NEBOSH

MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH AND SAFETY

UNIT IG1:
For: NEBOSH International General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety
Solutions (Answers)
Solution
Task 1: Financial impact of accidents
The accident with the robotic arm and the bench-mounted machinery will have caused
organisational financial impacts.
Outline the possible financial impacts. (15)
Note: You should support your answer, where applicable, using relevant information
from the scenario.
Answer.
Accidental injuries can happen suddenly and disrupt our lives significantly. They
not only affect our health but also bring unexpected financial challenges. In 2021,
work-related injuries alone cost a whopping $167.0 billion. This number included
lost wages and reduced productivity, which amounted to $47.4 billion.

Exploring the Financial Impact of Accidental Injuries

Accidental injuries can happen suddenly and disrupt our lives significantly. They
not only affect our health but also bring unexpected financial challenges. In 2021,
work-related injuries alone cost a whopping $167.0 billion. This number included
lost wages and reduced productivity, which amounted to $47.4 billion. These figures
shed light on the substantial economic strain accidental injuries can place on both
individuals and the larger community.
In this article, we’ll delve deeper into the various costs associated with
accidental injuries. We’ll also explore preventive measures to avoid them,
understand the role of insurance, and discover how different support systems can be
a lifeline in alleviating the financial stress that comes in the wake of these
unexpected events.
The Direct Medical Costs of Accidental Injuries
Accidental injuries not only pose a threat to our physical well-being but also
usher in a tide of financial challenges, both direct and indirect. The first
concern post-injury typically revolves around immediate medical attention, which
often necessitates a visit to the emergency room or an urgent care center. The
medical journey can unfold into various pathways, depending on the severity of the
injury.
For instance, a significant injury like an ACL tear might warrant surgery, where
the ACL surgery cost can carry a hefty price tag. As individuals embark on the road
to recovery, follow-up medical appointments become a critical part of the healing
process. There might be a need for additional surgeries or physiotherapy sessions
to regain full functionality, along with prescribed medications to manage pain and
ward off infections. In more severe cases, long-term care and rehabilitation become
indispensable, further amplifying the financial burden.
Legal Implications and Potential Compensation
Following an accidental injury, particularly when it arises from another
individual’s negligence, the prospect of legal redress becomes a viable route.
However, the legal realm is complex and calls for specialized knowledge. It’s here
that the engagement of a legal professional becomes crucial. Having a local
attorney or legal representative can offer significant benefits, such as
familiarity with local laws and ease of communication.
For instance, an individual who has experienced a mishap like a slip and fall,
which is a common type of personal injury, might need specific legal assistance. If
such an incident occurs in Orange County, it would be prudent to consult with
Orange County slip and fall accident lawyers to get guidance and insights on the
legal landscape in that area. Their local expertise can ascertain potential
settlements or compensation you might be entitled to.
Several legal avenues, like personal injury lawsuits and workers’ compensation
claims, exist to explore, offering a channel for financial relief. These experts
can help navigate through these legal pathways, aiming to secure fair compensation
that might alleviate the financial burdens accompanying the injury. Through
professional legal assistance, individuals can better understand their rights and
the compensatory measures available to them, providing a semblance of financial
reassurance in the challenging times following an accidental injury.
Indirect Costs Associated With Injuries
The economic impact of injuries extends beyond immediate medical expenses. Many
find themselves unable to resume work for a considerable period, leading to a loss
of income that can strain personal finances significantly. In more grievous
scenarios, an injury might result in a lasting disability, altering your ability to
earn at the previous rate. This diminished earning capacity can cast a long shadow
on your quality of life.
Besides the lost income, individuals might encounter additional unforeseen
expenditures. These could range from making home modifications for improved
accessibility and acquiring mobility aids to other ancillary costs that contribute
to the broader financial strain.
Psychological and Emotional Financial Strains
The aftermath of an accidental injury isn’t just physical. The trauma of the
incident can leave psychological scars. Many find themselves in need of therapy or
counseling to cope with the emotional aftermath and reach post-traumatic growth.
This, of course, has financial implications.
There’s also the impact on family finances to consider. For instance, if a primary
breadwinner cannot work due to an injury, the entire family’s financial stability
can be threatened. On top of all this, medications to manage stress, anxiety, or
depression stemming from the accident further add to the list of expenses.
Insurance and Coverage Gaps
Having insurance can indeed alleviate some of the financial strain from accidental
injuries. But it’s important to know the details of your insurance. Not all medical
procedures or therapies might be covered.
Out-of-pocket expenses can mount quickly if you aren’t careful. And if the injury
prevents you from working, will your insurance cover your lost wages? Health
savings accounts and emergency funds can act as a safety net in these situations,
helping manage the financial fallout more effectively.
Prevention and Financial Preparedness
While we can’t predict when an accidental injury might occur, we can certainly take
steps to minimize risks and be financially prepared. Investing time and resources
in safety measures, whether at home or at work, can help prevent many accidents.
On the financial front, regularly evaluating and updating insurance policies
ensures you have the coverage you need. Also, setting aside funds specifically for
emergencies provides a cushion against unexpected expenses, making it easier to
navigate through challenging times.
Conclusion
The financial implications of accidental injuries are multifaceted, ranging from
direct medical expenses to indirect costs and potential legal implications.
Preparedness and prevention are paramount. By understanding the various costs
involved and taking proactive steps, you can better protect yourself and your loved
ones from the unforeseen financial challenges that accidental injuries can bring.
It’s a call for each one of us to evaluate our readiness and ensure we’re not
caught off guard.

The impact of robotics on safety and health

The use of robotics is becoming increasingly common in the workplace. And there is
no doubt that this has resulted in improvements to safety and health. However,
robotics have their own risks and hazards that can negatively affect the work
environment, too.
Let’s take a closer look at the impact of robotics on safety and health. Our
analysis will review both sides of the story…improved outcomes as well as new
challenges.
How Workplace Robotics Improve Safety and Health
Robotics provide a number of opportunities to improve workplace safety and health.
This is primarily because robots can take the place of employees in potentially
hazardous environments.
Robots can reduce the risk of falls from height
One example of this is when robotics are used in the warehouse, and how they help
to minimize fall hazards for traditional workers. Robotic machinery can reach items
that are too high up for employees. It can reduce or even eliminate the need for
workers to operate aerial lift equipment.
Robots can reduce the risk of MSDs
Another way that the use of robotics has helped reduce workplace injuries is in the
manufacturing industry. Exoskeleton robots can reduce the need for workers to
perform repetitive motion tasks, which often lead to musculoskeletal disorders
(MSDs).
Robots can reduce the number of injuries associated with lifting heavy objects
Robotics can also be used to reduce the need for workers to lift or carry heavy
objects. This results in fewer back injuries for employees and significant savings
for the employer in health insurance and workers’ compensation costs.
Robots can reduce the number of injuries associated with worker fatigue
Yet another advantage of robotic machinery is that they can work for extended
periods of time without needing a break. Unlike their human counterparts, a robot’s
performance does not decline the longer they remain at work.
This benefit translates into better management of worker fatigue.
Studies show that workers face a greater risk of injury when they are tired, have
been working long hours, or at certain times of the day such as just before or
after taking a break. Robots effectively reduce the number of injuries that could
otherwise be attributed to fatigue.
Hazards Associated with Workplace Robotics
In recent years, there have been a number of injuries and even fatalities that
resulted from interaction between workers and robotic machinery.
In a fatality case from 2015, a warehouse employee at a bottled water company was
killed after being crushed by the forks on a robotic, driverless forklift known as
an LGV (laser-guided vehicle).
LGVs are equipped with safety sensors that are designed to detect objects or
workers within their path. When the sensors detect an obstacle, the LGV
automatically stops moving and an alarm sounds until an employee removes the
object.
The manufacturer’s manual requires workers to initiate an “emergency stop” before
removing an obstacle. This prevents the forklift from immediately resuming its
normal activities once the object has been removed.
In this case from 2015, the sensor’s alarm was triggered by a piece of plastic wrap
underneath the elevated forks of the LGV. Unfortunately, the victim did not
initiate the emergency stop, and was crushed by the forklift after it resumed its
automated functions.
Other hazards associated with workplace robotics include:
o Increased ergonomic risks with new forms of human-machine interaction.
o Exposure to new risks, such as electromagnetic fields, lasers, etc.
o Accidents that can result from lack of understanding, knowledge, or control
of robotic work processes.
Finding the Right Balance
It’s important for employers to properly assess new risks and hazards that could be
introduced with the implementation of robotic machinery.
Because this technology is so new, OSHA does not yet have any standards in place on
this particular topic. However, additional research is currently underway.
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recently
established the Center for Occupational Robotic Research, which serves to better
understand how to work safely with robots.
In the meantime, be aware of both the risks and benefits of using robotic machinery
in your workplace. Be sure to adequately train your employees and follow all
manufacturer recommendations.

Task 2: Policy review

What are the possible reasons for reviewing the health and safety policy at the car
manufacturing organisation? (12) Note: You should support your answer, where
applicable, using relevant information from the scenario
HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICY
Maintaining a dynamic, relevant, and robust health and safety policy is paramount
in an ever-evolving business landscape. This policy protects your organization’s
most valuable asset – your people – and helps mitigate financial risks, ensures
regulatory compliance, and bolsters your company’s reputation. However, creating a
health and safety policy is not a one-time event. It requires regular reviews to
ensure that it is effective, comprehensive, and reflective of your current business
environment.
Review Of Health and Safety Policy
The review of a Health and Safety Policy refers to the regular evaluation of an
organization’s existing safety procedures, regulations, and practices to ensure
they are effective, up-to-date, and in compliance with current laws and industry
standards.
This review process involves a comprehensive look at the current health and safety
policy, including identifying any gaps or issues in the policy and creating a plan
to address these areas. It can include factors like organizational changes, new
legislation or guidance, changes in work methods, changes in key personnel, and the
results of previous risk assessments or accident investigations.
A Health and Safety Policy review is crucial because it helps organizations ensure
the welfare of their employees and other stakeholders, maintain compliance with
laws and regulations, improve their reputation, and mitigate potential financial
losses from accidents and incidents.
During a review, an organization might also assess whether their employees
understand and follow the health and safety policy if sufficient resources are
allocated for its implementation, if it is properly integrated with other
organization activities, and if there is active involvement from senior management
in health and safety matters.
Reasons For a Review Of The Health And Safety Policy
There are several reasons for a review of the health and safety policy. The more
important reasons are that:
1. Significant Organizational Changes
Large-scale changes like mergers, acquisitions, or restructuring often mean a
change in workflow, employee roles, facility usage, etc. These changes can
introduce new health and safety risks or obsolete existing policies. By reviewing
your health and safety policy in light of these changes, you can ensure the policy
remains relevant and effective in mitigating risks.
2. Changes In Key Personnel
When key personnel changes occur, this could affect the understanding,
implementation, and enforcement of the existing health and safety policy. New
individuals might interpret or enforce rules differently or be unfamiliar with
specific safety practices. Regular reviews when such changes occur can ensure
everyone is on the same page regarding health and safety expectations.
3. Legislative Or Guidance Updates
Health and safety laws and guidelines regularly change as new research emerges and
societal norms evolve. These changes can impact how your business should operate to
maintain safe working conditions. Regular reviews can ensure your policy complies
with current legislation and best practices.
4. Introduction Of New Work Methods
The advent of new technologies, machinery, or work methods can introduce new risks.
For example, adopting a new piece of machinery may require specific safety training
or protective gear. Reviews should be conducted whenever new work methods are
introduced to incorporate these changes and ensure workers are properly protected.
5. Alterations To Working Arrangements Or Processes
Changes such as introducing shift work, remote work, or altering procedural steps
could impact the applicability of existing safety measures. Reviewing your policy
in response to these changes ensures that all employees, regardless of their work
arrangement, are adequately covered by safety measures.
6. Changes Following Employee Consultation
Employee feedback is a vital source of information for identifying potential risks
and improving safety measures. If changes are made based on their input, your
policy should be reviewed to ensure these changes are effectively communicated and
implemented.
7. Findings From Risk Assessments Or Incident Investigations
If risk assessments or incident investigations reveal new hazards or inadequate
safety measures, your policy should be updated accordingly. This process ensures
that your policy reflects the current risk landscape and prevents future incidents.
8. Updated Information From Manufacturers
Manufacturers may provide updated safety information about their products. This
could include new handling procedures, safety gear requirements, or identified
risks. Incorporating this information into your policy is essential to ensure the
safe use of these products.
9. Advice From Insurance Companies
Insurance providers have a vested interest in minimizing risk. They often advise on
improving safety to lower the likelihood of accidents and related claims.
Incorporating this advice into your policy can lead to safer working conditions and
lower insurance premiums.
10. External Health And Safety Audit Findings
An external audit is an impartial assessment of your health and safety processes.
It can reveal areas of non-compliance or inefficiency that may not be evident to
those within the organization. Findings from these audits should be used to improve
your policy and overall safety performance.
11. Enforcement Actions By Health And Safety Executive (HSE) Or Local Authority
If you’ve faced enforcement action for non-compliance with safety regulations, it
indicates serious gaps in your policy. A thorough review is needed to address these
issues, correct non-compliance, and ensure similar issues don’t recur.
12. Time Since Previous Review
Even if there are no significant changes, subtle shifts in work practices, gradual
legislative updates, or the simple passage of time can make your policy outdated.
Regularly scheduled reviews help ensure your policy stays up-to-date, effective,
and complies with all relevant regulations and standards.
Challenges To Successful Implementation Of Health And Safety Policies
Implementing health and safety policies can present various challenges. Here are
some common challenges that organizations may face:
• Inadequate Communication and Understanding: If the workforce does not clearly
communicate health and safety policies and priorities, this can lead to non-
compliance or risky behavior. To rectify this, ensure the policy is written in
clear, understandable language and that all employees receive thorough training on
its provisions.
• Insufficient Resources for Implementation: A health and safety policy is only
as good as its implementation. The policy’s effectiveness will be compromised if
insufficient resources are dedicated to enforcing the policy, such as a lack of
safety equipment or training.
• Imbalanced Emphasis on Employee Rules and Management Policy: A successful
health and safety policy should have a balanced focus on employee rules and
management policy. Overemphasis on rules for employees without clear guidelines for
management can lead to issues with enforcement and responsibility.
• Mismatch with Other Organizational Activities: If health and safety measures
are not integrated with other organizational activities like finance or quality
control, it can lead to a poor health and safety culture. A holistic approach,
valuing safety as much as other organizational goals, ensures the long-term success
of the policy.
• Lack of Senior Management Involvement: For a health and safety policy to be
effective, there must be a commitment from senior management, particularly at the
board level. Their involvement signals the importance of the policy to all
employees and ensures that necessary resources are allocated to its implementation.
• Inadequate Response to Employee Concerns: If employees feel their safety
concerns are not addressed or they’re not provided with adequate safety
information, it can lead to low morale, high absenteeism, and potential safety
risks. Open communication channels and regular safety briefings can help address
these issues.
• High Labor Turnover: High labor turnover can hinder the consistent
application and understanding of health and safety policies. Regular training
sessions for new employees and ongoing training for existing employees can mitigate
this.
• Inadequate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Lack of appropriate PPE puts
employees at risk and can result in non-compliance with safety regulations.
Ensuring the provision of necessary PPE is a key part of a successful health and
safety policy.
• Unsafe and Poorly Maintained Equipment: Unsafe equipment or machinery poses a
significant risk to employees. Regular maintenance checks and prompt repair or
replacement of faulty equipment are essential to upholding the health and safety
policy.
• Lack of Health and Safety Monitoring Procedures: Without proper monitoring
procedures in place, it’s difficult to gauge the effectiveness of your health and
safety policy or to identify areas for improvement. Regular audits, risk
assessments, and incident reporting procedures can help ensure the policy is
effectively implemented and maintained.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the dynamic nature of business operations necessitates regular
reviews of your organization’s health and safety policy. These reviews, prompted by
significant organizational changes, alterations in work methods, legislative
updates, and shifts in personnel, are fundamental in maintaining an up-to-date and
relevant approach to workplace safety. Not only do these reviews ensure compliance
with health and safety regulations, but they also underscore your organization’s
commitment to prioritizing the well-being of your employees.
Thus, by understanding and acting upon these twelve crucial reasons for a health
and safety policy review, you can cultivate a safe, healthy, and productive
workplace responsive to the changing demands and challenges of the business world.
Accident Investigation: In-depth
• Printable version
Summary
Investigation of workplace accidents and incidents is an essential part of managing
health and safety. Trend analysis of and accurate information about previous
accidents and near misses helps in the development of improvement objectives to
reduce the risk they will reoccur.
Health and Safety Executive inspectors (or local authority Environmental Health
Officers, depending on jurisdiction) may also carry out an investigation of an
accident within their enforcement powers.
This topic discusses what types of incident should be investigated, how an
investigation should be carried out, and by whom. It also explains accident and
incident causation and the necessary training required to ensure those
investigating are competent.
Employers' Duties
There is no explicit legal duty to investigate accidents but certain regulations do
imply the need to carry out accident investigations.
• The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 imply that
investigating the causes of workplace accidents is considered an essential part of
good health and safety management, and of the risk assessment review process. It
forms the “check” part of the Plan, Do, Check, Act approach in the HSE’s HSG65
Managing for Health and Safety.
• The Social Security (Claims and Payments) Regulations 1987, as amended,
require an employer to take reasonable steps to investigate the circumstances of
every accident that is reported.
Employees' Duties
• Employees have a duty to co-operate with employers to enable them to fulfil
their statutory duties under the Health and Safety at Work, etc Act 1974. This
would include reporting:
 dangerous occurrences
 near misses and accidents whether or not they resulted in injury, damage or
disease.
• Employees are also required to co-operate in an investigation.
• The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 requires
employees to report any situation which could present a serious and imminent danger
to employees.
In Practice
Requirements for Investigation
Investigating the cause of accidents and incidents is good practice, even though
investigation is only required by a limited selection of health and safety
legislation.
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) publishes guidance on accident investigation,
HSG245 Investigating Accidents and Incidents — A Workbook for Employers, Unions,
Safety Representatives and Safety Professionals.
As a very basic guide to investigation, the guidance features four steps.
1. Gathering information.
2. Analysing information.
3. Identifying risk control measures.
4. Producing and implementing an action plan.
Three levels of accident causation are identified through this guidance.
1. Immediate causes.
2. Underlying causes.
3. Root causes.
Legal Requirements
A number of statutory instruments place duties on certain sectors of industry to
undertake accident investigations in certain circumstances. These include:
• Ionising Radiations Regulations 2017
• Railways (Safety Case) Regulations 2000
• Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 2015
• Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013
(RIDDOR), as it applies to railways and mines and quarries
• Nuclear Installations Act 1965
• Safety Representatives and Safety Committees Regulations 1977.
Where no special provision is made, any requirement to investigate accidents is
therefore implicit.
The Safety Representatives and Safety Committees Regulations 1977 (as modified by
the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, regulations 7(1) and
8(1)) provide for safety representatives to investigate potential hazards and
dangerous occurrences and to examine the causes of accidents at the workplace.
While employers are required to assist the safety representatives undertaking this
function they do not have any legal duty to investigate.
Death or other serious incidents in the workplace the police initially have primacy
during the investigation, although they are normally supported by the HSE. In
England and Wales there is a Work-Related deaths protocol covering the liaison of
the public bodies involved in investigating work-related deaths. There is a similar
protocol in Scotland reflecting the differences on how the criminal justice system
is administered.
What Should be Investigated?
Ideally, investigation and review should take place for all accidents and incidents
but in practice this is not always possible. It is important that organisations
take a sensible and proportionate approach to the investigation of accidents, in
which case it may not be necessary to have the same full-depth procedure to
investigate minor and trivial accidents.
An organisation’s procedures for investigation should include a procedure for
deciding which events will be investigated and which will not. It may be helpful
for organisations to develop a simple “risk matrix” (such as outlined in the HSE’s
HSG245 Investigating Accidents: A Workbook for Employers, Unions, Safety
Representatives and Safety Professionals) to help decide which incidents should be
investigated or at least to help prioritise investigations.
Investigations should always take place for incidents occuring in a high-risk
environment where risk control measures need to be robust. High risks may result
from the use of equipment or plant, the use of hazardous substances or work in
certain places such as confined spaces.
It is important that near misses with the potential for injury are investigated.
These are incidents where an unplanned event occurs for which there is no resultant
injury or damage, but the potential exists for harm to result if the event occurred
under different circumstances.
The time and effort put into the investigation may vary considerably according to
the potential severity of injury and/or damage. Significant incidents will usually
require a written report although there may be no need to document the results in
very minor cases.
What Will an Investigation Achieve?
There is a need for both managers and workers to understand why certain events and
outcomes occurred, even if the severity or consequences of the accident were
comparatively minor on that occasion. This will aid reducing the risk of an
incident recurring.
Employers must be in a position to justify their assessments of risks and any
action they have taken or intend to take after an accident, including the review of
any relevant risk assessment. This can only be achieved by adequate and robust
accident investigation.
Accidents cost money; understanding the causes of accidents can assist in
preventing unnecessary financial loss as well as providing cost-effective
solutions.
Some events will have to be reported to the relevant authority under the provisions
of the Reporting of injuries and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR).The
existence of a process of accident investigation will enable a better understanding
of the events reported. This can greatly assist in dealing with any enquiries made
by the enforcement agencies or in any subsequent investigation undertaken by an
enforcing authority.
The benefits to employers who undertake accident investigation include:
• a better understanding of risk and provision of information for use in risk
assessment
• reducing the risk of accidents and incidents in the future
• a powerful tool for motivating organisational learning and activating
cultural change
• a means of understanding and obtaining information on management systems
• a useful means of demonstrating the status of safety management in an
organisation which in turn can be used to assist in litigation claims and
developing arguments for lowering insurance premiums
• providing evidence of any discrepancy between what should be in place, eg
safe systems of work, and what is actually happening.
Cultural Aspects
At the cultural level, if the idea is held that accidents are always a result of
negligence and that somebody (an individual) is always to blame then the likelihood
events will be reported, progress of the investigation and its outcomes will be
limited. A positive culture of enquiry and continual improvement is more likely to
lead to frank and thorough approaches to investigation.
Prerequisites for Investigation
Before any accident investigation is undertaken, it is essential that the
organisation is prepared for both the process of the investigation and the results
of the investigation. Further information on pre-planning is given in BS 45002-3:
Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems — General Guidelines for the
Application of ISO 45001. Part 3: Guidance on Incident Investigation. Specific
arrangements include:
• selection and training of investigators, taking into account the need for
workforce collaboration
• assessing what should be investigated in terms of legal requirements and
organisational needs
• establishing the arrangements for investigations as part of the health and
safety policy, including notification arrangements
• the process for reporting and the on-going monitoring of the implementation
of recommendations (remedial treatment).
Accident Investigation Policy
The extent of the policy and the requirements provided by it will depend on the
nature and size of the organisation, as well as the hazards and risks likely to be
encountered in the workplace.
The policy should cover:
• the responsibilities for accident investigation, including co-operation
between various units of management, as well as trade union safety representatives
or other employee representatives (where they exist)
• the support in terms of resources, facilities and personnel that will be or
can be made available — this should include expert assistance where this is
foreseeable
• the competencies of those tasked with investigation, including training
arrangements and skills development
• notification of next of kin, relatives, etc and the support arrangements for
dealing with the more traumatic events
• dealing with the media and designating the individuals who should handle such
enquiries
• dealing with the enforcement authority, especially the identification of
those persons with authority to speak for the organisation and how this should be
carried out.
Linking the policy requirements to the legal duties to report accidents under the
provisions of RIDDOR will ensure that, RIDDOR reportable events will be reported in
compliance with the legislation.
Who Should Investigate an Accident?
There are differing views on who is best suited to undertake accident
investigations. Ideally investigation is undertaken by a team rather than an
individual, but the size of the team is best determined by the complexity and
potential risk associated with the events.
A team comprising safety practitioners and line managers will provide an adequate
balance, providing they have been suitably trained. It is also helpful to include
those who can give practical expertise such as those who routinely perform the work
or processes.
In all cases, a properly trained safety professional can act as the focal point for
the selection and direction of investigation methods and processes. In addition,
the skills and knowledge of specialist staff or consultants may be used in the
investigation process.
At least one workforce representative should be involved in the investigation. The
level of involvement of various staff is often dependent upon the organisational
arrangements, the type of incident and the potential risk associated with the
incident (eg injuries or damage that reasonably could have occurred).
Great care must be taken to ensure that investigators are not hampered or
influenced by internal pressure from within the management structure. Some
organisations prefer to use outside consultants for this reason.
Accident Investigation and Who Becomes Involved When
Staff at supervisory level • When an incident is reported to them by an
employee under their supervision, which the employee believes indicates the
presence of any danger to persons, plant or equipment.
Staff at managerial level • When an incident occurs within the manager’s
area of responsibility involving the failure of or damage to any part of the
premises, plant, equipment, tool or substance.
• When an incident occurs in which an employee or other person within the
manager’s area of responsibility has suffered death or injury.
• When an incident occurs within the manager’s area of responsibility which
could have led to the death or injury of persons or to the failure/damage of any
company property.
Health and safety advisor/manager • Incidents to be reported to the
enforcement authority.
• Incidents involving the death of, or personal injury to, anyone doing
anything with or in relation to any activity carried out by the company.
• Incidents which a department manager believes could have led to the death of,
or personal injury to, any person.
Specialists and consultants • When specific skills, specialist knowledge or
experience are required to carry out an effective investigation.
Staff representative • Any incident in which a member of staff that they
represent is involved.
Investigations by Inspectors
An enforcement authority inspector may:
• carry out an examination and investigation
• direct that the premises or any part of them, or anything on the premises,
should be left undisturbed for the purpose of any examination or investigation
• take measurements, photographs and recordings
• take samples of any articles or substances
• dismantle and/or test any article or substance found in any premises
• secure possession of any article or substance for use as evidence
• require any persons to give any information relevant to an investigation
including giving a statement which may later be used in legal proceedings
• require the production of any books or documents
• ask to be afforded such facilities and assistance as are necessary.
If an enforcement officer has carried out a separate accident investigation, it may
be appropriate to let them know the outcome of the company’s own investigation.
However, legal advice should be sought before disclosing this information.
Stages in an Investigation
There are various models which attempt to describe the stages of an accident
investigation. They all have the same principles and commence with the site of the
accident itself.
• Ensure the site of the accident or incident is safe for the investigation
team.
• Contain and preserve the evidence.
• Carry out initial investigations.
• Identify reference material such as procedural documents, training manuals,
risk assessments, etc.
• Interview witnesses.
• Examine equipment, materials, plant and machinery.
• Collate evidence and any other relevant information, eg maintenance records,
training records.
• Share lessons learned from accidents and incidents across sites.
• Write a report detailing the findings, drawing conclusions and allocating
corrective actions.
Checklist for Accident Investigation
A typical checklist for accident investigation will include the following.
1. Collect, protect and secure evidence, eg:
o photographs/video recordings
o plan of the scene
o list of witnesses
o list of equipment and plant
o seek forensic/scientific expertise
o take samples
o measure distances/sizes
o institute immediate control measures.
2. Identify and locate relevant documents, such as:
o procedures
o manufacturer's/supplier's information
o maintenance/service records
o training records and content
o risk assessments.
3. Interview arrangements:
o venue
o time/schedule
o take statements.
4. Administration backup:
o control documents
o list witnesses/statements
o maintain file
o record methods used and maintain results/charts, etc
o notification.
Evidence collection
It is vital that the scene of an accident is left undisturbed (once any significant
residual risks have been controlled) until the investigation has been completed or
at least until all the physical evidence has been gathered and accurately recorded.
The earlier an investigation begins, the less chance there is of evidence being
destroyed and the scene of the accident being disturbed. It will not always be
possible to interview all witnesses immediately after an event, but there is great
merit in completing the information-gathering process as soon as possible after an
accident has taken place.
When deciding on the amount of resources to commit to any investigation, it is
helpful at an early stage to review the relevant risk assessments in the light of
the accident or incident. For example, it may be quite apparent which risk factors
within the earlier assessment should be focused on in any further investigation, or
the discovery of a mistake in the assessment may save time in investigating why
certain measures had failed.
The investigator(s) should keep an open mind and not be unduly influenced by what
should have happened as it is important to determine what actually happened. It is
important to remember that apportioning blame is not an objective of the
investigation. This may arise as part of the investigation findings, but should not
be emphasised at this stage.
For reasons of safety, only the absolute minimum number of people should be allowed
into the accident scene area. They must be made aware of the unique circumstances
that exist during the very important period of time immediately after the
occurrence of an accident.
The following flowchart highlights the normal activities to be undertaken in an
investigation.
Figure 1: Procedure to Follow in an Accident Investigation

Witnesses
Anyone who has seen or partly seen the events leading up to or taking place during
the accident should be interviewed to determine what they saw and/or heard.
Wherever possible, the investigation method should provide for confirmation of any
evidence — especially any human witness evidence received.
It is useful to use a plan or outline of the area and equipment, etc involved, as
well as any available photographs to prompt the memory processes and assist in
locating the evidence both spatially and temporally.
Witnesses should be handled with care. If traumatised by the incident, it is
generally better to obtain just overview impressions early on, eg by asking
witnesses to briefly write down where they were and what they were doing at the
time of the event. They can then be interviewed in depth later on when they have
had time to adjust to the circumstances and reflect on the situation.
Information required
The information required during an accident investigation will include:
• location, time and date of the incident
• details of persons involved, including any witnesses
• details of injuries and ill health
• damage to plant and equipment
• work activities performed at the time of the incident
• control measures and systems of work employed
• working conditions at the time of the incident (eg ground conditions,
weather, lighting and heating)
• the sequence of events leading to the incident
• organisational arrangements such as supervision, staff training and work
demands (eg production targets)
• the maintenance and cleaning procedures adopted
• materials and substances involved
• safety equipment that was employed.
To collect this information the investigator will need to:
• carry out a visual examination of the scene of the accident or incident
• carry out a visual examination of tools and equipment involved
• take samples from substances or materials involved
• inspect relevant documentation
• interview the injured person, witnesses or others who may have relevant
information.
Photographs, videos, sketches and plans are a useful method of recording the
physical evidence and conditions at the location. Samples may also be taken and
equipment removed for further investigation and examination.
Equipment, plant, machinery and other physical examination
Any equipment, etc involved may need to be examined to determine what part it
played in the accident. In some cases, this may not be easily determined in the
early stages of the investigation and it is generally good practice to undertake
such examinations as early as possible, even though subsequently the evidence may
be discounted. This is especially so in those cases where evidence may be lost
because the plant has to be brought back on line or destruction has to take place
to secure safety, as in the case of a partially collapsed wall.
Detailed photographs, technical reports and sample examinations may be required and
prove useful at a later stage in the investigation. Expert assistance may be
required for this.
When such examinations are undertaken, it is important to advise the
supplier/manufacturer of the details of the examination and invite them to observe
this if they so wish. At all times the liabilities of suppliers and manufacturers
must be considered.
This has an important bearing on any action that might subsequently be taken for
breaches of contract or third-party actions.
The Analysis of Evidence
The analysis of evidence is based on the methods employed in any investigation. A
number of methods are available. It is essential to use a robust method to achieve:
• a good understanding of the sequence of events and circumstances involved in
the accident
• the collection, collation and analysis of evidence.
Before being able to say what caused any accident or what gave rise to the
circumstances in which an accident occurred, it is necessary to know, as far as
possible, the sequence of events leading up to and including the observable
outcome(s). This is regardless of whether the outcome was a minor injury, a
specified injury or a fatality.
In fairly simple accidents, the sequence may be derived from the collation of
witness statements and writing down a commentary of the accident events as if
replaying them. For anything more than the simple cases it is important to have a
rigorous methodology to analyse the sequence of events. Information obtained in any
investigation may sometimes be contradictory, the observations of witnesses are
subject to vagaries and inconsistencies and the information provided must be
checked and cross referenced for verification wherever possible.
A method based on sequential timed event plotting (STEP) for devising a sequence of
events may be helpful to investigators. A timeline is constructed which “maps” the
sequence of events, from a point prior to the accident to a point considered by the
investigator to be the last evidence necessary to explain the events which have
occurred.
A plot is made listing all the witnesses and “players” in the accident down the
side. Across the top, the times at which various events occurred or were seen are
listed in sequence. This type of event plotting not only assists in determining a
clear picture of the sequence but also provides a means of ascertaining
corroboration of evidence and the identification of further areas for
investigation.
Drawing Conclusions
The major purpose of accident investigation is to establish what has happened in
order to reduce the risk of recurrence. The conclusions arising from any accident
investigation must be presented in a form which allows management to create
appropriate action plans.
In drawing conclusions, the apportioning of blame should be avoided. The results of
investigations should solely be to create opportunities for prevention and identify
causes for which a solution can be found. Reports and their conclusions should be
concise, clear and relevant.
One particular conclusion that must be drawn is the underlying, or root cause of
the incident. The HSE has published a comprehensive literature review on the use of
root cause analysis techniques — Contract Research Report CRR325/2001 Root Causes
Analysis: Literature Review. The report outlines the principles, structure and
application of each identified technique and groups these into classes.
Investigation Documentation
During any investigation, it is important to have adequate administration
procedures in place that can keep control of any documentation produced. This will
include witness statements, information on items of plant and equipment, etc and
any communication with employee safety representatives and enforcement officers. It
is also important to keep track of any briefings held with senior managers and any
details provided to the press and other outside bodies.
The continuity of evidence is maintained if a written statement is provided each
time an item of evidence is collected or passed from one person to another, eg an
item of equipment given to a specialist technical examiner.
Relevant documentation
There are many pieces of documentation that may be helpful in accident
investigations and these may include the following.
• Risk assessments of the work carried out at the time of the accident.
• Training records for the work being done.
• Safe working procedures or safe operating procedures relating to the
activity.
• Method statements (if applicable).
• Any special arrangements in place, such as permits to work or emergency
safety procedures.
• Commissioning, repair and maintenance records for any machinery or equipment
being used at the time of the accident.
• Personal protective equipment (PPE) issue and training records.
• Personal records for the individuals involved, such as health, discipline,
etc.
• Clock cards or other time-recording records.
• A computer audit trail to pinpoint specific timings relevant to the accident.
• Telephone records (where available) indicating calls made from particular
extensions (especially useful to establish the time the accident was reported).
Investigation Interviews
Interviews should be conducted in a very positive manner with utmost care for the
witness, especially where they may have been traumatised by the event. In some
cases it may help to hold the interview in the location the incident occurred so
the witness can identify equipment and/or locations accurately.
It is best to start by allowing the witness to describe events as they remember
them before asking questions.
Questioning should be “open” so as to assist the witnesses to give their evidence.
Leading questions should be avoided. It does not necessarily matter that facts are
given out of sequence providing that the sequence itself can be pieced together. It
is generally better to let witnesses tell their own story assisted by questions,
such as:
• what happened next
• what did you see
• could you explain that?
Interviews should be conducted separately and as privately as possible. Interviews
should be held as soon as is practicable after the event being investigated. It may
be useful to have available photographs/sketches of the scene so that witnesses can
relate themselves to it and locate themselves with respect to the accident and the
events.
The interviewer must bear in mind that not all witnesses will have an accurate
memory of the incident or be helpful and co-operative. Some may be hostile, and
deliberately misleading. Some may be trying to pursue a false claim or be
attempting to cover up their own actions involved in the accident or be worried
that they are getting a colleague in trouble. Those being interviewed may wish to
be accompanied by a colleague or representative and this should be permitted.
When performing an investigation interview, the following three guiding principles
should be followed.
1. Be sure of the purpose of the interview. When interviewing an individual,
determine what aspects of the investigation they will be able to assist with and
structure the interview questions to ensure that the nature and amount of
information they provide is relevant.
2. Keep an open mind. Assumptions as to the cause of any accident should be
avoided.
3. Get the person to talk. The interviewer must appreciate the pressures that
they may feel during a formal interview.
In the interview, investigators should:
• show concern
• explain clearly to the witness the nature and purpose of the interview
• establish the facts surrounding the accident, for example find out:
 what normally happens
 what procedures are in place
 who is responsible for them
• establish the sequence of events on the day of the accident
• start the questioning with a general, easy, open question (eg “Please could
you tell me what happened on the day of the accident?”)
• follow up by asking a more detailed question relating to a specific part of
the answer (eg “Could you tell me a little more about the way the machinery in
question functions?”)
• probe the answer to check factual details (eg “So was the noise that you
describe normal?”)
• then ask more about specific detail (eg “Was the guard fitted to the
machine?”)
• summarise and seek agreement (eg “So it was normal for two people to operate
the machine, but on that day you were on your own, the machine started making a
funny noise and one of the guards was missing — is that right?”)
• start the sequence again but relating to a different topic
• explain when closing that the witness can come back to the investigator if
they think of any further information, and that investigators may need to go back
to cross check information with the witness from other sources
• close on a positive note by thanking any witness for their time and help.
Statements should be signed by the witness with the date and time of the interview
included.
Determining the Accident/Incident Causes
By careful analysis of the information collected, the investigator (or team) will
be able to identify the causes of the accident. The causes that lead directly to
the accident or incident are called the immediate causes.
According to the HSE, immediate causes can be placed into four sectors as follows:
1. Place or premises where the incident occurred. Causes under this heading will
include:
o inadequate access and egress
o workplaces that are unsuitable (eg due to lack of space) or are being used
incorrectly
o poor work environment and ergonomics
o poor segregation of people from hazards
o lack of warning signs and information.
2. Plant, equipment and substances. Causes under this heading will include:
o use of unsuitable plant, equipment and substances
o poor maintenance of plant and equipment
o improper use and poor guarding of plant and equipment
o misuse and poor storage of substances and materials
o incorrect or lack of personal protective equipment.
3. Process and procedures. Causes under this heading will include:
o safe working procedures not being in place or out of date or inadequate
o lack of supervision of procedures
o lack of training in procedures and processes.
4. People involved. Causes under this heading include:
o use of unsuitable staff
o use of poorly trained and supervised staff
o deliberate violation of procedures by those involved
o lapse due to fatigue, poor motivation, distraction, pressure of work, etc.
Secondary causes
Underlying causes are the unsafe acts or unsafe conditions that lead directly to
each immediate cause and are sometimes called the secondary causes. These can be
grouped under the following headings.

1. Control
o Was there a lack of supervision and monitoring?
o Were people held accountable for their performance?
o Were contractors controlled?
2. Co-operation
o Were staff and their representatives involved in ensuring health and safety?
o Was information shared among those involved in the accident?
3. Communication
o Were duties and responsibilities set out and understood?
o Was information passed on in respect of health and safety?
o Were written safe procedures available?
o How good was internal communication?
4. Competence
o Were those involved competent?
o Was suitable safety training provided?
o Was training effectively delivered?
o Was the competence of contractors checked?
5. Design
o Were the workplace, equipment and controls well designed and set out
properly?
6. Implementation
o Were suitable and sufficient plant, equipment and materials available?
o Was suitable labour available?
o Were cleaning and maintenance arrangements adequate?
o Were there adequate means to report defects, near-misses, safety concerns,
etc?
o Was there adequate monitoring and health surveillance?
7. Risk assessment
o Were adequate assessments carried out?
o Were controls in place as a result of the assessment?
The use of an investigation checklist may assist in answering these questions.
Root causes
The root causes relate to organisational and management control of health and
safety; these allow the underlying and immediate causes to occur. Common examples
are:
• poor communication
• lack of management commitment (often demonstrated by a lack of resource
provision).
It is vital to drill down to identify root causes during an investigation, because
if corrective actions can be effectively implemented, these are likely to reduce
the risk of future harm throughout the organisation.
Identifying causes
Causes are identified when an analysis of the accident is made using a number of
available methods to ascertain the various factors involved. A good understanding
of the sequence of events and an overview of all the evidence is necessary for
success. The causes of an accident will include immediate, underlying and root
causes. The extent to which these are analysed will depend both on the experience
and skills of the investigator, as well as the policy and approach adopted by the
organisation. It is essential that the root/underlying causes of the incident are
identified and dealt with otherwise it is likely that the immediate causes will
reoccur in the future.
Report of Accident Investigation Findings
The initial details of any accident should be recorded in the accident book.
The investigation report supplements this, although the amount of detail required
in a report depends upon the severity or potential severity of the outcome, and the
use made of the investigation and report.
The report should contain:
• time, date and location of the accident/incident
• a summary of what happened
• a summary of events leading up to the accident
• information collected during the investigation
• details of those injured, those who assisted and witnesses
• details of the outcome of the accident (ie injury, loss or damage)
• conclusions including the causes of the event and probability of recurrence
• recommendations and costing of remedial actions
• supporting material (copies of witness statements and interviews, photographs
and sketches)
• the date of the investigation
• the signature of the person carrying out the investigation.
Additional information may be requested to facilitate notifications within and
outside the company (eg relatives, the HSE, insurers and, if applicable, the
police).
The results of the investigation should be widely circulated (taking into account
the General Data Protection Regulation) to ensure that there is no risk of a
recurrence of a similar incident in other areas of the operation. Copies of the
investigation findings may need to be circulated to a number of different parties
as follows:
• managers, supervisors, employees and other departments/sites who have similar
equipment or processes
• maintenance or engineering departments who may have to carry out repairs
and/or modifications
• planning or production control departments who may have to change job
instruction or control documentation
• HR/training departments who may need to implement new or refresher training
• the safety department for inclusion in statistical reports and review of risk
assessments and/or safety procedures
• the department responsible for keeping incident records, completing statutory
reports and notifying the organisation’s insurers
• safety representatives and safety committee members
• the employee or employees who were involved in the accident
• the organisation’s insurer.
The accident investigation policy should specify who is to receive copies of the
report. The investigation team will determine who else needs to receive copies or
other information relevant to the incident.
In the main, the findings will be communicated in writing but in certain cases it
can be verbal, ie briefings for all other employees.
It is recommended that the accident report and investigations should be kept for at
least 3 years or, if exposure to substances has occurred, for at least 40 years.
Remedial Action Following Accident Investigation
Actions should be taken to remedy all of the identified deficiencies. If the
actions are not completed, all the resources invested during the investigation have
been wasted.
When remedial action is required to prevent recurrence, staff should be fully
consulted on any issues that will impact on the activities taking place.
Information, instruction and training in any additional control measures, systems
of work or protective equipment will have to be considered, along with the
potential costs of the remedial action.
It is essential that progress on the identified remedies is closely monitored to
ensure that they do not get unnecessarily delayed or even forgotten. There should
be a follow-up review to ensure that the actions taken are effective and do not
create other unforeseen hazards. The outcome of this review should be recorded.
Records should be kept of all investigations and any existing remedial action.
Management Monitoring
Senior managers should monitor the accident and incident investigation procedures.
In particular they should:
• receive regular reports the progress of remedial action s following
investigation report recommendations
• review “trend analysis” of previous accidents/incidents that may highlight
the need for wider systemic changes
• ensure that investigation procedures are subject to necessary audits and
reviews.
Training
It is important that any investigator should be well trained and have sufficient
authority to be able to undertake investigations.
As a minimum, this training should address the principles of investigation and
provide skills in both the methodologies and the techniques of investigation.
The training provided to those who will carry out an investigation should cover:
• the purpose of an investigation
• the accident and near-miss investigation policy and procedures
• roles and responsibilities of those expected to carry out investigations
• the information that needs to be gathered and recorded following an accident
• interview techniques
• the main theories of accident causation and an understanding of basic,
underlying and root causes of accidents
• the role of human factors in accidents
• report-writing techniques.
A record of staff who are trained to carry out accident investigations should be
maintained.
List of Relevant Legislation
• Health and Safety at Work, etc Act 1974
• Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013
• Social Security (Claims and Payments) Amendment Regulations 2013
• Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999
• Social Security (Claims and Payments) Regulations 1987
• Health and Safety (First-aid) Regulations 1981
• Safety Representative and Safety Committee Regulations 1977

Accident investigation and analysis steps

There are many reasons why it’s important to conduct an accident investigation
after an
incident occurs. From determining the root cause so you can prevent future
incidents to establishing compliance with regulatory requirements, the benefits
extend beyond the incident itself.
The bottom line is that you can’t prevent future incidents if you don’t deep dive
into the past ones. And the second you respond to an incident, the investigation
process should begin. Below are the accident investigation and analysis steps that
you can follow to ensure you fully address the root causes.
Ensure the safety of the scene
The first and most important thing to do when conducting an accident investigation
is to make sure that the scene is safe. For example, if someone fell because there
is water on the floor, then it’s important to make sure no one else walks through
the area until the water has been cleaned up.
You also need to ensure that all the workers, bystanders, etc. involved in the
accident have proper care. Here are some things you can do to always stay prepared:
• Keep well-stocked first aid kits in each work area
• Teach workers how to react to incidents
• Establish a standard approach to injury triage
How you react to emergencies reflects the quality of your EHS planning. Don’t get
caught off guard. Establish your approach before an incident happens.
Evaluate the injured employee(s)
The second thing to do is to evaluate any employee who may have been injured in the
incident and provide them with whatever medical attention they may need.
Always follow the guidelines that your company has in place regarding workplace
injuries. Be careful, however, not to prioritize those guidelines over getting an
injured employee the medical attention they need.
Assess and document the scene
Once injured employees receive the medical attention they need, the next thing to
do
is to evaluate the accident scene. Take pictures and measurements of all relevant
conditions that contributed to the accident. This should include pictures not only
of the environment but also any objects such as tools and other equipment in the
vicinity.
Take enough pictures and notes to be able to recreate the scene later if needed. It
might not be easy to remember if a guard was on the equipment, when the incident
occurred, etc. two or three months after the fact. Having photographic evidence to
refer to can be extremely helpful.
Interview accident witnesses
After assessing the scene, conduct witness interviews as the next part of your
accident investigation and analysis. Complete the interviews as soon as possible to
ensure that people can remember what happened with clarity.
It’s best to conduct interviews away from the accident scene in a controlled
environment. Examples include conference rooms and closed-door offices. During your
interviews, collect both verbal and written statements from the interviewees.
Perform a root cause analysis
After gathering evidence from the accident scene, you can start your root cause
analysis. Some of the most common methods of analysis are the five whys or a
fishbone diagram. Determining the root cause is a critical step in the accident
investigation process. Once you do this, you can begin the hard work of finding an
effective solution.
One of the biggest mistakes you can make during this step is to assume there’s only
one root cause. While you may be able to attribute one root cause on paper, there
are no doubt many more nuanced issues to address. Don’t rush to find an answer
right away. Make sure you collect and analyze all the facts carefully so your
efforts to prevent future incidents are successful.
Free template!
Perform a root cause analysis with this easy-to-use template from our resource
library.
Get the template

Take corrective action

The final step is to formulate corrective actions based on the results of your
accident investigation and analysis. Your actions should focus on preventing future
incidents of a similar nature from occurring.
You must assign each action to someone on your team and follow up until all actions
are complete. The best way to do this is to log action items into a central
tracking system. Corrective action software makes it easy to assign users within
your company tasks and to see when they’re past due. In this way, you don’t have
the burden of tracking everything manually.
You can’t skip this last step if you want to move forward from a workplace
accident. Scene analysis and witness statements are useless without some sort of
change to the processes, systems, or behaviors that caused an accident in the first
place.

Further Information
Publications
HSE Publications
The following are available from the HSE website.
• CRR325/2001 Root Causes Analysis: Literature Review
• CRR344/2001 Accident Investigation — The Drivers, Methods and Outcomes
• HSG48 Reducing Error and Influencing Behaviour
• HSG65 Managing for Health and Safety
• HSG245 Investigating Accidents and Incidents: A Workbook for Employers,
Unions, Safety Representatives and Safety Professionals
• L146 Consulting Workers on Health and Safety. Safety Representatives and
Safety Committees Regulations 1977 (as amended) and Health and Safety (Consultation
with Employees) Regulations 1996 (as amended). Approved Code of Practice and
Guidance
Other Publications
• Civil Procedure Rules, Ministry of Justice
• Guidance on Investigating and Analysing Human and Organisational Factors
Aspects of Incidents and Accidents, Energy Institute
• BS 45002-3 Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems — General
Guidelines for the Application of ISO 45001. Part 3: Guidance on Incident
Investigation
Organisations
• Health and Safety Executive (HSE)
http://www.hse.gov.uk
The HSE is responsible for the regulation of the risks to health and safety arising
from work activity in England, Scotland and Wales, except in certain businesses
(regarded as lower risk), which are the responsibility of local authorities. Its
roles are to prevent work-related death, injury or ill health.
• Health and Safety Executive for Northern Ireland (HSENI)
http://www.hseni.gov.uk
The HSENI is responsible for the regulation of the risks to health and safety
arising from work activity in Northern Ireland.
• Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA)
https://www.rospa.com
RoSPA is a registered charity that provides information, advice, resources and
training in order to promote safety and prevent accidents in all areas of life.
Members can gain access to a wide range of published guidance, including an
extensive library of safety reports and RoSPA’s journal, Occupational Safety and
Health (OSH).