Energy conversion I

Lecture 7:
Topic 2: Transformers & its performance (S. Chapman, ch. 2) Introduction Types and Construction of Transformers. Ideal Transformer. Theory of operation of real single-phase transformers. The Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer. The Per-Unit System of Measurement. Transformer voltage regulation and efficiency. Autotransformers. Three phase transformers.
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Transformer voltage regulation

Voltage regulation:
Series transformer impedance is the origin of output voltage variations even if the input voltage is constant (load regulation)

VR

V S ,nlVS , fl VS , fl

x 100%

VR : Voltage regulation (percent) Vs,nl : No-load Secondary voltage Vs,fl : full-load Secondary voltage (usually rated or 1 p.u) Using Simple equivalent circuit and p.u values:

VR =

V p , puVS , fl , pu VS , fl , pu

x 100%

Series equivalent impedance limits short circuit current

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Transformer voltage regulation

Load effect :
Using phasor diagram: Vp,pu = Vs,pu + ReqIs,pu + jXeqIs,pu considering Vs as the reference phasor:
Vp Vp jXeqsIs Vs Is ReqsIs Is Vs ReqsIs jXeqsIs

Lagging power factor

Vp jXeqsIs

Unity power factor

Is

ReqsIs Vs

Note: Voltage regulation can be negative for capacitive loads.

Leading power factor

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Transformer Tap changer

Transformer Tap changer is a device to change the voltage ratio for regulation of the output voltage: On load tap changer: can change the voltage ratio while transformer is loaded Off load tap Changer: changes the voltage ratio of a no-load transformer

Example: having 4 taps of +5.0% tap : +2.5% tap : Nominal : -2.5% tap : -5.0% tap :

2.5% in HV for a 13200/480 V transformer means:

13860/480 V 13530/480 V 13200/480 V 12870/480 V 12540/480 V

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Transformer Efficiency
Transformer efficiency:

Pout x100% Pin

Considering power Losses:

VS I S cos Pout x100% = x100% Pout + Ploss PCu + Pcore + VS I S cos

Pcu: copper (winding RI2) Loss (proportional to load current). Pcore: Core (Eddy current and Hystersis) loss (proportional to voltage).

Show that for a given output voltage and power factor, maximum efficiency happens if Pcu = Pcore
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Transformer voltage regulation and efficiency

Example:
The equivalent Circuit parameters of a 15kVA, 2300/230 V transformer referred to low voltage side are: Req = 0.0445 , Xeq = 0.0645 , Rc = 1050 , XM = 110 A- Calculate the full load voltage regulation @ 0.8 lagging power factor, 1.0 power factor and 0.8 leading power factor. B- What is the efficiency at full load with 0.8 lagging power factor.

Solution:
The full-load current in the LV side is: Is,n = Sn / Vs,n = 15000/230 = 65.2 A For 0.8 lagging power factor: Is = 65.2 36.9
o

Vp = Vs + Is(Req+jXeq)= 2300 + 65.2 36.9(0.0445 + j 0.0645) = 234.850.4

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Therefore: VR=

234.85 230 100% = 2.1% 230

o

For unity power factor: Is = 65.20

Vp = Vs + Is(Req+jXeq) = 2300 + 65.2(0.0445 + j 0.0645) = 232.941.04 Therefore: VR=

232.94 230 100% = 1.28% 230

For 0.8 leading power factor: Is = 65.236.9o Vp = Vs + Is(Req+jXeq) = 2300 + 65.236.9(0.0445 + j 0.0645) = 229.851.27 Therefore: VR=
o

229.85 230 100% = 0.062% 230

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B- efficiency at full load with 0.8 lagging power factor. Losse can be calculated as: Pcu = Req Is2 = 0.0445(65.2)2 = 189 W Pcore = (Vp)2 / Rc = (234.85)2 / 1050 = 52.5 W Output power is : Pout = VsIscos = 230 65.2 cos (36.9o) = 12000 W = Pout / (Pout + Ploss) 100%= 12000 / (12000+189+52.5) 100%= 98.03%

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Autotransformers
For voltage ratios close to 1 it is usual to use autotransformer instead of Transformer. For voltage ratios close to one, autotransformer is much smaller in weight and volume compared to transformer. For voltage ratios close to one, kVA rating of autotransformer is much higher than transformer used to make it. Problem: no electrical isolation!

Vc Nc = VSE N SE IC N SE = I SE Nc
C: Common coil SE: Series coil

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Step-up Autotransformers

VL = VC VH = VC + VSE IL = IC + ISE IH = ISE

VC NC VL = = VH VC + VSE N C + N SE
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STR = ISEVSE SATR = IH VH = ISE VH

SATR VH N C + N SE >>1 If voltage = = STR VSE N SE ratio is close to 1

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Autotransformer rating
SATR VH N C + N SE = = STR VSE N SE VH N C + N SE = VL NC
STR : Transformer or each winding kVA (SW) SATR : Autotransformer kVA (SIO)

Example: For a 5000 kVA, 110 kV / 138 kV we can use a 110 / 28 transformer: NC: 110 , NSE = 28 STR = SW = 28 / (28 + 138) * 5000 = 1015 kVA
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Think about Series impedance of Autotransformer compared to Transformer

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Variable Autotransformer (VARIAC)

Used as Variable AC voltage Source

Z
IL NSE

Y
IC NC Sliding terminal Iload

V1
No I2

V2

Output voltage varies between 0 to (NSE+NC)/NCV1

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