ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN (ANALYSIS VS.

DESIGN)
- First 4 problems, ANALYSIS PROBLEM (aka INVESTIGATION PROBLEM)
Analysis Problem -> Given yung As then hinahanap is Capacity
- In actual, DESIGN PROBLEM Given yung Moment, then As yung hinahanap
- Sa Final Project,
Igegenerate ni ETABS yung value ng Moment
From the generated Moment, makukuha yung As (kung ilang baka yung iproprovide)
- Unang step bago sagutan yung problem is to identify kung Analysis OR Design Problem

TYPES OF FAILURE
1. Balanced Failure Condition, Brittle Failure – εt = εy
- pwede ring sabihing Ft=Fy
2. Over reinforced condition, Brittle failure - εt < εy
- Masyadong maraming bakal para sa size ng beam
- Sudden Failure
- Compression Controlled Failure
- Pag sobrang daming bakal sa beam, di mo makikitang nagdedeflect
3. Under Reinforced Condition, Ductile Failure - ε > εy
- Masyadong konti yung bakal para sa size ng beam
- Gradual Failure, eto yung gusto nating failure pag nagdedesign, para makitang nagdedeflect yung
beam
- Tension Controlled Failure

ANALYSIS PROBLEM
Given yung As -> solve Moment Capacity -> solve Ultimate moment Capacity -> then compare both
𝑀𝑢,𝑐𝑎𝑝 ≥ 𝑀𝑢,𝑚𝑎x

DESIGN PROBLEM
Given yung Maximum Moment -> solve As -> solve Ultimate moment Capacity -> then compare both
𝑀𝑢,𝑐𝑎𝑝 ≥ 𝑀𝑢,𝑚𝑎x

DEMAND CAPACITY RATIO, DCR

DCR = Mu / ∅Mn = Demand Moment / Capacity
SAFE: DCR < 1 | FAILED: DCR > 1

DESIGN CONCEPTS / DESIGN FORMULAS

I. Reinforcement Ratio
ρ = 𝑨𝒔 / bd | 𝑨𝒔 = ρbd
- As per NSCP 2015, hindi pwedeng walang bakal yung beam
- Malaking ρ, madaming bakal
- Nililimitahan lang ang ρ, kasi ayaw natin maging brittle yung failure ng beam

I. Minimum Tensile Steel Ratio:

- Choose larger at ρmin

- Note that As > Asmin (If mas maliit sa Asmin , use Asmin)

II. Maximum Tensile Steel Ratio:

- Pag ginamit mo sa design yung 1st formula, magiging below minimum
o Nakabase sa min. Strain na 0.004
- Practical approach yung 2nd formula (yan din yung gamit ni ETABS), tho parehas naman tama yan
o Nakabase sa min. Strain na 0.005
 - As per NSCP 2015, pag mag dedesign ka ng beam, εt > 0.004
PROBLEM IS, pag ito yung sinet mo, mapupunta ka sa transition (refer sa graph)
Magiging below minimum, eh diba gusto natin mapunta sa Tension Controlled Failure Region
- We will use Tension Controlled Design, ρmax, tc

- Pwede natin iinterpret yung ε in terms of Fs

- Non-prestressed beams -> reinforced concrete beams

- Ex. binigyan ka ng size ng beam, ilang ilalagay mong bakal para maging safe yan? Then nagbigay ka
ng No. of bars. Ichecheck ni designer yung εt
C=T - > 0.85f’cab=fsAs -> kuha ng phi -> kuha ng fs -> kuha ng εt
Dapat atleast 0.004 yung εt , para masabing safe
- 0.004 is nasa Transition, Pwede here dito magdesign PERO mas gusto natin sa Tension Controlled
Region

II. Tension Controlled Condition

- Pag gusto nating tension controlled yung design natin sa beam,
etong derived formula yung sineset na “c”

c5 – means strain is 0.005

 III. 0.004 Strain Condition

To get the formula of c5 & c4 , Ratio and Proportion lang yan sa similar triangles, papalitan lang ng 0.004 &
0.005 yung baba then perform the derivation of formulas
IV. Balanced Strain Condition
- εt = εy

- Try to derive the formulas of c5 , c4 , & cb using ratio and proportion using similar triangles

V. Min. Depth of Beam base on Span

- Pag magdedesign ng beam, tingin ka sa plano

- @plano, may columns, then sa pagitan ng col. Ayun yung beams (may sukat yon base sa archi plans,
ln)
- Ididivide yun mga ln sa mga factor nayan para malaman yung Depth/Height ng beam
Step 1: BEAM DIMENSION
- Wala tayong self-weight ng beam, superimposed dead load lang.
- Ln/16 since simply supported yung beam, makukuha mo na yung H. H=500mm
- In terms of width, walang provision si NSCP BUT min. is 200mm. b=0.6H=0.6(500)=300mm
Ans: 300mmx500mm
Step 2: LOAD COMBINATIONS & ULTIMATE MAXIMUM REQ’D MOMENT
- Pag USD, ang iloload sa Beam is ULTIMATE LOAD, Wu = 1.2D + 1.6L
- Mu max = WL2 / 8 -> Mu na galing sa Load
Effective depth, d = 500- 65 = 435mm
Solve for Dead Load = Self-weight of Beam + SDL= [ 24 kN/m3 x (0.3 x 0.5) ] + 9 = 12.6 kN/m
Self-weight of Beam = Unit Weight x Cross Sectional Area
Wu = 1.2 (12.6) + 1.6 (14) = 37.52 kN/m
Mu = 37.52 (8)2 / 8 = 300.16 kN-m

Step 3: ASSUME SINGLY REINFORCED & TENSION-CONTROLLED

- Bakal nalang kailangan natin, babaliktarin lang yung process sa Analysis.
- @Analysis, unang process is C=T, @Design, pabaliktad yung process

- Singly Reinforced: fs > 1000

- Doubly Reinforced: fs < 1000
∅ = 0.90 | d = 435 | 300.16= 0.90(0.85)(35)(a)(300)(435-(a/2)) = 96.63833468mm
β1 = 0.85 – (0.05(f’c-28)/7) = 0.8 | a = β1 c | c = 120.7979184mm
fs = 600 (d-c) / c = 600 (435-120.7979184)/120.779184 = 1560.633259 kN >1000 therefore Tension
Controlled & Singly Reinforced

Step 4: SOLVE FOR AS THEN CHECK FOR AS min

0.85f’cab=Asfy | 0.85(35)(96.63833468)300 = As (420) | As = 2053.564612 mm2

ρ = 𝑨𝒔 / bd = 0.0157361273 | 𝑨𝒔 = ρbd
ρmin = 0.0035 or 0.0033 | As min = 456.75 therefore, use As
db = 28mm | Adb = 615.75321601 | As/Adb=3.33 approx. Ans: 4-28mm
- Since nacheck mo na, na singly reinforced siya, no need na icheck yung As max

Step 5: ALTERNATE SOL’N FOR AS

𝑅𝑛 = 𝑀𝑢/∅𝑏𝑑2 = .875036088 | ρ = 0.0157361 | As = 2053.564612

- Mas maikli to compare sa sol’n 1, pinagkaiba lang, di mo maveverify yung answer since sol’n 2 is for
tension controlled lang, therefore mo di mo machecheck yung assumption.
- Hindi nag shift-solve sa calcu yung sol’n 2, kaya mabilis to
- Sa FINAL PROJECT, soln 2 yung gagamitin since di pwede mag shift solve sa excel. Moment ay
kukunin sa ETABS. Since hindi naman simply supported sa actual. Then gagamit ng spreadsheet to
solve for As.

Step 6: CALCULATE FOR DEMAND CAPACITY RATIO, DCR

DCR = Demand moment / Capacity = Mu / ∅ Mn = 300.16 / 0.90
Demand Moment -> galing sa loads/moment diagrams/ETABS
Ang isosolve na capacity is yung dinesign na beam, since nakapagsolve na ng dimension ng beam
C=T | 0.85f’cab = Asfs | 0.85(35)(a)(300) = 784π(420) | a= 115.906289mm

c = 144.8828612 | fs = 1201.455313 ; Tension-Controlled

- For Mn , pwedeng T (d - a/2) or Asfy (d – a/2), since nagyield naman

- Or C (d - a/2) or 0.85f’cab (d – a/2)
- Or pwede na dumeretso sa Mu
Mu cap = 0.9 (784π)(420) (435 – 115.906289/2) = 351.0371 kN-m
Mu demand = 37.52 (8)2 / 8 = 300.16 kN-m
Mu cap > Mu demand | therefore, safe
DCR = 300.16 / 351.0371 = 0.8551<1 therefore, safe

- Pag tumataas ang As, bumaba ang strain. Reason bakit di sinasakto sa 0.004 kasi lumiliit pa si strain.
Kaya mas Maganda magdesign sa tension kesa sa transition.
Step 7: CHECK STRAIN (Kailangan natin to gawin since nagdedesign na tayo)
- General provision sa design, εt > 0.004
εt = fs / Es = 0.00600727 > 0.004, therefore Code Compliant na siya
- Pag bumaba ka sa 0.004, meaning di ka sumunod sa code
 - Kumbaga yung uniform load ay 20kN-m na yung max. Binigay na yung Demand Moment

Step 1: ASSUME TENSION-CONTROLLED & SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM

Mu = ∅0.85𝑓 ′𝑐𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 – 𝑎/2) | 20 x 10002 = 0.90 0.85 (27.6) (a) (300) (490 – a/2) | a= 6.48673785

c = 7.631456295 mm | fs = 600 (490- 7.631456295) / 7.631456295 = 37924.75709

37924.75709 > 1000 therefore, tension-controlled and singly reinforced beam | Correct Assumption

C = T | 0.85f’cab=Asfs |
As = 165.4117387 mm2 (eto yung kailangan na bakal para maresist yung 20 na moment)

Step 2: CHECK AS & AS MIN

ρmin = 0.00475 or 0.00507 | mag gogovern lang yung formula sa 0.00475 pag f’c is greater than 30
As min = 0.00507 (300) (490) = 745.652 mm2 -> we will use this
- Pag lumalaki yung moment, lalaki din yung bakal na required

***(SAME PROCEDURE FOR b, c, & d)

- Fs < 1000, transition and double reinforced

- Tinatanong here yung As pag nasa balanced condition

- Ang strain diagram sa balanced condition ay εt = εy | fs / Es = fy / Es
- Transition & Tension, laging nagyiyield yung bakal. Sa compression hindi nagyiyield. Why?
Kasi ang εt < strain which is ang equivalent ay fs < fy