Cell Membrane:

Structure of the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer).

Functions of the cell membrane, including selective permeability and maintaining cell integrity.

Role of proteins in the cell membrane (integral and peripheral proteins).

Difference between active and passive transport across the membrane.

Organelles:

Nucleus:

Structure and function of the nucleus.

Importance of DNA and RNA in genetic information.

Mitochondria: Structure and role in cellular respiration.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough ER and smooth ER: functions and differences.

Golgi Apparatus: Structure and its role in packaging and modifying proteins.

Lysosomes: Structure and functions as the cell's digestive system.

Chloroplasts (in plant cells): Structure and their role in photosynthesis.

Vacuoles (larger in plant cells): Structure and functions, including storage and maintaining turgor pressure.

Differences between Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells:

Presence of nucleus: eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus, while bacteria have a nucleoid region.

Membrane-bound organelles: eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, which bacteria lack.

Size: bacteria are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Presence of cell wall: both bacteria and plant cells have a cell wall, but the composition differs.

Differences between Animal and Plant Cells:

Animal Cells:Presence of lysosomes.,Centrioles (involved in cell division).

Round shape.

Plant Cells:Presence of chloroplasts for photosynthesis. Large central vacuole.

Rectangular or square shape.

Passive Transport:

Diffusion:

Definition and factors affecting the rate of diffusion.

Osmosis:

Definition and understanding hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.

Facilitated Diffusion:

Transport proteins (channels and carriers) aiding the movement of specific molecules.

Active Transport:

Primary Active Transport:

Sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ pump) as an example.

Secondary Active Transport:

Symport and antiport systems (cotransport).

Gradient:

Understanding concentration gradients and electrochemical gradients.

How substances move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.