2022 IEEE 22nd International Conference on Communication Technology

A Survey on Terahertz Communication Theory

Assisted by Intelligent Reflecting Surface and
Device-to-Device Technologies
Wei Xun Yaxuan Liu
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Wireless Communications Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Wireless Communications
Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
2022 IEEE 22nd International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT) | 978-1-6654-7067-4/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICCT56141.2022.10073033

Nanjing, China Nanjing, China

b18010329@163.com 2021010103@njupt.edu.cn

Yiyang Ni Haitao Zhao

Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Wireless Communications Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Wireless Communications
Jiangsu Second Normal University Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
Nanjing, China Nanjing, China
niyy@jssnu.edu.cn zhaoht@njupt.edu.cn

Zhuoran Xu Xingfeng Ge
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Wireless Communications Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Wireless Communications
Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
Nanjing, China Nanjing, China
1221014526@njupt.edu.cn 1220013219@njupt.edu.cn

Abstract—Terahertz wireless communication meets the trans- scarce spectrum resources and various individual technologies
mission needs of future networks with its ultra-high bandwidth. that have reached the performance limit make the realization of
However, its practical application is seriously restricted by its the above goals face severe challenges. It is urgent to develop
large path loss and severe blocking effect. The intelligent reflect-
ing surface and device-to-device technologies can be expected new wireless transmission technologies, in order to meet the
to assist terahertz communication to solve the above problems. multiple demands of 6G, such as large capacity, low delay,
However, the corresponding research is still at the initial stage. high reliability and energy saving.
Under the circumstances, this paper summarizes the existing
research results and analyzes the potential of application of Peak Data Rate
(Tb/s) User Ergodic Data Rate
intelligent reflecting surface and device-to-device technologies in 1
(Gb/s)

terahertz communication. 1

Index Terms—Intelligent reflecting surface, terahertz commu-

0.1 0.1
nication, device-to-device Regional Throughput
Capacity 0.02
(Gb/s/m2) 1 Spectrum Efficiency
I. I NTRODUCTION 0.1
0.01 5×
6G integrates three scenarios of 5G applications, namely 1×

enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type

communication (mMTC), and ultra reliable low latency com- 1×

munication (uRLLC). 6G carries out a few applications such as 100×

10×
500
holographic communication and extended reality which have Network Energy
1000
Efficiency
a requirement of extremely high throughput, human digital Mobility (km/h)
IMT-2020(5G)
twin and Internet of vehicles with ultra-high real-time and 106
1
reliability requirements, and high-precision intelligent industry IMT-2030(6G)
7
10
with ultra-high bandwidth and ultra-low delay requirements Connection Density
0.01-0.1

(devices/km2) Delay(ms)
[1], [2]. In order to meet the above applications, 6G will
increase the data transmission rate, connection density, en- Fig. 1. Technical indicators of 6G.
ergy efficiency, etc. by more than 10 times and the spectral
efficiency by about 3 times compared with 5G. Its technical It is predicted that by 2030, the demand for data trans-
indicators are shown in Figure 1. However, the increasingly mission rate will reach 2259.9Gbps, and the cellular system

978-1-6654-7067-4/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE 678

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 Mass
needs 240.22GHz bandwidth to meet the demand for data Computing
Center

transmission rate [3]. It is necessary to vigorously develop Terahertz

Terahertz Micro XR wireless
high-frequency communication technologies. Terahertz tech- RIS
Base Station cAP
access point

nology is also considered as one of the key technologies

of 6G due to its unique ultra large bandwidth, which can Wireless
access
provide extremely high information transmission rate, which VU
Internet
network

Terahertz Wireless Access Service

is sufficient to meet the needs of ultra-high speed services in cAP cAP
Core
the future [4]. However, the serious path loss and blocking Internet of Vehicles Network

effect have become the bottleneck of the further development Small

cellular Micro
cellular
of terahertz technology. The intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)
technology that can actively configure the wireless channel RIS
Small
Satellite Satellite
Controller
cellular
environment and the D2D technology that directly connects Micro
cellular

terminals are expected to become effective solutions to the Plane

Macro Base
terahertz technology bottleneck. RIS
LOS
Station Satellite
Gateway
Limited Small
Relay BS
cellular
II. T ERAHERTZ C OMMUNICATION Ship
Terahertz Ultra Large Capacity Backhaul

Terahertz communication, as one of the key technologies of Intensive User Indoor Scene Terahertz Space Communication

6G, has a frequency band range of 0.1-10THz. Its massive

frequency band resources can provide a data transmission
rate of T bit/s, which can meet the spectrum requirements
of 6G with extremely high data transmission rate [5]–[7]. The
terahertz frequency band coincides with millimeter wave in
the long wavelength band and coincides with infrared light
in the short wavelength band [5]. Terahertz communication
integrates the advantages of microwave communication and
optical communication [6], which is considered to be an
effective solution to spectrum scarcity and capacity limitation
of current wireless systems. Compared with millimeter wave
communication, terahertz band can provide higher transmis-
sion rate and wider spectrum resources. Because of the shorter
terahertz wavelength and reduced antenna aperture, terahertz
wave has more directionality and anti-eavesdropping ability
than millimeter wave. Terahertz signal is relatively stable when
encountering changes in ambient light, atmospheric turbu-
lence, flicker, cloud dust or light intensity, compared with visi-
ble light communication. At the same time, although terahertz
communication has quasi optical transmission characteristics,
it still retains some characteristics of microwave communica-
tion. Reflection and antenna array processing technologies can
be used to achieve non line of sight transmission and efficient
beamforming [7]. Figure 2 shows some typical application
scenarios of terahertz, such as indoor device-to-device (D2D)
communication, outdoor vehicle networking communication,
sea, land and air communication, augmented reality and virtual
reality, holographic projection, etc. However, for 6G mobile
communication system, the path loss problem of terahertz band
signal is particularly prominent due to free space loss and
water molecule absorption, which greatly limits the distance
of terahertz communication [8]. At the same time, due to
the limited number of effective propagation paths in terahertz
communication, LoS is dominant resulting in serious block-
ing effect [9], [10]. How to face the characteristics of 6G,
develop new terahertz communication technology, overcome
the blocking effect and improve the coverage of terahertz
communication system has become a hot issue in academia
and industry.
Fig. 2. Terahertz communication scenarios.
III. I NTELLIGENT R EFLECTING S URFACE
The IRS is a low-cost passive artificial s tructure, which
can improve the electromagnetic wave propagation environ-
ment with low power consumption through digital electro-
magnetic wave manipulation [11], [12], so as to improve
the communication quality and expand the coverage. IRS is
considered as a solution to overcome the blocking effect of
terahertz transmission and improve the coverage range [13],
[14]. Unlike the fixed phase shifter with only one assembly of
the traditional reflection s urface, I RS i s c omposed o f a large
number of controllable reflection u nits, w hich c an actively
configure t he w ireless p ropagation r ing b y c ontrolling the
phase shifter in real time [15]–[18]. At the same time, because
IRS is usually composed of ferroelectric thin films o r other
software defined m etamaterials [ 19], [ 20], i t c an b e actually
made to be suitable for installation on any shape surface to
meet different application scenarios. Compared with large-
scale mutiple input and mutiple output (MIMO) technology,
the phase shift of IRS reflecting u nit c an b e a djusted, a nd the
signal can be enhanced without using an active transmitter,
which reduces the system energy consumption. Compared
with the traditional relay, which actively generates new sig-
nals for auxiliary transmission, IRS can be regarded as a
full duplex transparent relay without self-interference [20]–
[22], without RF transmission module, which only reflects
the incident signal and does not introduce additional energy
consumption [23], [24]. The characteristics of IRS, such as
easy installation, high flexibility a nd t he a bility t o improve
the signal transmission environment with extremely low power
consumption, provide it with a high degree of flexibility and
excellent compatibility in practical applications [25]. Based
on the above advantages, IRS has become an effective means
to improve the performance of wireless communication in the
future. Using IRSs to assist terahertz wireless communication

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 system and improve the coverage performance of the system,
it has great prospects, especially in indoor application scenes
with high user density such as gymnasiums, shopping malls,
airports and Internet of vehicles.
IV. D EVICE - TO -D EVICE C OMMUNICATIONS
D2D, namely terminal direct connection technology, is one
of the key technologies of 5G. The D2D permanent users
share the authorized frequency bands in the cellular network,
enabling users who are close to each other to communicate
directly without forwarding through the base station [26],
[27]. While greatly improving the data transmission rate of
users who are close to each other, it can effectively improve
the utilization of spectrum resources and expand the actual
network coverage.
D2D breaks the limitations of traditional cellular network ar-
chitecture by establishing direct communication links between
user terminals, and realizes various forms of direct commu-
nication between terminals, so as to improve capacity, reduce
energy consumption, and enhance real-time performance [28],
[29]. Developing D2D communication in terahertz band can
effectively suppress co frequency interference while expanding
coverage and improving peak rate between users, providing a
solution to the blocking effect and short transmission distance
in terahertz practical applications.
V. R ESEARCH ON I NTELLIGENT R EFLECTING S URFACE
AND D EVICE - TO -D EVICE A SSISTED T ERAHERTZ
C OMMUNICATION
A. Terahertz and Intelligent Reflecting Surface
The research on the millimeter wave wireless transmission
system assisted by the IRS has been initially carried out.
Considering the indoor millimeter wave communication sce-
nario, reference [30] proposes two optimization schemes, i.e.
phase shift adjustment only for the IRS or phase adjustment
in combination with the IRS and the precoder, which greatly
improves the system capacity. Reference [31], [32] respec-
tively aim at the millimeter wave MU-MIMO (mutiple-user
mutiple-input multiple-output) system assisted by the IRS, the
millimeter wave SU-MISO (single-user mutiple-input single-
output) system assisted by the IRS and the MIMO system
assisted by the IRS, and jointly optimize the hybrid precoding
at the base station and the phase shift at the IRS to improve
the system performance. Reference [33] proposes a privacy
protection mechanism based on Federated Learning (FL),
which configures the phase shift matrix of IRS to optimize
the achievable rate of the system while protecting the channel
state information (CSI) of the user.
Based on the advantages of IRS, researchers began to
explore the application of IRS in terahertz communication
system to improve the transmission environment and coverage
performance. Reference [34] studies the channel estimation
and transmission scheme of the IRS assisted terahertz MIMO
system, realizes the channel estimation through beam train-
ing, and analyzes the quantization error. Reference [35] first
proposed a cooperative beam training scheme to estimate the
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channel of the terahertz system assisted by IRS. Based on
training results, it further proposed two cost-effective hybrid
beam forming design schemes of single user and multi-user.
Reference [36] uses Deep Learning (DL) to estimate the
channel of terahertz MIMO system assisted by IRS, and uses
the sparse characteristics of terahertz channel to transform the
channel estimation problem into a sparse recovery problem.
For complex sparse signals with low complexity, a new scheme
is proposed to jointly design measurement matrix and support
recovery method. Reference [37] proposes a subspace tracking
(LAP-SP) channel estimation method based on iterative atomic
pruning. Compared with the classical subspace tracking algo-
rithm, LAP-SP algorithm greatly reduces the computational
complexity while ensuring the channel recovery accuracy.
Reference [38] derives the general expression of end-to-end
channel attenuation, and determines the phase shift of the
reflection unit to turn the beam radiated from IRS to the
desired direction. Reference [39] transforms the problem of
maximizing spectral efficiency into the problem of IRS phase
shift search, and proposes an efficient artificial gene retention
assisted genetic algorithm, which significantly improves spec-
tral efficiency and coverage while reducing the complexity of
traditional search algorithms.
B. Terahertz and Device-to-Device
D2D is one of the key technologies of 5G. It can improve
the end-to-end data transmission rate, reduce the burden of
the base station and improve the spectrum utilization rate
through the user’s short-range data transmission [40]. In
millimeter wave wireless transmission systems, researchers
have introduced D2D technology to further improve data
transmission rate and system coverage [41]–[44]. In terms
of performance analysis, reference [41] derives the ergodic
capacity of millimeter wave D2D communication system
under incomplete channel state information and interference
of adjacent equipment nodes, and derives the closed form
expression of its exact upper and lower bounds. Reference
[42] derived the coverage and spectral efficiency of the down-
link of D2D relay assisted millimeter wave system by using
the random geometry method. Reference [43] assumes that
the location of D2D transceiver follows poisson clustering
process, derives the analytical expressions of coverage and
area spectral efficiency, and gives the closed lower bound of
coverage and area spectral efficiency in the case of interference
within the cluster. In terms of resource scheduling, reference
[44] proposes a path selection criterion for millimeter wave
D2D systems, and on this basis, evaluates the impact of
user behavior and user density, density and mobility on D2D
communication performance.
VI. C ONCLUSION AND E XPECTATION
Cellular networks in the next decade will put forward higher
requirements for spectrum resource utilization, system energy
consumption, system coverage, data transmission rate, network
delay, etc. Terahertz technology significantly improves the data
transmission rate with its ultra-high frequency and ultra wide
 bandwidth, which is one of the key technologies to build
the future broadband mobile communication system. Applying
IRS and D2D technology to terahertz wireless transmission
system and exploring the coexistence and auxiliary mechanism
of IRS and D2D technologies can fundamentally overcome the
high path loss and occlusion effect of terahertz channel. The
relevant research is still in its infancy. Therefore, exploring the
IRS/D2D assisted wireless transmission theory and resource
allocation scheme suitable for terahertz wireless transmission,
and breaking through the technical bottleneck of terahertz
wireless transmission, undoubtedly has important theoretical
value and practical significance to meet the needs of 6G.
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