EN 1111.

1 Language Skills
Important Questions
Most important topics for getting 1, 2 and 4 marks.

1. What is Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing and the barrier affecting it?
2. Communication;
3. Entropy
4. Redundancy
5. Noise
6. Elements of communication
Listening;
7. Word meaning
8. Rhyming words
9. Synonyms & Antonyms
Phonetics;
10. Vowels
11. Diphthongs
12. Consonants
13. Syllable
14. Stressed syllable
15. Tonic syllable
16. Strong & Weak forms
17. Pitch& Intonation
Speaking;
18. Telephone conversation
19. Podcasting
20. Anchoring
21. Self-introduction
Reading;
22. Skimming
23. Scanning
24. Intensive reading
25. Extensive reading
Writing;
26. Types of writing
27. Plagiarism
28. Academic writing
29. Letter format
30. Email format
31. Report format
32. Minutes format
 33. Memo format
34. Format of Resume, CV & Biodata
35. Blog
Soft skills;
36. Posture
37. Gestures
38. Eye contact
39. Telephone etiquette
40. Netiquette
41. Interpersonal skills
Important topics for 15 marks
1. Cover Letter and CV
2. Essay
3. Speech
4. Edit the passage
5. Conversation
These can be from any topics
 Question Bank and Answers
1. What is communication theory?
Communication theory was proposed by S F Scudder in 1980 and it states that all living beings
communicate, although the modes of communication are different.
2. What is Communication?
Communication is a two-way process where a message is sent by the sender, received by the receiver,
interpreted and decoded by the receiver and a suitable response given back to the sender and thus it
completes a loop which continues these processes again.
3. Which are the eight major components of Communication?
 Source is that which produces a message.
 Sender refers to transmitter that codes the message.
 Channel is the medium used to transmit the signal.
 Receiver reconstructs the message from the signal.
 Destination is the person to whom the message is sent.
 Message refers to a concept, information, communication or statement that is sent in an
oral/graphic/written/audio/visual/ audio-visual form to the recipient.
 Feedback is the loop of making a two way communication process related to theresponse to
the message.
 Context is considered as a very significant component as it gives meaning to the whole
communication process. It refers to the background and the environment.
4. What is Entropy?
Entropy is a measure of the amount of uncertainty in the message or content.
5. What is Redundancy?
Redundancy is the repetition of the message. It enters the communication process knowingly or
unknowingly. If deliberate, it serves the purpose of reiterating the message; otherwise repetitiveness is
an undecided element.
6. What is Noise?
Noise is a disturbance or interference to effective transmission of messages. Noise is anything that
disrupts or interferes with the effective communication process.
7. How is human communication broadly classified?
 Intrapersonal communication (Communication to oneself)
 Interpersonal communication (Communication between two different persons)
 Group Dynamics (Communication among the members in a group)
 Public or Mass Organisation (Communication between a speaker and the audience)
 Cross cultural communication (Communication between different persons from different
cultural backgrounds)
8. What is Verbal Communication?
Verbal communication is the type of communication where information is exchanged through verbal
medium like words, speeches etc…The tone, pitch and quality of the words used by the speaker play a
vital role here.
9. What is Non-verbal Communication?
Non-verbal communication is the type of communication where information is exchanged without
using words. It can be through facial expression, gestures, body postures that are often voluntarily
done.
10. What is mass media communication?
Mass media communication is the information that mass media channels impart to its viewers.
11. What are the barriers to effective communication?
 Noise
 Unorganised thoughts
 Lack of clarity in expression
 Ignoring the receiver
 Cultural differences
 Low pitch and tone
 Avoiding feedback
12. How can we improve communication skills?
 Improving listening skills
 Clarity in thought, content and expression
 Knowing the target audience
 Maintaining eye contact
 Pausing effectively while speaking
 Asking feedback questions
13. What are Macro skills?
Macro skills are the basic language skills- listening, speaking, reading and writing.
14. What are Micro skills?
Micro skills include pronunciation, vocabulary, spelling and grammar, the basiccomponents of
language.
15. What is the difference between listening and hearing?
Hearing is just a physical process which is involuntarily done. Listening is a deliberate process in
which the listener gets involved consciously in the process. It requires focusand effort.
16. What is Active listening?
Active listening is when the listener gets involved consciously in the process
through verbal and non-verbal cues. Non Verbal cues involve smile, postures, eye contact and
mirroring that indicate active participation in the conversation. Verbal signs include positive verbal
encouragement, remembering details, clarifying, summarising and asking encouraging questions.
17. What is Mirroring?
Mirroring is a method where the listener mirrors the expression of the speaker. It showsthat the
listener is actively involved in the listening process.
18. What are the barriers to effective listening?
 Higher brain processing rate of information compared to speech rate.
 Lack of fluency, unfamiliar accent and low volume in the speaker’s speech.
 Physical disturbances like illness or disturbance from the environment
 Emotional disturbances like stress, tension etc…
 Noise
 Unorganised thoughts
 Ignoring the listener
19. How can listening skills be enhanced?
 Maintaining eye contact
 Asking feedback questions
 Listening with an open mind
 Improving reading skills
 Listening audio text or podcasts or watching movies without subtitles
 Summarising after every lecture
20. What is Standard English or RP?
The English spoken by the educated speakers of Oxford and Cambridge belonging to the East
Midland region achieved a social status and was recognised as Standard English. This accent is
referred to as Received Pronunciation or RP and this standardform used in BBC broadcast came
21. What is Standard Indian English?
In India the English dialect given currency by the AIR and Doordarshan has been accepted as the
Standard Indian English.
22. Why is English called an unphonetic language?
There is no one to one correspondence between the English sounds and the letter they represent.
That’s why English is called an unphonetic language.
23. Why is it said that communication is a biphasic process?
Communication is a biphasic process which comprises the speaking and the writing part,but, language
acquisition is a four folded task because every leaner needs to go through the different levels of
listening, speaking reading and writing for the proper display of language skill.
24. How does MT interference act a barrier for a non-native speaker of English?
A non-native speaker of English is least familiar to the 44 speech sounds in English which is pivotal
in the proper pronunciation one makes. Their language will be highly conditioned by their mother
tongue when they try to appropriate certain sounds in English with those of which they find parallel in
their mother tongue. Thus a non-nativespeaker finds it difficult to speak English fluently.
25. What is Phonetics?
Phonetics deals with the study of production, transmission and reception of speech sounds in human
beings.
26. What are Vowels and how are they classified?
Vowels are sounds during the production of which air escapes through the mouth freely and
continuously without any audible friction. There are twenty vowel sounds in EnglishRP of which 12
are pure vowels or monophthongs and 8 are diphthongs or vowel glides. The pure vowels are further
divided onto seven short vowels and five long vowels
27. What are Diphthongs?
Diphthongs are sounds during the production of which the tongue starts in the position of a particular
vowel and moves in the direction of the position of another vowel withina single syllable. They are
also called Vowel Glides. They are eight in number.
28. What are Consonants?
Consonants are sounds during the production of which there is an obstruction in the mouth giving rise
to an audible friction. There are twenty four consonants in English language.
29. What is a Syllable?
A syllable is a unit of sound, which consists of a vowel sound and may or may not have consonant
sounds. It is marked by a hyphen (-).The number of vowels in a word determines the number of
syllables in it. The vowel is the central element and is said to be the nucleus of the syllable. A syllable
can be monosyllabic if it has only one syllable. If there are two syllables in a word, it is disyllabic and
more than two it is polysyllabic.(Give egs.)
30. What is Word Stress?
The extra emphasis or prominence given to one of the syllables in a word is called wordstress.
31. What is Stressed syllable or Tonic syllable?
The syllable upon which the stress falls is said to be the stressed or tonic syllable.
32. What is Pitch?
The rate at which our vocal cord vibrates in a connected speech or the frequency of vibration is called
Pitch.
33. What is Intonation?
The rise and fall in pitch or utterance bound pitch is referred to as intonation. If the voicemoves from
lower to higher pitch within a single syllable, it is called rising intonation [/] and if the voice moves
from higher to lower pitch within a single syllable it is calledfalling intonation [\].
34. What is Podcasting?
Podcasting is a portmanteau word combining iPod and broadcasting. It is an audio or video broadcast
that is distributed over the internet. It usually has a format similar to a radio or television show.
35. Who is an Anchor?
An Anchor is a person who hosts a show or a program which can be on the radio, on television or as
part of a live stage show. An anchor has to have excellent language competency which will help
him/her be in command throughout the show. An anchor can also be called the host or hostess, the
compere, or the MC or Master of Ceremonies.
36. What is Skimming?
Skimming, also known as gist reading, helps in comprehending the text at a basic level.It will help in
getting a broad overall information about the text.
37. What is Scanning?
Scanning, also known as general reading, is a reading method to extract particular information from
the text.
38. What is Intensive Reading?

Intensive reading is focused reading or deep reading where reading is done with specificlearning tasks
that are set to be achieved.
39. What is Extensive Reading?
Extensive reading involves reading large quantities of material and it can be for pleasureor to develop
general reading skills.
40. What are the barriers to reading?
 Lack of grammatical and linguistic competence
 Environmental factors like poor lighting, size of the book or font size
 Lack of concentration or motivation to pursue the habit of reading
 Distractions in the form of visual spectacles easily available on television or the internet
41. What is SQR3?
SQR3 is a useful strategy put forth for reading for academic purposes. Its expansion is Survey,
Question, Read, Recall, and Review. This is helpful at fishing for information from the written word
and deliberate upon the arguments developed in the text.
42. What is Structural Editing or Substantial Editing?
Structural Editing or Substantial Editing is the most intensive form of editing. It could result in a
complete revision of the text.
43. What is Copy Editing?
Copy Editing is when the text checked for errors in grammar, style, repetition, and use of jargon.
Correcting typographical errors and sentence structures is done. Readability of the passage will also
be checked.
44. What is Proof Reading?
Proof Reading is a simpler form of editing where minor errors in the use of language arecorrected. It
could be punctuation, spelling or word usage.
45. What is Formatting?
Formatting can be done to suit the style of the journal, making changes in the style andstructure of the
text.
46. What is Expository writing?
Expository writing is that in which the author tries to inform or explains the subject to the reader. It is
intended to spread information and has a logical sequence. Eg: Technicalwriting, Encyclopedias.
47. What is Persuasive writing?

Persuasive writing states the opinion of the writer precisely and tries to influence the reader using
justifications, argument and reasons. Eg: Editorial pieces, critical analysis.
48. What is Narrative writing?
Narrative writing has the author telling stories often using first person narration. It is mostly personal
and imaginative. Eg: Stories, Poems.
49. What is Descriptive writing?
Descriptive writing is a type of expository writing that uses our sensual experiences to elaborately
define things. This method might employ detailed imageries as well. Eg: Diaries, Journals.
50. What are the common characteristics of academic writing?
 A formal tone
 Unbiased expressions
 Provides evidence through research
 Clarity with regards to structure
 Provides accurate information devoid of plagiarism
51. What is Plagiarism?
Plagiarism is appropriating and stealing information that belongs to another person. It can be in the
form of written texts published by others, using it in one’s own text withoutciting the original author.
52. How can one improve the effectiveness of academic writing?
 Use of proper punctuation, correct spelling and an up-to-date vocabulary
 Avoid slang, abbreviations and reduce use of jargon
 Have a structured process: plan, draft, edit and format. Identify a topic, research andcollect
information, outline and plan, start with a draft, review, edit and format.
 Be aware of the target reader
 Familiarise oneself with writing and editing software or online tools that can help inthe
process.
53. What is a Memo?
A Memorandum is a written message used for communicating policies, procedures or official details
in an organisation. It consists of two parts: the identifying information atthe top and the message
itself.
54. What is a Resume?
Resume is a concise summary of a person’s education, skills and experience. It is often job specific
and is ideal for candidates who have previous work experience.
55. What is a CV?
CV or Curriculum Vitae is a achievements. It is ideal for freshers as well as for candidates applying
for academic positions.
56. What is a Biodata?
Biodata or Biographical Data focuses on personal particulars.
57. What is a Blog?
A Blog is a shortened version of the term weblog. It is an online journal or informationalwebsite. It is
a platform where a writer or a group of writers share their views.
58. What is Blogging?
Blogging is the many skills required to run and control a blog. A blogging platform is a type of
software or service that is used to create a blog so that content can be published online. The first
blogging platform Links.net was created by Justin Hall in 1994. Some of the popular blogging
platforms are Wordpress, Blogger and Medium.
59. How is a blog different from a website?
Blogs are regularly updated, encourage reader engagement and often have key like publishing date,
author references, categories and tags within the byline.
60. What are Soft skills?
Soft skills are non-technical skills which are working on one’s personality, one’s behaviour patterns,
one’s communicative skills and inter-personal skills. Soft skills become more crucial because it
involves one’s emotional and social intelligence as well.Soft skills are developed over a period of
time, through life situations and social interactions.
61. What are Gestures?
Gestures are movements of the arms, face and eyes to communicate something. This may be done
knowingly or unknowingly. They should aid in the conversation using them minimally but effectively.
Hence one has to practice the right gestures to becomean effective communicator.
62. Mention the rules of telephone etiquette.
 Always identify oneself at the beginning of a call. This saves a lot of confusion.
 Tone of one’s voice should be confident and positive. If it is a formal call, sit up straight
before one answers it.
 Do not carry on side conversations while one is on the phone. One should not distract oneself
doing other chores while speaking on the phone. This shows disrespect to the caller.
 Keep an even pace while one talks. If one talks too slow or too fast, the caller may not be able
to understand the message.
 Clarity of one’s voice is essential. Work on it by reading passages loudly andevaluating it.
 Try to keep telephone calls brief. Lengthy calls are not proper, especially in a workplace.
 It is not polite to let one’s mobile phones ring loudly while at a meeting, or in fact, in public
places like restaurants, theatres, training rooms, offices and so on.
63. What is Netiquette?
Netiquette is a set of socially accepted conventions regarding acceptable behaviour when using
computer and internet. These are basic rules of communication while sending mails or messages over
the internet.
64. Mention some of the rules as part of Netiquette.
 Be what one is in real space.
 Do not write the whole message in block letters.
 Be formal except when one is communicating with one’s family or friends. Do notuse
informal abbreviated forms of words in the mail, if it is a formal one.
 Use reader-friendly fonts and colours.
 Use language which is proper and polite.
 Respect the other person, do not abuse his/her time by sending lengthy mails ormessages.
 WRITING SKILLS

1. Formal letter

2. Informal letter

3. Cover letter and CV

4. Memorandum (memo)

5. Formal e-mail

6. Informal e-mail

7. Report

8. Blog

9. Minutes
 FORMAL LETTER

Write a letter to the manager of a bank requesting him to issue a new ATM card.

Flat No 132, GK Apartments

Palakkad – 7

6 May 2021

The Bank Manager

Bank of Bhatindia

Palakkad – 9

Respected sir

Sub: Request to issue a new ATM card

I have been a customer of the Bank of Bhatindia, Chittur branch, since 2011. My savings account
no is BB0004537728, and I have been issued the debit- cum- ATM card by the bank. The ATM card
no is 0000 8766-6754. Unfortunately, my ATM card has been tampered with and is no longer in a
usable condition. I request you to issue a new ATM card as early as possible.

Please find enclosed with this letter my address proof and the application for the new ATM card.

Thanking you

Yours faithfully

Mr Mohandas Nair
 INFORMAL LETTER

Write a letter to your mother informing her that you won’t be able to spend your
vacation at home.

135 C, Tiara Buildings

HAL 111 Stage, Bengaluru 560 035

12- 04- 2021

Dear Amma,

How are you? How is Appa? And my little brother? Is he alright? I hope he is studying well.

I’m fine here and I am studying well. My vacation is going to start on 1 May.

I have joined a computer course so I won’t be able to spend my vacation at home this time; but I’ll
try to come home for at least a few days, maybe on one of the weekends.

Give my love to Appa and Balu. Amma, I miss you a lot...

Lovingly

Sd/

Lavanya Menon

Gita Menon

Flat No 40, Silverdale Apartments

Bengaluru
 COVER LETTER & CV

Prepare a cover letter and CV for the post of an Assistant Professor.

11 B, Heera Apartments

Kowdiar, Trivandrum

30 March 2021

The Principal

XYZ College

Vyttila, Ernakulam

Dear Sir

Sub: Application for the post of Assistant Professor in English

This is with reference to your advertisement in Malayala Manorama dated 28- 03- 2021, for the post
of Assistant Professor in English.

I have always been interested in teaching and helping the young generation to achieve a bright future.
I have worked in many reputed institutions, which have polished my teaching skills. I believe in
keeping myself abreast of the latest syllabus, and keenly observe all the new trends in teaching-
learning process.

It would be a great opportunity, and honour, for me to be a part of your prestigious organisation.
Challenges motivate me and I always try to give my best to whatever project I undertake.

I have enclosed a copy of my resume and also copies of my certificates.

I request you to kindly go through it, and let me know the step in the selection process.

Thanking you

Yours faithfully

Sd/

Shishira Thomas

Encl: 1 copy of resume

2 copy of experience certificates

3 copy of MA certificate
 Resume

SHISHIRA THOMAS

11 B, Heera Apartments

Kowdiar, Trivandrum

Mob No: 9005002210

E mail: shishiratom@creatyworld.com

OBJECTIVE

To work hard and give the best of my performance for the betterment of your institution.

PROFILE

MA in English Language and Literature

2015-2017, ABC College, University of Kerala (88%)

BA in English Language and Literature

2012-2015, EFG College, University of Kerala(87%)

Higher Secondary Education

2010-2012, LMS School (CBSE Board) Trivandrum (85%)

High School

2010, LMS School (CBSE Board) Trivandrum (83%)

EXPERIENCE

Assistant professor

2019- 2020, PQ College

Guest Lecturer

2019- 2020, TRS College

ACHIEVEMENTS

 Selected as the best outstanding speaker in the University Youth Festival, 2014 and 2015
 Presented the best paper for Students Seminar conducted by the University of Kerala on
Green Literature

LEADERSHIP

 The Subject Society and Youth

 NCC cadet 2015-2017
 NSS 2010-2012

AREAS OF INTEREST

Teaching, Journalism

PERSONAL PROFILE

 Father’s name: Thomas Chandy

 Date of Birth : 16 December, 1994
 Hobbies: reading, dancing, painting, listening to music etc

REFERENCES

Dr Manju Ashok Dr Anand Sharma

Associate Professor Associate Professor

Department of English Department of English

ABC College MNO College

University of Kerala Delhi University

Mob:0000055555 mob:777777
 MEMORANDUM

From: J. Thilak – Head, Sales

To : All GKS Sales Staff

Date : 20 March 2021

Re : Change in timing

We would like to inform you of the new timing of our office. We will begin functioning at 9:00
am and will close for the day at 4:00 pm with effect from 1 April 2021.

Best regards

Management
 FORMAL E-MAIL

To : leenageorge@createyourworld.com

Subject: Reminder of leave

Cc : Rimamathews@createyourworld.com

Dear Ms Leena

I just wanted to remind you that I will be on leave next week. Anoop will take care of the presentation
scheduled for Tuesday. I have briefed him on the client meeting and have handed over the samples as
well.

Thanks

Rima Mathews

Research Head

LMX ltd.
 INFORMAL MAIL

To : arshasri@createyourworld.com

Subject: Invitation for birthday party

Dear Arsha

Hope you are doing well. This is to inform you that we are arranging a birthday party for my
sister on 22 May. Planning to give her a surprise. Party will start at 4:00 pm. You should come
with your brother. Meet you at the venue.

Lovingly

Arjun
REPORT

A report for the college magazine about the Arts Club inauguration

Alappuzha, 23 November 2018

The inauguration of the Arts Club of St Gerard’s College, Alappuzha, on 27

November, 2018, was a star- studded affair. The college union, under the
leadership of the Chairperson Ms Reshma Tony, organised the memorable
event. National Award winning director Mr Anil Bagde and cine actor Meghana
Kumar were the chief guests at the function, which was presided over by our
honourable principal Dr Alexeena Mathew.

The chairperson welcomed the guests and other dignitaries. The principal spoke
of the importance of the day and congratulated the office bearers and the
teachers-in-charge for organising such a grand function. The dignitaries on the
dais lit the lamp and formally inaugurated the Arts Club. The audience was
eagerly waiting for Mr Bagde to speak and he obliged them with a speech that
was laced with humour and social consciousness. He urged the youth to be
creative and not be disheartened by the struggles they face on the path to
realising their dreams. He spoke of the times he had faced rejection and how he
ultimately overcame obstacles. Mr Bagde asked the aspiring creative talents in
the audience to speak of simple stories, of the everyday experiences of the
people, as these are the things that the world needs.

Ms Kumar, who spoke next, was her usual cheerful self. Her address was full of
wonderful anecdotes of the people she has worked with. She interacted with the
audience and matched dance steps with them. On a more serious note, she talked
of the importance of women exhibiting self –respect and asked everyone not to
compromise on their values.

The formal function came to an end with the vote of thanks proposed by the
secretary of the Arts Club, Mr Moses Joseph. This was followed by a variety
programme which had skits, group dances and musical performances. The
highlight of the day was the Panchari Melam performed by the all-women troupe
led by Renuka Kurup. The audience had a great time and the whole college is
looking forward to many more such ventures from the college union.

Organizing Secretary
BLOG

Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone

Tue, 12/03/2013- 12:40 pm

Nick Ferens

Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone is the first of seven books in the
whole Harry Potter series. The story is about Harry who is a wizard. His
parents were killed when he was a child by the dark lord, Voldemort, one of
the best and most evil wizards in the world. Harry survived in the attack and
came to be known as “The Boy Who Lived”. He resides with his uncle
Vernon, aunt Petunia and cousin Dudley who treats him very poorly. When
Harry turned 11, he started getting mysterious letters, inviting him to
“Hogwarts, the school of witchcraft and wizardry”. He ends up attending
the school from where he realized that his parents were wizards. He got
friends and enemies from the school. As Harry progress through the term,
he hears of the “Philosopher’s Stone” and also finds out that Voldemort
wants it. The rest of the story reveals his attempt to save the stone and his
quest for finding why Voldemort couldn’t kill him. I really liked the book
because there’s so much action and a lot of thrilling moments. Once you get
to the first 50 pages or so, you will not put this book down. Overall I will
give the book a 9.5/10. I have read the book for about 5 times and I definitely
recommend you try reading it yourself.
 MINUTES

Write the minutes of the meeting conducted by the Sports Club regarding the Sports
Day celebrations in your college.

Minutes

A meeting of the sports club was held on 18 July 2020 at the conference hall at 9am.

Members Present

1. Dr Raj (President, Sports Club)

2. Abhin S. ( Secretary, Sports Club)

3. Anu D. (Member, Sports Club)

4. Aswathy A. ( Member, Sports Club)

5. Rajeev L. (Member, Sports Club)

6. Abhishek R. (Member, Sports Club)

7. Radhika P. (Member, Sports Club)

Members Absent

Athira T. (Member, Sports Club)

Agenda

1. National Sports Day Celebration

The following matters were discussed,

1. It was decided to organize a sports meet on 29 August at the college ground.

2. The program would begin at 10 am and all the sports club members should be present

in the college at 9 am.

3. Ms. Radhika P. (Member, Sports Club) was given the charge of organising the whole

program

4. The committee decided to invite Olympian Ms Anju Bobby George as the chief

Guest.

5. The prizes would be distributed by the College principal.

Next meeting date/time and location

August 30 at 10:00 am at the conference hall

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Respected Principal Sir, honourable teachers and dear friends, I am Parag of Class Xl-
A. Today I want to share my views on the topic ‘Indoor games vs. Outdoor games’.
Modern gadgets like computers, gaming consoles, video games and mobile phones
have made us crazy as well as lazy. In our spare time, we can be either seen surfing
the internet or sending SMS on mobile phones. We have forgotten hide and seek,
cricket and football, all of which make us physically active and alert.

Outdoor games strengthen our physique and help us to remain healthy. When we play
outdoor games we grow enthusiastic, we agree and disagree and fight. We make more
friends, which broadens our social circle. On the other hand, when we play alone on
computers, we are damaging our eyes, polluting our minds and turning into couch
potatoes which is not good for our health. Outdoor games inculcate values like team
work, coherency and zest for living in us. On the other hand, playing indoor games only
makes us isolated and self-centered. Considering all these, it can be said that while
outdoor games carry joys in their basket, indoor games do not in any way. So, we
should adopt outdoor games and come out to play them more often.

Thank you