THE ACTUAL RANKINE CYCLE

ANY presence of the following conditions will transform the ideal cycle into an actual one.
1. Pressure drop in the generator
2. Pressure drop in the steam line (1 - 1’)
3. Pressure drop in the condenser
4. Pressure drop in the boiler feed water line (B – B’)
5. Heat losses in the steam line
6. Heat losses in the turbine/engine
7. Irreversibe adiabatic expansion in the turbine/engine
8. Inefficient pump
9. Subcooled Condensate

CYCLE ANALYSIS

1. Actual Engine work or Indicated Work ( W’ or WI)

a. Irreversible Adiabatic Process ( 1’ to 2’)

W’ or WI = h1’ – h2’

b. Polytropic Expansion ( 1’ to 2’ with heat loss in the engine/turbine)

W’ or WI = h1’ – h2’ - Qloss

2. Actual pump work (Wp’)

ideal pump wok
W= where np = pump mechanical efficiency
np ¿
¿
3. Heat Added (QA’)
QA’ = h1 – hB’

4. Heat Rejected, (QR’)

QR’ = h2’ – h3’

5. Actual cycle thermal efficiency ( ecycle)

' '
W −W p
ecycle =
QA

ENGINE ANALYSIS

1. Thermal efficiency of the engine (eengine)

W'
eengine = '
Ec❑
 WHERE: Ec’ = actual energy chargeable

THE ENGINE/TURBINE-GENERATOR SET

Ideal Work (W) – is the work done by steam during a REVERSIBLE ADIABATIC process in the engine or turbine

Indicated or Actual work (W’ or WI) – is the work done by steam during an IRREVERSIBLE ADIABATIC PROCESS OR
POLYTROPIC PROCESS.

Brake Work (WB) – is the useful work, i.e., the available work at the shaft.

Combined Work ( WK) – is the electrical energy available at the generator outlet.
 THERMAL EFFICIENCIES (e) STEAM RATES (ω)

1. Ideal thermal efficiency of the engine 1. Ideal steam rate of the engine
eengine = W/Ec ωengine = 3600/W

2. Indicated thermal efficiency 2. Indicated steam rate

eI = WI/Ec’ ωI = 3600/WI

3. Brake thermal efficiency 3. Brake steam rate

eB = WB/Ec’ ωB= 3600/WB

4. Combined thermal efficiency 4. Combined steam rate

eK = WK/Ec’ ωK= 3600/WK

ENGINE EFFICIENCIES (η) HEAT RATES (HR)

1. Indicated Engine Efficiency 1. Ideal Heat Rate

ηI = WI/W HR = (ω)(Ec)

2. Brake Engine Efficiency 2. Indicated Heat Rate

ηB = WB/W HRI = (ωI)(Ec)

3. Combined Engine Efficiency 3. Brake Heat Rate

ηK = WK/W HRB = (ωB)(Ec)

4. Turbine/Engine Mechanical Efficiency 4. combined Heat Rate

ηm = WB/WI HRK = (ωK)(Ec)

5. Generator Efficiency
ηG = WK/WB