HGAP week 9 - Kirsti newton 28th September

Were only dealing with humans in this module

Anatomy – a study of internal and external structures and the physical relationships among
them. (structure)

Gross (macroscopic) anatomy

Microscopic anatomy includes
 Cytology anatomy (study on internal structure of individual cells)
 Histology (examination of tissues – groups of specialised cells and cell products that
work together to perform specific functions.

Physiology is how living organisms perform their vital functions

All physiological functions are performed by specific anatomical structures

Levels of organisation
1. Chemical level
2. Cellular level
3. Tissue level
4. Organ level
5. System level
6. Organismal level

Summary table to be completed of the three different types of muscle tissues – coursework
1 – 10% of the grade for HGAP

Terminology:
Prefixes –
 Hyper – above nrmal e.g. hypertension
 Hypo – below normal e.g. hypoglycaemic

Suffixes –
 It is – means inflammatory e.g. meningitis
 Pathy – means abnormality e.g. neuropathy
Word roots –
 Neuro – nerves, nervous system
 Cardio – heart

Hypertension –
 Hyper-abover normal
 Tensions – pressure/stress, often blood
 Hypertension= above normal blood pressure
Hypotension bleow average blood pressure.

Anatomical positional and directional terms

Anatomical position – anatomical descriptors refer to an individual in the anatomical

position, standing upright facing forwards hands at the side palms and feet facing forwards
and feet flat on the floor

Supine – a person lying down on their back in the anatomical position

Prone - A person lying down on their front in the anatomical position is said to be prone

Anatomical directions are grouped in pairs, each pair has an opposite meaning

Anterior – front
Posterior – back (Kim K)
Dorsal – front
Ventral – back
Superior – above
Inferior – below
Medial – close to the midline
Lateral – away from the midline
Cranial- towards the head
Caudal – down the spinal cord
Proximal – close to the point of origin
Distal – away from the point off origin

Sections and plane:

A plane is an axis or an imaginary fat surface that passes throught hre body
A section is a view or slice along one of those planes. Ie one of the 2 surfaces that result
when the body is cut along the planes

The sagittal plane – separate’s the left and right

The midsagittal or median plane – divides the body equally into the left and right sides
Parasagittal plane – divides the body or organ unequally into the left and right sides
The transverse plane – cuts across the body dividing it into superior and inferior
The frontal or coronal plane – separates anterior and the posterior planes.