OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson, I will be able to:

a. determine the domain and range of
the different circular functions; and
b. graph the six circular functions, its (a)
amplitude, (b) period, and (c) phase
shift.
Domain and Range

3
Domain and Range

4
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

5
Graphs of Circular Functions

6
In this lesson, you will learn to graph functions of the form
y = a sin bx and y = a cos bx where a and b are positive constants
and x is in radian measure. The graphs of all sine and cosine
functions are related to the graphs of y = sin x and y = cos x
which are shown below.

7
Activity
Fill in the chart.
π π 3π
x 0 2π
2 2

sin 𝑥 0 1 0 −1 0

cos 𝑥 1 0 −1 0 1
These will be key points on the graphs of y = sin x and y = cos x. 8
Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions

y y = sin x
3π π 1 π 3π 5π
− −
2 −π 2 2 π 2 2π 2
x

−1

y y = cos x
3π π 1 π 3π 5π
− −
2 −π 2 2 π 2 2π 2
x

−1

9
Properties of Sine and Cosine Functions

The graphs of y = sin x and y = cos x have similar properties:

1. The domain is the set of real numbers.

2.The range is the set of y values such that −1  y  1.
3. The maximum value is 1 and the minimum value is –1.
4. The graph is a smooth curve.
5. Each function cycles through all the values of the range
over an x-interval of 2π .
6. The cycle repeats itself indefinitely in both directions
of the x-axis.

10
Sketching the Graph of Sine and Cosine Functions

Before sketching a graph, you need to know:

❑ Amplitude – constant that give
vertical stretch or shrink. It is 𝒂
❑ Period (wavelength) – the distance
before the function repeats its value.
𝟐𝝅
The formula is 𝒃
.
❑ Interval – divide period by 4.
❑ Critical points – you need 5 points.
(max., min., intercepts)
11
Amplitudes and Periods
The graph of y = a sin bx has
❑ amplitude = | A|
❑ period = 2π
B
To get your critical points (max, min, and intercepts) just
take your period and divide by 4.
y = 3cos x
Example 1:
So critical points will
2π
Period = = 2π come at 0, ,
3
,2
1 2, 2
Period 2π π
= = Interval +
π π π +π
+ +
4 4 2 2 2 2 2
12
Example 1
Sketch the graph of y = 3 cos x on the interval [–, 4].
Partition the interval [0, 2] into four equal parts. Find the five
key points; graph one cycle; then repeat the cycle over the interval.
π 3π
x 0 2  2 2
y = 3 cos x 3 0 -3 0 3
max x-int min x-int max
y
(0, 3) (2π, 3)
2
−π 1 π 2π 3π 4π x

−1 ( π , 0) ( 3π , 0)
−2 2
2
−3 ( π, –3) 13
The amplitude of y = a sin x (or y = a cos x) is half the distance
between the maximum and minimum values of the function.
amplitude = |a|
If |a| > 1, the amplitude stretches the graph vertically.
If 0 < |a| < 1, the amplitude shrinks the graph vertically.
If a < 0, the graph is reflected in the x-axis.
y
Notice that since 4
all these graphs
have 𝒃 = 𝟏, so y = 2sin x π 3π
the period 2 π 2 2π x
doesn’t change. y = 12 sin x
y = – 4 sin x y = sin x
reflection of y = 4 sin x y = 4 sin x
−4

14
The period of a function is the x interval needed for the function to
complete one cycle.
For b  0, the period of y = a sin bx is 2π .
b
For b  0, the period of y = a cos bx is also 2π .
b
If b > 1, the graph of they function is shrunk horizontally.
y = sin 2x period: 2π
period:π y = sin x x
−π π 2π

If 0 < b < 1, the graph oyf the function is stretched horizontally.

y = cos x
y = cos 1 x period: 2π
2 −π π 2π 3π 4π x
period: 4π

15
General Form of Sine and Cosine Functions

General Sine and Cosine Functions

are given by the equations:

𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃 𝒙 − 𝒉 + 𝒌
𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃 𝒙 − 𝒉 + 𝒌

Where 𝑎, 𝑏, ℎ, and 𝑘 are constants

and 𝑎 and 𝑏 are nonzero.
16
REMEMBER THESE

𝑘
17
REMEMBER THESE

Maximum: 𝑘 + 𝑎
Minimum: 𝑘 − 𝑎

18
Example 1
𝒚 = 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

19
Example 2
𝟓𝝅
𝒚 = 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝟔

20
Example 3
𝒙 𝝅
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + −𝟐
𝟒 𝟒

So your b here is
¼ and h is -𝝅 𝒚 = 𝒄 𝒐 𝒔 ( 1 / 4 ( x + 𝝅)) -2 (factor)21
Try These!

𝝅
1 . 𝒚 = 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝟑 2. 𝒚 = − 𝒄 𝒐 𝒔 𝟐 𝒙 −
𝟒

❑ Amplitude:
❑ Amplitude:
❑ Period:
❑ Period:
❑ Interval:
❑ Interval:
❑ Phase shift:
❑ Phase shift:
❑ Vertical shift:
❑ Vertical shift:
❑ Max.:
❑ Max.:
❑ Min.:
❑ Min.:

22