars; ● Abdominal pain of and ● Total
(larvae) found proglottids in of humans ● Change in undercook indistinguishable eradication of
in pig muscle stool also seen in appetite ed and between one the scolex
Cysticerco sheep, deer, ● Slight weight infected another ● Paromomycin
Spherical sis in dogs, loss pork ● Ova are also (alternative)
● Globular scolex vesicle that is muscles monkeys, ● Dizziness similar with E. ● Quinacrine
Indistinguishable between ● 4 cup shaped milky white rats, and cats ● Vomiting granulosus hydrochloride
species suckers and ● Nausea ● Larvae may be (alternative)
● Rostellum opalescent ● Moderate macroscopically
Contains hexacanth embryo armed with 2 eosinophilia present on the
with 3 pairs of hooklets rows of Scolex has 4 meat as white
hooks/hooklets suckers with a sacs
Radial striations appear on a ● Short neck crown of ● Known as Human
yellow-brown embryophore hooks Cysticercosis if
humans are
infected by the
larvae
● Scolex can only
be seen post
● 800-1000 treatment
● Has a common ● Perianal swabs
genital pore result in high egg
● No body cavity recovery
● Nutrition ● Common in areas
absorbed with poor
through sanitation
tegument ● T. saginata is
● Gravid: 5-13 more common in
uterine branches cosmopolitan
areas whereas T.
Taenia saginata Beef tapeworm Cysticercus Small Cattle – Ingestion solium is seen
bovis (larvae) intestine of of worldwide
man Also seen in undercook
Similar to C. llama, ed and
cellulosae carabao, infective
giraffe beef
● Similar to T.
solium
● Without
rostellum
● Without spines
or hooks

16
● Gravid: 15-30
uterine branches
Hymenolepis diminuta Rat Tapeworm Cysticerci Embryonated Small Arthropods – ● Diarrhea Ingestion ● Only ova is ● Praziquantel
(larvae) found ova in stool intestine such as meal ● Nausea of recovered in stool ● Quinacrine
from insects moths, ● Abdominal pain cysticercoi ● Proglottids are ● Niclosamide
earwigs, ● Anorexia d larvae never usually
beetles, found in found as they
cockroaches, arthropods disintegrate in the
rat fleas human gut
● Scolices are
Hexacanth embryo with 3 pairs rarely seen
of hooklets
Presence of polar thickening

● Small, club
Absence of polar filaments shaped scolex
● 4 cup shaped
Colorless embryophore suckers
● Contains a
rudimentary
unarmed
rostellum
● Gravid: Sac-like
uterus filled with
eggs
● 800-1300
proglottids

17
Hymenolepis nana Dwarf Tapeworm Embryonated Embryonated Small Flour/yeast – ● Man is ● Praziquantel
ova and ova in stool intestine beetle occasionally ● Niclosamide
cysticerci infective (alternative)
(larvae) ● Autoinfection
occurs if egg
remains in
intestine as they
release the
Similar to H. diminuta ● Rhomboidal embryo and
scolex penetrate the
Contains polar filaments ● 4 cup shaped intestinal villus
suckers
● Contains short
retractile
rostellum armed
with a ring of
2-30 spines
● 96-840
proglottids
● Similar with H.
diminuta
Dipylidium caninum Dog Tapeworm Cysticercoid Gravid Small Dog flea – ● Appetite loss Ingestion ● Single eggs are ● Praziquantel
larvae in proglottids and intestine of (Ctenocephal ● Diarrhea of infected rarely seen ● Niclosamide
Double-pored arthropod egg packets dog and ides canis) ● Abdominal arthropod ● Primarily infects (alternative)
Tapeworm cat or discomfort dogs and cats but ● Paromomycin
human Cat flea ● Indigestion may accidentally (alternative)
(Ctenocephal ● Anal pruritus infect humans
● 4 deeply cupped ides felis)
suckers
● Contains a Human flea
median conical (Pulex
rostellum with irritans)
1-7 circles of
spines Dog louse
Known as an egg packet (Trichodectes
canis)
Contains 5-30 eggs per packet
Possesses 6 hooked
oncosphere
● Double set of

18
reproductive
organs
● Has a genital
pore on each
side
Diphyllobothrium latum Broad Tapeworm Plerocercoid Operculated Small Copepods Fishes ● Digestive Ingestion ● Found in ● Praziquantel
larvae ova and intestine of (Cyclops & discomfort of infected temperate regions ● Niclosamide
Fish Tapeworm encysted in proglottids in humans Diaptomus) ● Overall fish worldwide
fish stool weakness ● Ova recovered in
● Weight loss stool
● Abdominal pain ● Proglottids and
● Vitamin B12 scolices are rarely
● Unarmed scolex deficiency which seen
Contains operculum and with no hooklets results to ● Passage of
abopercular knob and a ● Contains dorsal Vitamin B12 scolex without
coracidium and ventral Deficiency proglottids
sucking organ Anemia indicate
known as a successful
bothrium treatment
● Spatulate scolex ● May be mistaken
with a pair of for pernicious
deep sulci anemia due to a
● Almond deficiency in
shaped/spoon Vitamin B12
shaped scolex ● Known as a
● Has a thin neck Pseudophyllidean
that is
unsegmented
and longer neck
than head
● Mature
proglottids
contain a fully
developed male
and female set
of reproductive
organs
● Gravid: uterus
appears in
rosette formation

19
Echinococcus Dog/Hydatid Embryonated Hydatid Cyst Small Sheep – ● Symptoms Ingestion ● Dogs are the ● Surgical
granulosus Worm ova for intestine depend on size of definitive hosts removal of
humans and location of embryonat while humans are cysts
hydatid cysts ed ova the accidental ● Mebendazole,
Hydatid sand ● Little discomfort (human) hosts albendazole,
for dogs for ● Scolices, and
Found in approximately 1 Ingestion daughter cysts, Praziquantel
biopsies year or more of infected brood capsules are alternative
● Scolex has a ● Cyst enlarges sheep and hydatid sand choices
Ova similar to Taenia ova Contains 3 and its rupturing (dogs) may be recovered
prominent layers being a
rostellum with 4 may occur from hydatid fluid
Ova’s oncosphere hatches to pericyst, naturally ● Anaphylaxis may
penetrate the intestinal wall and cup shaped ectocyst
suckers causing occur if fluid
develops as a Hydatid Cyst (hyaline) and an anaphylactic escapes during
● Contains double endocyst
row of large and shock, collection
(germinal) eosinophilia,
small hooklets
allergic
Hydatid sand: reactions and/or
component in death
fluid of older ● Lung
cysts involvement:
● Has 3 main coughing,
segments being Consists of shortness of
the Immature, daughter cysts, breath, chest
Elongated free scolices, pain
mature, and hooklets and ● Liver
Long gravid non-descript involvement:
proglottids materials obstructive
jaundice
PROTOZOANS
● Eukaryotic organisms (possesses nucleus and organelles)
● Varies in shape, size locomotion
● Reproduce asexually (binary fission) or asexually and sexually (in Plasmodium species)
● Do not possess cell walls (only found in bacteria, plants, and fungi)
● Consist of nucleus and cytoplasm
Parasite Other Name Cyst Trophozoite IS DS Habitat Int. Host 2nd Int. Pathology MOT Details Treatment
Host

20
Entamoeba histolytica Amoeba Mature Cysts Trophozoites in Large – – ● Amebic Ingestion ● ELISA is most ● Metronidazole
wet stool intestines dysentery of cyst in sensitive test
(cecal and causing a flask contamina ● Contains lectin for
Cysts in formed sigmoidal-r like ulceration ted food attachment
stool ectal) ● Amoebapores
create holes on
Contains a sausage Liver for the lining of the
shaped/chromatoidal bar that extraint large intestine
acts as a food reserve ● Contains a amebiasis ● Cysteine
finger-like proteinases allow
Contains 4 nuclei with centrally pseudopod the parasite to
located karyosomes ● Fine and evenly penetrate
distributed intestinal mucosa
Fine and evenly distributed granules and adhere to
granules ● Centrally located underlying later
karyosome
Non-motile ● Contains 1
nuclei
● Unidirectional
and progressive
motility
● Cytoplasm may
appear green
due to ingested
RBCs
● Clean cytoplasm
Entamoeba coli – Mature cysts Trophozoites in – – – ● Non-pathogenic Ingestion ● Commensal –

wet stool ● Possibly may of cyst in microorganism
cause Traveler’s contamina
Cysts in formed Diarrhea ted food
stool
● Blunt
pseudopodia
Coarse peripheral chromatin ● Dirty cytoplasm
as it contains
8 nuclei with eccentrically ingested
located karyosomes bacteria
● Multi/non-directi
Non-motile onal and
nonprogressive
Broomstick appearance of motility
chromatoidal bar ● 1 nuclei

21
Endolimax nana – Mature cysts Trophozoites in – – – ● Non-pathogenic – ● Commensal –

wet stool microorganism
Cysts in formed
stool
● 1 nucleus with a
large and
4 nuclei with a large blot-like irregular
karyosome karyosome
● No peripheral
No peripheral chromatin chromatin
● Contains
Oval and cross-eyed ingested
appearance bacteria
● Contains a
Nomotile hyaline
pseudopods and
food vacuoles
Iodamoeba butschlii Amoeba of Swine Mature cysts Trophozoites in – – – ● Non-pathogenic – ● Commensal –

wet stool microorganism
Cysts in formed
stool
● 1 nucleus with
1 nucleus with a karyosome
a karyosome
that is surrounded by a later of
that is
achromatic granules and is
surrounded by
anchored to the nuclear
a later of
membrane
achromatic
granules and
Contains a large glycogen
is anchored to
vacuole
the nuclear
membrane
Non-motile
● Contains a
large glycogen
vacuole
● Sluggish
motility

22
Acanthamoeba – Trophozoite Cysts and CNS and – – ● Acanthamoeba Parasites ● Facultative and ● Fluorocytosine
and cysts in trophozoites in cornea Keratitis may enter aquatic ● Ketoconazole
infected tissue ● Granulomatous via eye, microorganism ● Amphotericin
waters Amebic nose and ● Most common B
Encephalitis breaks on species:
● Cutaneous skin when Acanthamoeba
Lesions in infected castellanii
Contains a double cyst wall with waters ● Can survive in
a rugged outer wall and ● No peripheral contact lens
polygonal inner wall chromatin solutions
● Contains ● For GAE
No peripheral chromatin acanthopods diagnosis: CSF is
(thorn-like collected
Central chromosome appendages) post-mortem
● Single nucleus ● For Keratitis:
● Contains epithelial biopsies
contractile or corneal
vacuoles scrapings are
● Finely collected
granulated
chromatin
● Eats Gram
negative
bacteria
● Centrally located
karyosome
Naegleria fowleri – Trophozoites Trophozoites in Brain – – ● Primary Amebic Water ● Facultative and ● Amphotericin
in infected CSF Meningoenceph activities aquatic protozoan B with
water alitis in infected ● Inhabits lakes, Clotrimazole
● Leukocytosis waters pools, tap water, ● Azithromycin,
with ↑ aircon liquid, Voriconazole
neutrophils, ↑ heating unit (new agents)
proteins ↓ liquids
glucose ● Thermophilic
Non-motile ● Contains an
● Contains a
lobular amoebostome
pseudopodia which acts as a
with directions food cup and aids
motility in attachment to
● Limax form or the brain. It is
slug-like also able to
release
phospholipases
that destroy brain
tissue
● Symptoms of
Flagellated amoeboflagellate PAM
with directional motility indistinguishable
from bacterial

23
Contains 2 anterior flagella meningitis
Balantidium coli – Cyst Cysts and Colon in – – ● Balantidial Ingestion ● Only ciliate that ● Metronidazole
trophozoite in humans Dysentery of cyst causes disease ● Iodoquinol
diarrheal stool causes a from ● Largest protozoan ● Tetracycline
flask-shaped contamina to infect man
ulceration with a ted food ● Reservoir: pigs
wide and round and water ● Virulence factor:
shape hyaluronidase
Non-motile ● Stool, biopsies or
● Has a thrown bronchoalveolar
2 nuclei (macro and washings may be
ball motility
micronuclei) collected
● 2 nuclei (macro
and micronuclei)
● Micronucelus:
for sexual
reproduction
● Macronucleus:
for asexual
reproduction and
vegetative
function
● Has a cytostome
for eating and a
cytopyge for
waste excretion
Blastocystis hominis – Cysts Cysts and GI tract – – ● Pathology is still Ingestion ● Commensal of ● Unsure and
trophozoites in question and of cysts the GI tract controversial
controversial ● Classified ● Usually
● Diarrhea, member of metronidazole
nausea, Stramenopiles is used
anorexia ● Suggested new
● May also be class: Class
associated with Blastocystea
Thick osmophilic electron dense
irritable bowel ● Previously
cyst wall ● Comes in 2
syndrome classified as a
forms being the
yeast in
Vacuolar and
Schizosaccharom
Ameboid form
yces
● Vacuolar form is
● Also previously
most common
associated with
● Vacuolar form
Blastomyces
contains a large
● Subtype 3 is the
central vacuole
most common
that pushes the
● Culture: Boeck
cytoplasm to the
and Drborhlav
periphery
● Ameboid forms
exhibit an active

24
extension and
retraction of
pseudopodia
Giardia lamblia Gay Bowel Cyst Trophozoite and Small and – – ● Traveler’s Ingestion ● Reservoir: ● Metronidazole
syndrome cysts large Diarrhea of cysts in Beavers (Castor) ● Tinidazole
Giardia duodenalis intestines ● Beaver Fever contamina ● Chlorine cannot (alternative)
● Gay Bowel ted food kill cysts but ● Furazolidone
Giardia intestinalis Syndrome iodine can be (alternative)
● Explosive used instead ● Albendazole
Contains 4 nuclei Watery Diarrhea ● Detected in DFS (alternative)
● Abdominal pain by collecting 3
Has a refractile hyaline cyst wall ● Excessive specimens in a
● Old man with
flatulence span of 10 days
Oval shaped eye glasses
● Steatorrhea with ● Detected with
appearance
rotten egg odor other methods
Contains 2 parabasal bodies ● Falling leaf
● Flattens villi of such as FECT,
and axonemes motility
small intestine Enterotest
● Contains 2
and Crypt (Beale’s string
Non-motile parabasal
Hypertrophy test), duodenal
bodies with a
aspirates,
Contain deeply stained curved clawhammer
serology,
fibrils shape and 2
molecular
nuclei
methods, biopsies
● Pyriform or pear
● Common in
shaped
children
● Contains an
● Increased
axostyle, 1 pair
incidence in
of anterior
MsMs
flagella, 2 pairs
● Sewage workers
of lateral
are at risk
flagella, and 1
● Blood type A
pair of posterior
individuals have a
flagella
high risk of
● 2 ventral sucking
developing
discs
disease
Dientamoeba fragilis – – Trophozoite Trophozoite Large – – ● Gastroenteritis Ingestion ● Formerly ● Iodoquinol

intestine ● Diarrhea of classified as an
● Abdominal pain trophozoit amoeba and is
● Anorexia es in now classified as
● Nausea contamina an
● 2 nuclei ● Vomiting ted food or amoeboflagellate
● Rose-like ● Fatigue water ● No cyst form
karyosome ● Weight loss ● Ingested with
● Easily destroyed Enterobius and
● May contain Ascaris
ingested ● Stool is fixed with
bacteria polyvinyl alcohol
● No visible or Schaudin’s

25
flagella fixative
● Angular
pseudopodia
● Non-progressive
motility
Trichomonas vaginalis Ping Pong – Trophozoite Trophozoite Urogenital – – ● Vaginal pruritus Intimate ● No cyst stage ● Metronidazole
Infection area with burning contact, ● Primarily affects (pregnant)
sensation infant females (70% of ● Tinidazole
● Frothy, yellow or delivery, cases) ● Be faithful to
green sharing of ● Pathogenic STD your partner
mucopurulent contamina ● Vaginal (not for
discharge ted towel discharge/urethral treatment but
● 1 nucleus
● Dysuria and/or discharge/urine nevertheless
● Pyriform/pear-sh
● Strawberry underwear may be used be faithful)
aped
cervix ● Smear: Giemsa
● 4 anterior
(inflammation or Papanicolau
flagella with 1
and ● Culture: Diamond
flagella
hemorrhages in Modified Medium,
embedded with
cervix) Feinberg
the undulating
● Neonatal Whittington,
membrane
pneumonia in Cysteine Maltose,
● Contains
infants Simplified
axostyle and
● Non-gonococcal Trypticase Serum
cytostome
urethritis, Semen Culture
● Undulating
epididymitis,
membrane is a
prostatitis, and
wave-like
sterility (if
structure found
untreated) in
on lateral portion
males
and is 1/2 the
body length,
attached on the
body via costa
● Contains
siderophilic/para
xostylar
granules
● Jerky tumbling
motility
Chilomastix mesnili – Cyst Cyst and Colon – – ● Non-pathogenic – ● Commensal –

Trophozoite microorganism
1 nucleus
Lemon shaped ● 1 nuclei

● Pyriform or Pear
Nipple appearance shaped

26
● Twisted jaw
Nonmotile appearance
● 3 anterior
flagella
● Contains a
Spiral Groove
(Shepherd's
Crook
appearance)
● Boring / Rotary /
Corkscrew /
Spiral forward
motility
Hemoflagellates
● Found in blood and other body fluids and in tissue
● Vector borne parasites
○ Transmitted by the bite of an infected vector
● Only infect humans
● Contains kinetoplasts and nuclei
● 4 morphological forms
○ Amastigote: aka Donovan Leishmania
■ Ovoidal
■ No flagellum
○ Promastigote: aka Leptomonas
■ Elongated
■ Spindle shaped
■ Anterior kinetoplast
○ Epimastigote: aka Crithidia
■ Has undulating membrane to medial part
■ Anterior kinetoplast
○ Trypomastigote: aka Trypanosoma
■ Posterior kinetoplast
■ Long undulating membrane
● All forms found in Trypanosoma cruzi
● Only epimastigotes and trypomastigotes found in T. brucei
● Only amastigote and promastigote are found in Leishmania
● Diagnostic stages: Amastigote and/or Trypomastigotes
● Medically important
○ Trypanosoma
○ Leishmania

27
Parasite Other Name In Human In Vector IS DS Habitat Int. Host 2nd Int. Host Pathology MOT Details Treatment
Trypanosoma Chagas Disease / Metacyclic Trypomastigote Reticuloendotheli Reduviid bug / – ● Acute: Feces of vector ● All ● Nifurtimox
cruzi American trypomastigotes al cells, cardiac Assassin bug / focal/diffuse enters bite morphological and
Trypanosomiasis muscle, CNS Kissing Bug / inflammation of wound forms are found Benznidazole
Triatomine Bug myocardium, in T. cruzi (for acute
(Triatoma fever, malaise, May be ● 3rd leading infection)
infestans or T. nausea, transplacental cause of ● Pacemakers,
Trypomastigotes sardida) vomiting, or accidental parasitic amiodarone,
lymphadenopat infection antiarrhythmic
Epimastigote Also found in hy, cutaneous ● No vaccine drugs (for
Triatoma, inflammation, available chronic
Panstrongylus, Chagomas, ● Acute infections infections)
and Rhodnius Romaña’s sign are diagnosed ● Special diets,
● Chronic: fibrotic by PBS, body laxatives and
reactions, Mega fluid surgery for
Syndrome examination, megasyndro
Amastigotes blood culture, mes
concentration
methods, PCR
and
xenodiagnosis
● Chronic
infections are
diagnosed with
serology and
PCR
Trypanosoma Rhodesian/East Epimastigotes Metacyclic Trypomastigote Blood, lymph ● Initial lesion: Bite from ● Only ● Intravenous
brucei African Sleeping trypomastigotes fluid, CSF Tsetse Fly – local, painful, infected vector epimastigotes Suramin
rhodesiense Sickness (Glossina) pruritic, and Solution (1st
erythematous trypomastigotes stage)
chancre seen ● Intravenous
● Early HAT ● Incubation: melarsoprol
(Hemolymphatic weeks (for CNS
Stage): fever, involvement)
Trypomastigotes
Trypanosoma Gambian/West joint pain, ● 95% of all
brucei gambiense African Sleeping muscle pain, cases
Sickness malaise, ● Only
Winterbottom’s epimastigotes
sign, enlarged and
cervical trypomastigotes
posterior lymph seen
nodes ● Incubation:
● Late HAT months to years
(Meningoencep
halitic stage):
neurologic
symptoms,

28
convulsions,
tremors, speech
and reflex
defects,
paralysis,
Kerandal’s sign,
death
Trypanosoma – – – Blood, lymph, – ● Affects wild and

brucei brucei CSF of pig domestic
animals
● Only
epimastigotes
and
trypomastigotes
seen
Leishmania Old World Promastigotes Amastigotes Bone marrow, Sandfly – ● Cutaneous Bite from ● Only ● Antimony
tropica Leishmania Spleen or (Phlebotomus) Leishmaniasis infected vector amastigotes compounds
Lymph nodes ● Diffuse and (IM or IV)
Leishmania New World Lutzomyia Cutaneous Congenital promastigotes ● Amphotericin
braziliensis Leishmania Leishmaniasis are seen B
● Mucocutaneous Blood ● Obligate
Leishmaniasis transfusion intracellular
● Visceral parasite
Leishmaniasis / Contamination ● Montenegro
Kala Azar: of wounds Skin test
enlargement of (positive for CL,
Amastigotes spleen and liver, Direct contact MCL and
night sweats, with negative for
severe contaminated DCL and Kala
temperature, specimen Azar)
irregular bouts ● Culture:
of fevers, Schneider’s
bleeding, medium, Novy
blackening of MacNeal
skin, scaly dark Medium
and ashen skin, ● May be
cough, diagnosed with
weakness, animal
Promastigotes substantial inoculation on a
weight loss hamster
Coccidians
● Phylum Apicomplexa
○ Intracellular protozoan with apical complex
○ May require intermediate host
○ Undergoes both sexual and asexual reproduction
29
● Final host: human
● Partially acid fast: contains mycolic acid
● IS: sporulated oocyst that contains sporozoite
● Disease: usually diarrhea and gastroenteritis
Parasite Cyst Asexual Sexual IS DS Habitat Int. Host 2nd Int. Host Pathology MOT Details Treatment
Cryptosporidium Sporulated oocyst Sporulated oocyst Jejunum – – ● Watery diarrhea Ingestion of ● Formerly known ● Nitazoxanide
hominis with 5-10 frothy sporulated as
bowels (healthy oocyst Cryptosporidium
patient) parvum
● Chronic anthroponotic
diarrhea, genotype 2
Type II Meront dehydration, ● Targets cells:
Type I Meront electrolyte loss, enterocytes
Sporulated oocyst Gamonts excess fluid ● Low infective
(microgamont and loss, chronic dose
macrogamont) respiratory ● Capable of
infections, large
Zygotes cholecystitis multiplication
(immunocompro due to
mised patients) autoinfection
● Has sexual and
asexual stages
● Diagnosed with
Modified
Kinyoun Method
● Inflammatory
cells blunt villi,
causing villous
atrophy
● Thin-walled
oocysts are
associated with
autoinfection
Toxoplasma Sporulated Tissue cysts Small intestine of Humans – ● Flu-like Ingestion of ● Parasite of the ● Pyrimethamine
gondii oocysts/tissue cat symptoms for sporulated cats ● Sulfadiazine
cysts healthy patients oocysts and ● TORCH tests
● Encephalitis, tissue cysts are used in
multifocal brain through screening
Bradyzoites lesions, ingestion during
blindness, contaminated pregnancy to
retinochoroiditis, food, cats, or check for
Tissue cyst Contains 2
lymphadenopat breast milk Toxoplasmosis
sporocysts with 4
hy, ● Obligate
sporozoites each
splenomegaly intracellular
seen in parasites that
immunocompro invade

30
mised patients nucleated cells

● Multi-organ ● Infected cells
failure in rupture
transplant ● Humans are
patients either IH or
● Stillbirth and accidental or
abortion paratenic hosts
(congenital)
Tachyzoites
● Hydrocephalus,
chorioretinitis,
intracranial
calcification
(infant)
● Microcephaly
Cyclospora – Sporulated Unsporulated Small intestine – – ● Intermittent Ingestion of ● Refers to ● No need for
cayetanensis oocysts oocysts watery diarrhea sporulated Cayetano treatment
● D-xylose oocysts in Heredia ● May treat with
malabsorption contaminated University in Co-trimoxazole
● Chronic vegetables and Peru
diarrhea fruits ● Formerly
classified as
Unsporulated Cyanobacterium
Sporulated oocyst
oocyst -like body
● Similar
appearance
with
Cryptosporidium
spp
● Only infects
humans
● Self-limiting
Sporulated oocyst
● Diagnosed with
Modified
Kinyoun Method
● Sporulation
happens in the
environment
(5-10 days)
● Morula: found in
side
unsporulated
oocysts

31
Cystoisospora – Sporulated oocyst Immature oocysts Small intestine – – ● Intermittent Oral fecal route ● Formerly known ● Trimethoprim-
belli diarrhea with as Isospora belli Sulfamethoxaz
fever, malaise, ● Least common ole
anorexia, ● Life cycle
abdominal pain similar to
and flatulence Cryptosporidium
● Largest oocyst
Sporulated oocyst
● 48 hrs for
Immature oocyst
sporulation
● Common in
children, AIDS
patients and
MSMs
● Humans are
definitive hosts
Sarcocystis spp. – Sacrocyst Sporocysts and Small intestine Pig and cattle or – ● Invasive form Ingestion of ● Infects animals ● Albendazole
oocysts humans (rare): infected meat and ● Mebendazole
S. hominis (cattle) vasculitis, occasionally ● Co-trimoxazole
myositis, if humans
S. suihominis human is IH ● Man is the final
(pigs) ● Intestinal form host or
(common): paratenic host
Sporulated oocyst nausea, ● Sarcocysts
Sacrocyst
diarrhea, contain zoites
abdominal pain; that infect and
self-limiting and produce
if human is final gametes to form
host a zygote which
● Other: acute develops into an
fever, myalgia, oocyst
bronchospasm, ● Meront
elevated ESR, develops into
and CK Sarcocystis
● Definitive
diagnosis:
muscle biopsy
Malarial Parasites
● Phylum Apicomplexa
○ Intracellular protozoan with apical complex
○ May require intermediate host
○ Undergoes both sexual and asexual reproduction
● Plasmodium: etiologic agent of malaria
● No definite organ for locomotion
● Intraerythrocytic and arthropod borne
● 2 Phases: Asexual/Schizogony and Sexual/Sporogony
32
● Host requirements
○ Human: IH
○ Female Anopheles Mosquito: Final Host
Parasite Gamete Schizont Trophozoite IS DS Habitat Vector 2nd Int. Host Pathology MOT Details Treatment
Plasmodium Humans: Trophozoites, RBCs and liver in Anopheles – ● Malaria Bite from ● Mosquitoes are ● Chloroquine:
falciparum Sporozoites; schizonts and humans flavirostris ● Anemia infected vector the final hosts mainstay drug
Hypnozoites gametocytes minimus ● Splenomegaly ● Humans are the ● Artemisinin
may cause Stomach and ● Headache Blood intermediate based
latent infection salivary glands of ● Body pains transfusion with hosts Combination
mosquitoes ● Nausea infected ● Serology is Therapy (ACT)
● Vomiting individual used in ● Quinine
Mosquito: ● Pallor epidemiological ● Primaquine
Crescent-shaped/ Ring form
Gametocytes ● Tissue anoxia Congenital studies ● Mefloquine,
sausage-shaped/ trophozoite with
● Blackwater transmission ● ParaSight F Doxycycline,
banana-shaped double chromatin
fever test: dipstick Atoraquone,
dots (headphone
● Liver dysplasia that rapidly Proguanil
configuration)
● Hypoglycemia detects for P. (prophylactic)
● Acidosis falciparum
● GI dysplasia ● PfEMP-1: most
● Placental adhesive
dysplasia protein found on
● Pulmonary sticky knobs of
edema infected RBCs
● Renal failure in P. falciparum
Mature ● Coagulation and infections
trophozoites with thrombocytopen ● Thick smear:
Maurer’s dots; ia rapid diagnosis
remains in ring and
form quantification
● Thin smear:
Plasmodium vivax specific
identification
● Stain: Giemsa
● Best time to
collect blood: at
the height of
fever
● Currently has a
Microgametocyte Signet ring vaccine known
appearance as the RTS,S
vaccine
Ookinetes

33
Large and ameboid

cytoplasm
Plasmodium
ovale
Microgametocyte Ring form with

dense cytoplasm,
and large
chromatin dots
Macrogametocyte
Oval shaped with

fimbriated/serrated/
finger-like edges
with James’ dots
Plasmodium
malariae
Round to oval Ring form with

gametocyte large chromatin dot
in the ring
Band form
(mature) with
Ziemann’s dots

34
Basket form
References
● CDC (n.d.) DPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/index.html
● Belizario, V. , De Leon, W. (2015) Philippine Textbook of Medical Parasitology. Third Edition

35

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🐌PARA PARAAN🐌 Peepeepoopoo MTLE one take cutie

2 Bipolar Mucus Plugs

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Decorticated and unfertilized

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8 cell with embryonic cleavage ● Filariform larvae ● Urticaria

Wuchereria bancrofti Bancrofti’s filarial – Mosquitoes: ● Granulomato ● Diethylcarbamaz

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● Nuclei are not

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white uterine made through

Angiostrongylus – – Larvae in Intestinal Snails – ● Mimics ● Hispid common

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T. cati with trilobate

T. canis with broad

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bowels simplex are

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Unembryonated and Large Kangkong

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Hen’s Egg Appearance oval obscura)

Metagonimus Brackish ● Most common

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Presence of polar thickening

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Entamoeba coli – Mature cysts Trophozoites in – – – ● Non-pathogenic Ingestion ● Commensal –

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Endolimax nana – Mature cysts Trophozoites in – – – ● Non-pathogenic – ● Commensal –

Iodamoeba butschlii Amoeba of Swine Mature cysts Trophozoites in – – – ● Non-pathogenic – ● Commensal –

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Contains 2 anterior flagella meningitis

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Dientamoeba fragilis – – Trophozoite Trophozoite Large – – ● Gastroenteritis Ingestion ● Formerly ● Iodoquinol

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Chilomastix mesnili – Cyst Cyst and Colon – – ● Non-pathogenic – ● Commensal –

Lemon shaped ● 1 nuclei

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Trypanosoma – – – Blood, lymph, – ● Affects wild and

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mised patients nucleated cells

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Large and ameboid

Microgametocyte Ring form with

Oval shaped with