SANT GADGE BABA AMRAVATI UNIVERSITY, AMRAVATI

MUNGSAJI MAHARAJ MAHAVIDHYALAYA DARWHA

Department of Physics

Review Report on

“Application of Luminescence in Radiation Dosimetry”

Under the Guidance of

Asst. Prof. D. D. Kothekar

Submitted By

Miss. Apeksha Ravindra Jambhale

Session: 2021-22 (Semester III)

 Certificate
“Application of luminescence in radiation
dosimetry”
This is to certify that Miss. Apeksha Ravindra Jambhale has
carried out a project review report on “Application of Luminescence in
Radiation Dosimetry” under the guidance of Prof. D. D. Kothekar during
academic session 2021-22 for M. Sc II (Physics) Semester III. This review
report will be useful for her for the project completion work for M. Sc II
Semester IV.

Date: - / / 2022

Place: - Yavatmal

Project Guide Dr. K. K. Hurde

Asst. Prof. D. D. Kothekar Head

Department of Physics

Principal

Dr. V. B. Raut
 INDEX

Sr. No Name of the Chapter Pg. No

1 Introduction 5

1.1 Luminescence Definition 5

1.1.1 Types of Luminescence 5

1.2 Dosimetry 7

1.2.1 Need of Dosimetry 7

1.2.2 Types of Dosimetry 8

1.2.3 Applications of Dosimetry 10

2 Literature Review 12

2.1 History 12

2.2 Advantages 13

3 Material and Method 15

6 Future Scope 16

7 References 19
 Applications of Luminescence in Radiation Dosimetry

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Definition of Luminescence

The term “luminescence” itself was first introduced in 1888 by Eilhard Wiedemann to
describe the emission of light by processes that do not involve heat, as opposite to the
case of light emission by materials heated to elevated temperatures. But, in fact, the
thermoluminescence observations date from much earlier.

Phenomenon Diagram

1.1.1 Types of Luminescence

• Chemiluminescence, the emission of light as a result of a chemical reaction

• Bioluminescence, a result of biochemical reactions in a living organism

• Electrochemiluminescence, a result of an electrochemical reaction

Page No. 4
 Applications of Luminescence in Radiation Dosimetry

• Lyoluminescence, a result of dissolving a solid (usually heavily irradiated) in a

liquid solvent

• Candoluminescence, is light emitted by certain materials at elevated

temperatures, which differs from the blackbody emission expected at the
temperature in question.

• Crystalloluminescence, produced during crystallization

• Electroluminescence, a result of an electric current passed through a substance

• Cathodoluminescence, a result of a luminescent material being struck by

electrons

• Mechanoluminescence, a result of a mechanical action on a solid

• Triboluminescence, generated when bonds in a material are broken when that

material is scratched, crushed, or rubbed

• Fractoluminescence, generated when bonds in certain crystals are broken by

fractures

• Piezo luminescence, produced by the action of pressure on certain solids

• Sonoluminescence, a result of imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by

sound

• Photoluminescence, a result of absorption of photons

• Fluorescence, photoluminescence as a result of singlet–singlet electronic

relaxation (typical lifetime: nanoseconds)

Page No. 5
 Applications of Luminescence in Radiation Dosimetry

• Phosphorescence, photoluminescence either as a result of triplet–triplet

electronic relaxation or of persistent luminescence (typical lifetime:
microseconds to hours)

• Radioluminescence, a result of bombardment by ionizing radiation

• Thermoluminescence, the re-emission of absorbed energy when a substance is

heated

• Cryoluminescence, the emission of light when an object is cooled (an example

of this is wulfenite)

Table: -1. Types of Luminescence

Luminescence Means Of Application Example

Excitation

Anti-stokes Infrared photons Security, Laser dyes oxazine

authentication
Luminescence
Medical, displays

Bioluminescence Biochemical Acyloxyl Fireflies

chem

Cathodoluminesce Electrons CTRs, FEDs, -

nce VFDs

Chemiluminescenc Chemical Immunoassay<L Jellyfish, various

e reaction LD types

Sea creatures

Electroluminescen Electric current E Discharge, EL Powdered zinc

Page No. 6
 Applications of Luminescence in Radiation Dosimetry

ce panel

Photoluminescence UV/VUV Lamp, Display Glow in the dark

Stars

Sonoluminescence Sound Marine biology Mantis and pistol

Shrimps

Thermolumiscence High energy, SHI Radiation Ceramics, kiln

dosimetry

1.2 Dosimetry

Radiation dosimetry in the fields of health physics and radiation protection is the
measurement, calculation and assessment of the ionizing radiation dose absorbed by
an object, usually the human body. This applies both internally, due to ingested or
inhaled radioactive substances, or externally due to irradiation by sources of radiation.

Internal dosimetry assessment relies on a variety of monitoring, bio-assay or radiation

imaging techniques, whilst external dosimetry is based on measurements with a
dosimeter, or inferred from measurements made by other radiological protection
instruments.

Dosimetry is used extensively for radiation protection and is routinely applied to

monitor occupational radiation workers, where irradiation is expected, or where
radiation is unexpected, such as in the aftermath of the Three Mile Island, Chernobyl
or Fukushima radiological release incidents. The public dose take-up is measured and
calculated from a variety of indicators such as ambient measurements of gamma
radiation, radioactive particulate monitoring, and the measurement of levels of
radioactive contamination.

Page No. 7
 Applications of Luminescence in Radiation Dosimetry

Other significant areas are medical dosimetry, where the required treatment absorbed
dose and any collateral absorbed dose is monitored, and in environmental dosimetry,
such as radon monitoring in buildings.[1]

1.2.1 Need of Dosimetry

Dosimetry is the process of relating the administered amount of radioactivity to the

absorbed radiation dose in tumours, organs, or the whole body. Dosimetry is
important for dose correlation with clinical results, and in some instances, for
treatment planning to avoid excess toxicity.[2]

1.2.2 Types of Dosimetry

Clinical dosimetry

The proton radiotherapy is one of the methods of treating eye-ball cancer. In this type
of therapy, a suitably formed proton beam is applied to irradiate the tumour. It is a
distinctive technique for the proton radiotherapy. Thanks to the so-called Bragg peak,
a suitable irradiation dose is precisely delivered to the treated tumour and at the same
time the irradiation of healthy tissues is minimal, what reduces side effects of the
treatment. Proton radiotherapy enables an effective destruction of tumours saving
critical organs such as optic nerve, yellow spot (macula) or lens. Therefore, the
patients can save their vision in the treated eye.

A part of IFJ is the Bronowice Cyclotron Centre, engaged in the application of proton
beam for scientific research and eye-tumor radiotherapy. The activities are based on
operation of two cyclotrons and two gantry devices. In medical applications the
requirements for the dose measurement accuracy are very high. Even small changes
of TLD sensitivity should be taken into account, so for dose mapping the prototype of
two – dimensional (2D) TL dosimetry systems were developed and realized. Some
examples of them are shown in Fig. 5.

Page No. 8
 Applications of Luminescence in Radiation Dosimetry

Large-area (of a few cm2 ) TL detectors were developed using different techniques.
For example they are obtained by: attaching a thermoluminescent (LiF:Mg, Ti or
LiF:Mg, Cu, P) powder to 0.3 mm Al foil, or by pressing the powder and sintering.
Currently, the planar TL system is being applied to visualize the sub-millimeter. The
flexible detector was wrapped around examined object (for instance an eyeball
phantom made of tissue-equivalent plastic) and inserted in the concave Ru-106
ophthalmic applicator. After exposure the detector was unwrapped and flattened out
for readout. The planar (2D) thermoluminescence reader, developed at IFJ, with a
sensitive CCD (Charge Couple Device) camera (instead the conventional
photomultiplier) was used to read the detector. This set-up allows for determination of
light intensity due to the TL emission with spatial resolution of 0.1 mm. The
registered the radiation dose distribution is an iso-dose picture: every colour represent
one level of damage (Fig. 5(d)).[3]

FIGURE 5

Planar 2D TL detectors (a-c) and examples of the registered radiation dose

distributions (d).

Page No. 9
 Applications of Luminescence in Radiation Dosimetry

Emergency dosimetry

The rapid assessment of the radiation dose after unexpected exposure is a task of
accidental dosimetry. In case of a radiological accident glasses originating from
mobile phone screens, placed usually near the human body could be used as
emergency thermoluminescent personal dosimeters.

The time between irradiation and TL readout is crucial and therefore preparation of
the mobile phone screen and their readout conditions should be optimized.

This preparation rest on removing the screen from the phone, removing foil, etching
in acid or a mixture of acids and cutting into sample 3×3mm2. Then after a choice of a
filter the signal spectrum is possible to be read.

The glasses extracted from different brands of mobile phones have different
dosimetric properties but all of them give a luminescence signal, which may be used
to determine the absorbed radiation dose.

Another example with use of every day object, where TL signal is applied, is a
security system for banknotes. New banknotes that have entered into circulation in
Poland in the spring of 2014 have a high, own signal, so are less suited for
falsification.[4]

1.2.3 Applications

Medical Dosimetry

Medical dosimetry is the calculation of absorbed dose and optimization of dose

delivery in radiation therapy. It is often performed by a professional health physicist
with specialized training in that field. In order to plan the delivery of radiation
therapy, the radiation produced by the sources is usually characterized
with percentage depth dose curves and dose profiles measured by a medical physicist.

Page No. 10
 Applications of Luminescence in Radiation Dosimetry

In radiation therapy, three-dimensional dose distributions are often evaluated using a

technique known as gel dosimetry.

Environmental Dosimetry

Environmental Dosimetry is used where it is likely that the environment will generate
a significant radiation dose. An example of this is radon monitoring. Radon is a
radioactive gas generated by the decay of uranium, which is present in varying
amounts in the earth's crust. Certain geographic areas, due to the underlying geology,
continually generate radon which permeates its way to the earth's surface. In some
cases, the dose can be significant in buildings where the gas can accumulate. A
number of specialized dosimetry techniques are used to evaluate the dose that a
building's occupants may receive.

Other Applications:

• Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) emit light via electro-luminescence.

• Phosphors, materials that emit light when irradiated by higher-energy

electromagnetic radiation or particle radiation

• Laser, and lamp industry

• Phosphor thermometry, measuring temperature using phosphorescence

• Thermoluminescence dating

• Thermoluminescent dosimeter

• Non-disruptive observation of processes within a cell.

Luminescence occurs in some minerals when they are exposed to low-powered

sources of ultraviolet or infrared electromagnetic radiation (for example, portable UV

Page No. 11
 Applications of Luminescence in Radiation Dosimetry

lamps), at atmospheric pressure and atmospheric temperatures. This property of these

minerals can be used during the process of mineral identification at rock outcrops in
the field, or in the laboratory.

Page No. 12
 Applications of Luminescence in Radiation Dosimetry

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 History

• The first observation of thermoluminescence is credited to the Italian

alchemist from Bologna Vincenzo Cascariolo. In 1603 he observed the
visible light emission from heated barat nodules. [5]

• Robert Boyle (1627-1691) in 1668 has described a light emission from the
diamond heated to the human body temperature.[6]

• Alexander Stewart Herschel (1836 – 1907) in 1864 and 1873 observed a

bright green colour light emitted from the inner parts of two respective
Geminids meteors. [7]

• In 1905 Maria Skłodowska Curie (1867 – 1934) has noticed and described
the thermoluminescent emission from the natural calcium fluoride (CaF2)
226
exposed to Ra radiaton. She remarked that the natural calcium fluoride
glows after heating and that the emitted light intensity depends on the time of
exposition. It was the first, observed, connection of the thermoluminescence
with the ionizing radiation.[8]

• An important step towards a comprehension of thermoluminescence and its

practical applications in dosimetry was made owing to the model proposed by
John Turton Randall (1905 – 1984) and Maurice Hugh Wilkins (1915 –
2004) in 1945.[9]

• The Institute of Nuclear Physics (IFJ) was involved in the

thermoluminescence research since 60s of the previous centuries by Tadeusz
Niewiadomski (1920-1996) who developed LiF: Mg, Ti (MTS-N) detectors
and received license from Studs Vik for their production [9]. In subsequent
years, the IFJ group, directed by Niewiadomski elaborated thin detectors
CaSO4: Dy for radon radiation measurement, as well as high sensitivity

Page No. 13
 Applications of Luminescence in Radiation Dosimetry

materials: LiF: Mg, Cu (called MCP) and thin film MCP detectors. The 2005
year was a double success of the group: LiF: Mg, Ti (called MTT) detectors
manufactured in IFJ as they were used in cosmic radiation measurements.
Also, that year the surface 2D detectors for clinical measurements were
developed. In 2006 a high temperature emission by LiF: Mg, Cu, P detectors
was observed and described. It gave the possibility of measuring doses ranging
from 1 kGy to 1 MGy, where Gy is the Gray absorbed radiation unit. Recently
first mono crystals LiF were received in IFJ by the Micro Pulling Down
method. [10]

• Owing to the many years of investigations and the obtained achievements we

review in this paper primarily the research performed in IFJ on TL materials
and their application in the dosimetry.[11]

Table 1: Dosimetric characteristics of some common TL Phosphors

Sr. Materials Zeff Glow TL emission Fading Sensitivity Dose

No Peak wavelength Linearity
Temp.

1 LiF:Mg, 8.2 200 400 nm 5% in 3 1 20uGy to

Ti (TLD- Degree months 10Gy
100) Celsius

2 LiF:Mg, 8.2 210 400nm 5% in 3 25 0.2Gy to

Cu, P Degree months
(TLD- Celsius 10Gy
100H)

3 Li2 B4 O7 7.4 178 368nm 11% in 2 10-3 Gy to

:Cu Degree 3 103Gy
Celsius months

Page No. 14
 Applications of Luminescence in Radiation Dosimetry

4 Li2 B4 O7: 7.4 210 368nm 6% in 3 0.7 10-4 Gy to

:Cu, ln Degree months 104 Gy
Celius

5 Li2 B4 O7: 7.4 190 368nm 10% in 2 10-3 Gy to

:Cu, ln, Degree 3 103Gy
Ag Celsius months

6 Li2 B4 O7: 7.4 179 370nm <10% 5 10-3 Gy to

:Cu, P, Ag Degree in 3 103Gy
Celsius months
to 248
Degree
Celsius

7 Li2 B4 O7: 7.4 220 605nm 4% in 1 5 0.1 m Gy

Mn Degree month to 3Gy
Celsius

8 LiB3O5:Al 7.34 218 520nm <5% in 0.5 0.015 Gy

Degree 1 month to 103 Gy
Celsius

9 CaSO4:Dy 15.3 220 480-570nm 1% in 2 40 2uGy to

Degree months 10 Gy
Celsius

Page No. 15
 Applications of Luminescence in Radiation Dosimetry

2.3 Advantages

• High Sensitivity

• High Precision

• Size

• Convenience

• Readout Flexibility

• Fat, non-destructive readout

• 7Narrow stimulating beans may could allow dose mapping

• N8o significant fading – dose storage

• No9 need for annealing

• It can be bleached and reused if needed

Page No. 16
 Applications of Luminescence in Radiation Dosimetry

3. MATERIAL AND METHOD

In this work an attempt is made to study some phosphors which will be turned as
useful OSL dosimetric tool. The dosimetric characterization of the developed
phosphor materials which include sensitivity, linearity, reusability post irradiation
fading, and minimum detectable dose is also discussed in detail.

The possible methods of preparation of radiation dosimetry application of

luminescence are as follows:

1. Solid state reaction method.

2. Co-precipitation method

3. Sol-gel method

4. Combination method

The review of literature implies that the phosphor we choose is generally synthesised
by Czochralski/Bridgeman method and combustion method. The materials having
surface morphology in sub-micron range show excellent TL characteristics and from
Table 4 it is observed that solid state method show medium (good) morphology.
Therefore, we will prepare Li2B4O7: Cu, Ag by solid state method and the XRD
pattern could be with ICDD.

The sol-gel method is considered effective to modify the surface of substances.

Obtaining of a high surface area and stable surfaces is the most important advantages
of the sol-gel method.

Page No. 17
 Applications of Luminescence in Radiation Dosimetry

The comparison of phosphor synthesis method is given in Table 2

Table 2: Comparison of phosphor synthesis methods

Synthesis Particle Required cost

Morphology
method size Temperate area
Control

Solid-solid Micro-scale Bad low Low

Reaction

Sol gel Nano-to Medium to High High

Synthesis micro Good

Co- Nano-to Medium Medium Medium

Precipitation Micro

scale

Combustion Nano-to Medium Medium Medium

Synthesis Micro

scale

Page No. 18
 Applications of Luminescence in Radiation Dosimetry

Solid State Reactivity Reactions between or within solid reactants to yield a

solid product are prototypical of solvent free reactions, from literature reports the
concept of chemical reactivity between solids (and very often within solids) is very
difficult to define. Reactions which occurred in the melt were not considered as
genuine solid-state reactions. The same applied to reactions which occurred with
crystal degradation prior to the reaction. For the purpose of this thesis, solid state
reactions shall refer to all solventless processes leading from a solid reactant to a solid
product Gas solid reactions will also be regarded as solid-state reactions and solution
ones is that solid state reactions occur within the rigid constraining environment of the
crystal lattice (reaction cavity concept). Solid state reactions therefore provide an
extreme case for evaluating the effect of intermolecular forces on a reaction and their
influence on reaction mechanism and direction.

Table 3: The characterization techniques and instrumental

Sr.No. Characterizations Instrument

technique

1 X- X-Ray diffraction (XDR) Righaku Minirlex X-ray

Diffractometer)

2 Photolumescence HitachiF-7000 fluorescence Spectro-

Fluorescence meter
Spectrometer

3 Scanning electron ZEISS EVO/18 SEM

Microcopy

Page No. 19
 Applications of Luminescence in Radiation Dosimetry

The model describing the thermoluminescence is based on the quantum band structure
of solids. The energy of electron states in the crystal may be considered as being
derived from states which exist in the individual atoms or ions composing the crystal.
The narrow energy levels, which exist in ions in free space, are broadened in the
lattice into bands by the electric field created by the surrounding ions. In a perfect
crystal two bands allowed stands out (cf. Fig. 1):[15]

• the valence band (baseband) – energy range completely fulfilled with

electrons of energy associated with the atomic nucleus

• the conduction band – energy range of electrons with energies of valence

electrons released from the atom which are free carriers in the solid state; this
band is empty, but quantum mechanics laws permit their filling.

The lower limit of the conduction band is located above the upper limit of the valence
band. The energy difference between these bands is called the band gap or energy
gap. By convention the crystals with a width of energy gap of more than 3 eV are
counted to dielectrics, and those with width of energy gap of less than 3 eV are
counted to semiconductors. If the width of the energy gap is equal zero, or the valence
band overlaps the conduction band the crystal is called metal.

The thermoluminescence phenomenon cannot occur in a perfect dielectric crystal

because of the wide energy gap. In reality the dielectric structure is never perfect due
to the presence of a number of lattice defects. Defects (called also traps) introduce
additional energy levels to the band gap. The type and the concentration of defects in
the crystal can be controlled by the doping with foreign ions. Due to the crystal lattice
defects in the energy gap [12, 13, 14, 15, 16]

Page No. 20
 Applications of Luminescence in Radiation Dosimetry

4. FUTURE SCOPE

• A comprehensive list of dosimeters used in FLASH studies and other high

dose-rate modalities is given in Table 1. The different columns represent some
of the major issues identified in section Dosimetric Aspects of FLASH That
Need to be Considered. The values are based on typical values and usage
encountered in literature. Exception to these values do exist; for example,
radio chromic film is categorized as a passive detector, but attempts are real-
time dosimetry with film has been made in the past. The “Measurement Type”
column has bold entries in it, which indicate the way those dosimeters were
employed in FLASH studies. The time resolution values are based on the
underlying physics of the dosimeters, as explained previously. This does not
take in to account the available bandwidth of the read-out method. Of course,
the dead-time of the read-out electronics should be considered while dealing
with such dose-rates. While some of these issues are not necessarily unique to
FLASH, they nonetheless contribute to the overall dosimetric uncertainty.[17]

• In this paper we reviewed the research on TL materials and their application in

dosimetry. Another important field, not discussed here, in which the
thermoluminescence finds application is dating of minerals and other
materials, particularly in Geology, Archaeology and Hydrology.

• The thermally stimulated luminescence is the most commonly used technique

from all measurement methods use in the passive dosimetry of ionizing
radiation

• Currently, the development of the dosimetry techniques turns toward the

optical stimulation as the light stimulation does not require a heating of the
sample, or the use of protective atmosphere. OSL detectors have a wide range
of possibilities for tuning of the stimulating and measurement wavelength and
the possibility of multiple readout once the irradiated samples. They may find
as well, application in emergent imaging and in micro-imaging of ion beams.
[18]

Page No. 21
 Applications of Luminescence in Radiation Dosimetry

Outline

In the present investigation is focus on

➢ From literature survey, it is found that Li₂B₄O₇: Mn is commercial phosphor

which has been widely used for dosimetric application. However, this
phosphor is not very sensitive as the TL emission lies in red region (600 nm)
as the literature survey suggests. So, we will reproduce this phosphor by
replacing the dopant Mn with dopant Cu, Ag which has the glow curve in the
range 100-300 Degree Celsius and the emission at 370 nm.

➢ Secondly, this material is generally synthesised by Czochralski and Bridgemen

method. However, these methods are time consuming, costly and require high
synthesis temperature. So, we will prepare it by another method of synthesis.

➢ It is observed that solid state method shows medium (Good) morphology.

Therefore, we will prepare Li₂B₄O₇ Cu, Ag by solid state method

➢ In this work an attempt is made to study some phosphors which will be turned
as useful OSL dosimetric tool. Also, special efforts are made to prepare
waterproof dosimeters from some well-known hygrospic materials like NaCl
and NaF which exhibits good OSL properties

➢ The dosimetric characterization of the developed phosphor materials which

include sensitivity, linearity, reusability post irradiation fading, and minimum
detectable dose is also discussed in detail.

➢ The possible methods of preparation of radiation dosimetry application of

luminescence to most of use solid state reaction method, sol-gel method.

➢ This method will allow new mat3erials to come to realization at much faster
rate then was possible in previous year.

Page No. 22
 Applications of Luminescence in Radiation Dosimetry

Sr. No. Characterization Technique Instrument

1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) (Rigaku Miniflex X ray

Diffractometer II)

2 Photoluminescence (PL) (Hitachi F-7000 Fluorescence

Spectrophotometer
Fluorescence

Spectrophotometer

3 Irradiation sources 90Sr/90 Y beta source at RPAD

BARC (Dose rate 20mGy/sec)

4 Thermoluminescence Reader Riso DA-20 and PC

CONTROLLED TL / OSL
Reader TOSL – 1008

5 Scanning Electron Microscopy ZEIS EVO/18 SEM

(SEM)

Page No. 23
 Applications of Luminescence in Radiation Dosimetry

5. REFERENCES

[1] free Wikipedia: http://www.wikipedia.org/

[2] R. Boyle, Register of the Royal Society, 213(1663).

[3] M. Skłodowska-Curie, , Discovery of Radium, Century Magazine,

461-466(1904).

[4] J.T. Randall & M.H. Wilkins,1945, Phosphorescence and Electron

Traps.I.and II, The Study of Trap Distributions, Proc.R.Soc.A., 184,366-
389(1945), ibidem 390407(1945).

[5] T. Niewiadomski, , 25 years of thermoluminescence dosimetry at IFJ,

Rad. Prot. Dosim. 85,269-272(1994).

[6] Encyklopedia fizyki 1972, Praca zbiorowa, Państwowe Wydawnictwo

Naukowe (in Polish)

[7] A. F. McKinlay, , Thermoluminescence dosimetry , Medical Physics

Handbook 5,Adam Hilger Ltd. 1981

[8] A. Z Hrynkiewicz,. et al., , Człowiek i promieniowanie jonizujące,

Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 70-128 (in Polish).

[9] T. Niewiadomski, 1991, Dozymetria termoluminescencyjna w

praktyce, Raport IFJ nr 1550/D (in Polish).

[10] P. Bilski, Lithium Fluoride: From LiF:MgTi to LiF:Mg,Cu,P, Radiat.

Prot. Dosim.,100,199206(2002).

[11] Y.S.. Horowitz, LiF:Mg,Ti versus LiF:Mg Cu,P: the competition heats
up, Radiat. Prot. Dosim, 47,135-141(1993).

Page No. 24
 Applications of Luminescence in Radiation Dosimetry

[12] S. W. S. McKeever, M. Moscovitch, P.D Townsend,

Thermoluminescence dosimetry materials: properties and uses, Nuclear
Technology Publishing, 1995.

[13] P. Bilski, M.Budzanowski, P.Olko, E. Mandowska, LiF:MgTi (MTT)

detectors optimalised for High –LET dosimetry, Radiat. Meas., 38, 427-
430(2004).

[14] T. Nakajiama, Y. Murayama, T. Matsuzawa, A. Koyano, Development

of Highly Sensitive LiF Thermoluminescence Dosimeter and its Applications,
Nucl. Instr. Meth., 157, 155162(1978).

[15] B. Obryk, P Bilski, M. Budzanowski, M Fuerstner, C.Ilgner, F.

Jacquenod, P. Olko, M. Puchalska, H. Vincke, The response of different types
of TL lithium fluoride detectors to high-energy mixed radiation fields., Radiat.
Meas., 43, 1144-1148(2008).

[16] P. Bilski, B. Obryk, P. Olko, E. Mandowska, A. Mandowski, J. L.

Kim, Characteristics of LiF: Mg, Cu, P thermoluminescence at ultra-high dose
range, Radiat. Meas,43(2), 315318(2008).

[17] P. Bilski, J. Blomgren, F. d’Enrrico, A. Esposito, G. Fehrenbacher, F.

Fernandez, A. Fuchs, N. Golnik, V. Lacoste, A. Leuschner, S. Sandri, M.
Silari, F. Spurny, B. Wiegel, P. Wright, The problems associated with the
monitoring of complex workplace radiation fields at European high-energy
accelerations and thermonuclear fusion facilities, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 126491-
496(2007).

[18] C. Furetta, P. Weng, Operational Thermoluminescence Dosimetry

World Scientific Publisihing, Co.Pte.Ltd., Singapur, 1998

Page No. 25