380 MATHEMATICS- X

SOLUTION The ratio of areas of ftwo similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares of
anytwo
correspondingBC2sides.
Area (A ABC) 3
54x 16
54 Area (A DEF)=
9
= 96 cm?
Area (ADEF) Area(ADEF) 42
EXAMPLE4 IfA ABC ~ ADEFFsuchthat area of AABCis 9cm and the area of A DEF is 16cm² and
BC =2.1 cm.Find the
length of EF.
SOLUTION Wehave,
Area (A ABC) 4x 2.1
BC? 9 (21 3 2.1 EF = cm = 2.8 cm
Area (A DEF) EF' 16 4 EF 3
EXAMPLE5 Corresponding sides of two similar trianglesABCand DEF arein theeratio 2:3. Ifthe
area of thesmaller triangle ABCis 48 cm,find the area of the larger triangle DEF.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We know that the ratio offareas of two similar triangles is equal to thee square of
the ratio of their
Area (AABC)
corresponding
sides.
48 x 9
48 4
Area (ADEF) ’ Area (ADEF) = cm = 108 cm?
Area(ADEF) 4
EXAMPLE 6 Areas of twosimilar triangles are 36 cm' and 100cm. If the length of aside of the
larger triangle is 20 cm, find the length of the corresponding side of the snaller triangle.
INCERTEXEMPLAR)
SOLUTION Let AABC ~ ADEF such that area (AABC) = 36 cm,area (ADEF) = 100cm
and DE = 20 cm. It is given that AABC ~ ADEF.
Area (AABC) AB 36 AB? ’ AB²_ 36 6
Area (ADEF) DE? 100 (20)2 100
-x (20) AB = 10 x 20cmn = 12 cm
EXAMPLE7 In Fig. 7.176, PB and QA are perpendiculars to segment AB. If PO= 5 cm, Q0 =7 cm
and Area APOB = 150 cm find the area of AQOA.
SOLUTION InA OAQ and AOBP, we have
2A=ZB
and, ZAOQ =ZBOP [Each equal to 90°|
So, by using AA-criterion of similarity, we obtain
A
AOQ ~ ABOP
B

Area (A AOO) A

Area (A BOP) op? P

Area (A AOQ) 72 49
Fig. 7.1 76
150 5Area (A AOQ) -x 150 cm = 294 cm?
25
EXAMPLE 8 InFig. 7.177, ABCD is a trapeziumn in which AB || DC and AB = 2
ratio of theareas of AAOB and ACOD. DC. Determine the
SOLUTION In triangle AOB and COD, we have INCERT)
ZAOB=Z COD
and, 2OAB=Z0CD [Vertically opposite angles]
[Alternate angles]
 381
TRIANGLES
D C

So,by using AA-criterion of similarity, we obtain

Area (AAOB) AB2 (2DC)? 4
AAOB~A COD= DC? (DC) 1
Area(ACOD)
A B
Hence, Area (A AOB):Area (A COD) =4:1. Fig. 7.177

84 cm find
EXAMPLE9 In the trapezium ABCD, AB ||CD and AB = 2 CD. Ifthe areaof AAOB =[CBSE 2005]
the area ofA COD.
sOLUTION Fromexample8, we obtain
Area (A AOB) 4 84 4
Area (ACOD) ’ Area (A COD) = 21 cm
Area (A COD) 1

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

EXAMPLE 10 Prove that the area of the equilateral triangle described on the side ofa square is half the
[NCERT,CBSE 2018]
area of the equilateral triangle described on its diagonal.
SOLUTION Let ABCD be asquare. Equilateral triangles A BCE and AACF have been
described on side BC and diagonal AC respectively. We have to prove that
1
Area (A BCE) = 2 Area (A ACF) D

It is given that ABCD isa square with diagonal AC. Therefore,

AC = V2BC ...i)
Since ABCE and A ACF are equilateral. Therefore, they are
equiangular (each angle being equal to 60°) and hence A B

BC2 Fig. 7.178

Area (A BCE) BC? 1
A BCE ~A ACF ’
Area (A ACF) AC? (V2BC)² 2 Using ()]
EXAMPLE 11 Equilateral triangles are drawn on the sides ofa right triangle. Show that the area of the
triangle on the hypotenuse is equal tothe sum of the areasof triangles on the other twosides.
[CBSE 2002, NCERT EXEMPLARJ
SOLUTION Let ABC be a right triangle with right angle at B. Equilateral triangies PAB, QBC
and RACare described on sides AB, BC and CA respectively. We have to prove that
Area(A PAB) + Area (A QBC) = Area (A RAC)
Since AABC is a right angled triangle with B = 90°.
A

AC? = AB² + BC2. ...i)

It is given that triangles PAB, QBC and RAC are equilateral.
Therefore,they are equiangular and hence similar. B

Area (APAB) Area (AQBC) AB? BC2 AB + BC?

+
Area (ARAC) Ac? Ac? AC2
Area (ARAC)
Area (A PAB) Area (AQBC) AC2 Fig. 7.179
=1
Area (ARAC) Area (ARAC) AC? [Using (i)1
Area (APAB) + Area (Ab)-1 Area (A PAB) + Area (A QBC) = Area (A RAC)
Area (A RAC)
382 MATHEMATICS-X
EXAMPLE 12 D,E, Fare the mid- points of the sides BC, CA and AB respectively of a AABC.
Determine the ratio of theareas of ADEFand A
ABC. of the sides BC and [NCERT)
SOLUTION In AABC, Dand Eare the mid-points A

AB respectively.
DE|| BA DE ||FA ...(i)
Since Dand Fare mid-points of thesides BCand ABrespectively or
A ABC,
DF | CA DF| AE ...(ii)
From (), and (ii),we conclude that AFDE is a parallelogram. B D

Similarly, BDEF is a parallelogram. Fig.7.180

In A DEF and A ABC, we
have
ZFDE =2A [Opposite angles of parallelogram AFDE)
and, 2 DEF =2B
[Opposite angles of parallelogram BDEF]
So, by using AA-similarity criterion, we
obtain

ABC’ Area (A DEF)

DE2 GAB
A DEF ~A
Area (A ABC) AB?
Hence, Area (A DEF): Area (A ABC) = 1 :4
AB? 4
DE-AB
EXAMPLE 13 D and E are points on the sides AB and AC respectively ofa A ABC
such that
DE || BCand divides A ABCinto two parts, BD
equal in area, Find INCERT, CBSE 2000, 08]
AB
SOLUTION We have,
Area (A ADE) = Area (trapezium BCED)
Area (A ADE) + Area (A ADE) = Area
2 Area (A ADE) = Area (A ABC)
(trapezium BCED) + Area (A ADE)
In A ADE and A ABC, we have ...0)
ZADE=ZB
[::DE || BC. .LADE=ZB
and, ZA=A
A ADE A ABC
[Common] (corresponding angles]
Area (A ADE) AD?
Area (A ABC) AB
D
Area (A ADE) AD?
2 Area (A ADE) AB² [Using ()]
AD )2 AD 1 B
AB AB 5AB = V2AD C

Fig. 7.181
AB = V2(AB - BD) ’ (V2 - 1)AB = V2BD > BD
V2-1 2-N2
AB
EXAMPLE 14 T0o isosceles triangles have equal vertical angles and J2 2
16:25. Find the atio of their corresponding heights. their
areas are in the ratio
oorIHON Let AABC and ADEF be the given triangles such [CBSE 2000)
Area (A ABC) 16 that AB = AC and DE = DE,
LA=2D and, 25
Area (A DEF) .0)
 383
TRIANGLES

B M

Fig. 7.182 Fig. 7.183

Draw ALL BC and DM L EF.

AB DE AB DE AB AC
Now, AB= AC, DE =DF> -1 and =1’ AC DE DE DF
AC DE

Thus, in triangles ABC and DEF, we have

AB AC
and A= ZD [Given]
DE DF
So, by using SAS-similarity criterion, we obtain
Area (A ABC) AL? 16 AL? AL 4
AABC ~ADEF’ Using(i)]
Area (A DEF) DM? 25 DM? DM
Hence, AL: DM=4:5.
Area (A DEF)
EXAMPLE 15 In Fig 7.184, DE || BC and AD: DB =5: 4. Find Area (A CFB)
[CBSE 2000]

SOLUTION In A ABC, it is given that DE || BC.

LADE =ZABC and AED = ZACB [Corresponding angles]
Thus, in triangles ADE and ABC, we have
2A= A [Common]
2ADE=ZABC A

and, ZAED=/ACB

So, by using AAA similarity criterion, we obtain

D E
AD DE 1 4 5
A AED~A ABC’ ..) F
AB BC
It is given that
AD 5 DB 4 DB 4 B C
+1=+1
DB 4 AD 5 AD 5 Fig. 7.184
DB + AD 9 AB AD 5 DE 5
AD AD AB BC 9 [Using (i)] ...i1)
In A DFE and A CFB, we have
Z1=Z3 [Alternate interior angles]
and, 22=24 [Vertically opposite angles]
Therefore, by AA-similarity criterion, we obtain
Area (A DFE) DE Area (A DFE)
ADFE~A CFB ’
Area (A CFB) BC2 Area (A CFB) -(8 25
81
384
MATHEMATICS-X
EXERCISE 7.5
BASIC
1. Triangles ABC and DEF are similar.
0 tarea (A ABC) =36 cm' area (A DEE) = 64 cm' and DE = 6.2 cm, ma a
() TtAB = 1.2cm and DE =Ldcm. find the ratio of the areas of AABC and a
l85, AACB -AAPO. lBC =10cm, PO = 5cm, BA =6.5 cm and AP = 2.8 cm, find CA and
AQ. Also, find the area (A ACB) :
area (A
AP).
P

B
D

C C
Fig. 7.185 Fig. 7.186
3. In Fig. 7.186, DE|| BC
(1) lf DE =4cm, BC = 6 cm and Area (A ADE) = 16
cm, find the area of A ABC.
(1) If DE = 4cm, BC = 8 cm and Area (A ADE) =
25 cm, find the area ofA ABC.
(iii) If DE: BC=3:5. Calculate the ratio of the
areas of AADE and the trapezium BCED.
(iv) If DE = 6 cm, BC = 12 cm,find the ratio of Area (A
ADE) and Area (quad. DECB).
4. The areas of two similar triangles are 81
cm and 49 cm respectively. Find the[NCERTEXEMPLAR)
corresponding heights. What is the ratio of their
5. The areas of two similar corresponding medians?
ratio of their
triangles are 169 cm and 121 cm respectively. If the
larger triangle is 26 cm, find the longest side of the smaller longest side of the
6. The areas of two similar triangle.
triangle is 2.4 cm, find thetriangles
are 25 cm´ and 36 cm
altitude of the respectively.
If the altitude of the first
7. The corresponding other.
corresponding
ratio of their areas. altitudes two similar triangles are 6 cm and 9cm
of
8. The areas of two similar respectively. Find the
triangle is 5 cm, find the triangles
are 100 cm´ and 49 cm
9. The areas of two corresponding altitude of the other.respectively. If the altitude of the bigger
similar triangles are 121 cm´ and 64 cm [CBSE 2002]
triangle is 12.1 cm, find the corresponding median of the respectively. If the median of the first
10. The areas of two
similar triangles ABCand PQR are in other. [CBSE 2001]
the ratio 9: 16. If BC = 4.5 cm,
length of QR. find the
11. ABC is a triangle and PQ is a
AO= 1.5 cm, OC= 4.5 m,prove straight line meeting AB in Pand AC in Q. If [CBSE 2004]
that area of A APQ is one- AP = 1 cm, PB=3 cm,
sixteenth of the area of AABC.
12 IFD is apoint on the
side AB of AABC such that AD : [CBSE 2005]
DE || AC. Find the ratio of areas of A ABC
and A BDE.
DB=3:2 and E is a point on BC such that
13. IfAABC and ABDE are equilateral [CBSE 2006 C]
triangles, where D is the mid point of BC, find
areas of AABC and ABDE.
14 Diagonals of a the ratio of
trapezium PQRS
the ratio of the areas of trianglesintersect each other at the point O, PQ || RS and [CBSE 2010]
POQ and ROS.
[CBSE 2019, NCERT PO=3RS. Find
BASED ON LOTS EXEMPLAR]
15. ADis an altitude of an equilateral triangle ABC. On AD as base,
is constructed. Prove that Area ( AADE) : Area (AABC) = 3 : 4 another equilateral triangle/ ADE
[CBSE 2010]
TRIANGLES 385

16. In Fig. 7.187, AABC and ADBC are on the same base BC. IfAD and BCintersect at O, prove that
Area (AABC) AO
Area (ADBC) DO [NCERT, CBSE 2000, 2005]

D
Fig. 7.187
ANSWERS
1. (ii) 4.65 (ii) 36:49 2. 5.6 cm, 3.25 cm, 4: 1 3. (i) 36 cm (ii) 100 cm (ii) 9 : 16 (iv) 1 :3
4. 9:7;9:7 5. 22 cm 6. 2.88 cm 7. 4:9
S. 3.5 cm 9. 8.8 cm 10. 6 cm 12. 25 : 4 13. 4: 1
14. 9:1

HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

3. (i) In AADE and A ABC, we have
2ADE =LB [Corresponding angles (1* DE || BC)]
and, A=LA [Common]
DE?
AADE~A ABC’ Area (A ADE)
Area (A ABC) BC2
Area (A ADE) DE? 32 9
(üü) Area (A ABC) BC? 52 25
=

Let Area (A ADE) = 9x sq. units and Area (A ABC) = 25x sq. units.
Area (trap.BCED) = Area (A ABC) Area (A ADE) = 25x- 9x= 16x
4. Since the ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares of their
corresponding altitudes and is also equal to the ratio of the squares of their corresponding
medians. Hence,ratio of altitudes = 9:7 = ratio of medians.
169 262 13 26
5. Side = 22 cm
121 (Side of the smaller triangle) 11 Side of the smaller triangle
16. Draw AL L BC and DM L BC. In A ALO and A DMO, we have
LALO=2DMO = 90° and, Z AOL = Z DOM
AL AO
A ALO~A DMO ’ DM DO ...i)
Area (A ABC) (1/2) BC x AL AL AO
Area (ADBC) (1/2) BC x DM DM DO [Using (i)]
7.9 PYTHAGORAS THEOREM

In this section, we shall prove an important theorem known as Py thagoras Theorem.

This Theorem is also known as Baudhayan Theorem.
THEOREM1 In a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides. [NCERTI, CBSE 2001, 02, 04, 05, 06C,09, 10, 18, 19]
Given: Aright-angled triangle ABCin which B=90°.
ToProve: (Hypotenuse)' =(Base)' + (Perpendicular) ie. AC =AB' + BC²
Construction: From B draw BD 1 AC.
386

PROOF ln triangles ADB and1ABC, we have B

MATHEMATICS-X
and, 2ADB=LABC [Each equal to 90°]
So,by using 2A=2A [Common]
AA-similarity
AD AB
criterion, we obtain
AADBAABC=
In triangles BDC and
AB AC AB'= ADx AC ..i1) A D
Fig. 7.188
ABC, we
2CDB=2ABC have
and,
2C=2C (Each equal to 90°]
So, by using
AA-similarity criterion, we obtain [Common
A BDC~A ABC+ DC BC
BC AC > BC= AC x DC ...i)
Adding () and (i), we get
AB + BC= AD x AC+ ACx DC =AC (AD +
Hence, AC= AB +BC DC) = AC x AC = AC
Theconverse of the above Q.E.D.
theorem is also true as proved
below.
THEOREM 2 (Converse of
Pythagoras
sum of the squares of theother two sides, Theorem) Ina triangle, if thesquare of one side is equal to the
then the angle opposite to the side is a
right angle.
Given: Atriangle ABC such that AC =AB + BC [NCERT, CBSE 2000C, 06C, 09, 10, 19, 20]
A

B
E
Fig. 7.189
Fig. 7.190
Construction: Construct a triangle DEF such that DE =
AB,EF = BC
PROOF In order to prove
we proceed as follows :
that Z B=90°, it is
sufficient toshow thatandE=90.
AABC~A DEE. For this
Since ADEF is a right angled
theorem, we obtain triangle with right angle at E.
DF = DE + EF Therefore, by Pythagoras
DE = AB + BC'
DE = A [:: DE = AB and EF =
BC(By
[:: AB² + BC' =construction)]
DF= AC
Thus, in A ABC and A DEF, we have
AC(Given))
...)
AB = DE, BC = EF
and, AC= DF [By construction]
So, by using SSS criterion of congruence we obtain [From (i)]
A ABC A DEF=B=E= 90°
Hence, AABC is a right triangle right-angled at B. Icpct]
Q.ED.
TRIANGLES 387

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)
EXAMPLE1 Aright triangle has hypotenuse of length p cm and one side of length q cmn. If
p-q=1find the length of the third side of the triangle.
sOLUTION Letthe third side be xcm. Then, by applying Pythagoras theorem, we obtain
p-'+
'=p-- (p-) ( +) =p+9 [:p-q= 1]
xVp+qV2 +1 I"p-q=1 :p =q+1]
Hence, the length of the third side is 2q + 1 cm.
EXAMPLE 2 The sides of certain triangles are given below. Determine which of them are right
triangles :
(i) a=6 Cm, b=8cm and c= 10cm (ii) a=5 cm, b=8 cm and c= 11 cm.
SOLUTON () We have, a= 6 cm, b=8cm and c= 10 cm.
Here, the larger side is c= 10cm such that: a' +b=6+8 =36 +64 =100 =d
So, the triangle with the given sides is a right triangle.
(ü) Here, the larger side is c =11 cm and we find that a' +b' =25 +64 =89 =
So, the triangle with the given sides is not a right triangle.
EXAMPLE 3A man goes 10 m due east and then 24 mdue north. Find the distance from the
starting point.
SOLUTION Let the initial position of the man be O and his final NA B

position be B.Since the man goes 10 mdue east and then 24 mdue 24m
north. Therefore, AAOB is a right triangle right-angled at A such
that OA=10mn and AB=24 m.
By using Pythagoras theorem in AAOB, we obtain O10m A
OB² = OA + AB²
s
OB = 10 + 24 = 100 + 576 = 676 ’ OB = V676 =26 m Fig. 7.191
Hence, the man is at a distance of 26 m from the starting point.
EXAMPLE 4A ladder is placed in such a way that its foot is at a distance of 5 mfrom a wall and
its tip reaches a window 12 m above the ground. Determine the length of the ladder.
SOLUTION Let AB be the ladder and B be the window. It is given that BC= 12 m and
AC=5 m B

AABC is a right triangle right- angled at C. Applying Pythagoras

Theorem, we obtain
AB = AC'+BC? 12m

AB² = 5+ 12 = 169
AB = 13 m
A 5 m
Hence, the length of the ladder is 13 m.
Fig. 7.192
EXAMPLE 5 Aladder 25 m long reaches a window of abuilding 20 mabove the ground. Determine
the distance of the foot of the ladder from the building.
388
MATHEMATICS -X
such that its end reaches
SOLUTION Let AB be the ladder offlength25 m giventhat AB =25 m
the window Bwhich is 20 maabove the grround. It is right-angle at C.
and CB = 20 m. Triangle ABC is arighttriangle with 25 m
20m
Applying Pythagoras Theorem, we obtain
AB=AC+ BC'
25 = AC+ 20° A

AC = 625 -400 = 225 => AC= N225 m = 15 m Fig. 7.193

Hence, the foot of the ladder is at a distance 15 m from the building
away from the base of
EXAMPLE6 Foot ofa 10mJono ladder leanino againsta vertical wall is 6m
the wall. Find the height of thenoint onthe wall where the top of the ladder reaChes.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR)
SOLUTION Let OS be a vertical wall and let PR be a 10 m long ladder
Such that its top reaches to point Ron the wall when foot P of the ladder R
1s 6 m away from the wall. Applving Pythagoras Theorem in AQPK, We
obtain 10 m

PR² = PQ² +OR?

QR² = PR? - PQ² P 6m
QR = 10 6 = 100 -36 = 64 ’ QR = 8 m Fig. 7.194
EXAMPLE7 A ladder 15 mlong reaches a window which is 9 mabove the ground on one side of
a street. Keeping its foot at the same point, the ladder is turned to other side of the street to
reach a window 12 mhigh. Find the width of the street.
SOLUTION Let AB be the width of the street and C be the foot of the ladder. Let D andE
be the windows at heights of 9mand 12 mrespectively from the ground. Then, CD and
EF are the two positions of the ladder. Clearly, AD=9m, BE = 12 m,CD =CE= 15 m.
Applying Pythagoras Theorem in AACD, we obtain
CD' =AC + AD² D
15 m
15 = AC + 9 ’ AC = 225-81 = 144 ’ AC= 12 m 15 m
Applying Pythagoras Theorem in ABCE, we obtain
CE = Bc² + BE?
’ 15 = BC +12 BC*= 225 144 =81 ’ BC= 9m A
Hence, width of the street = AB= AC + CB= (12 +9) m=21 m. Fig. 7.195
EXAMPLE 8 For going to a city Bfom city A, there is route via city C such that AC LCB,
AC= 2x km and CB = 2(r+ 7) km. It is proposed to construct 26 km highway which directly
connects the two cities A and B. Find how much distance will be saved in reaching city B from
cityA after the construction of the highway? [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION The city A, Band C, are marked in Fig. 7.196. We
find that AACB is a right triangle. Applying Pythagoras
Theorem in AACB, we obtain

AB = AC² + BC? 26 km

26* = (2x) + (2 (x +7))²

’ 676 = 4r + 4 (r + 7)
B 2(x+7) kn
4(2x' + 14x+ 49) = 676 Fig. 7.196
 389
TRIANGLES

2r+ 14 x+ 49 - 169
2r+14 x-120 = '+7r- 60 =0 >'+12x -5x -60 =0
x-5-0I=5 [x+12 # 0]
X(+12)-5(1+ 12) - 0 > (r+ 12)(x -5) - 0
AC= 2r- (2x 5)km = 10km andBC 2(r +7)= 2(5 +7) km = 24 km
Thus the distance betweencities Aand Bbefore constructing the highway is given by
BC +CA (24+ 10) km = 34 km
Distance saved = 36 km- 26 km = 8 km
EXAMPLE9 A5m long ladder is placed leaning towards a vertical wallsuch that it reaches the wall
at apoint 4m high, as shoæn in Fig. 7.197.Ifthe foot of theladder is moved 1.6 mtowards the wall,
then find the distance by which the top of the ladder would slide upoard on the wall.
JNCERT EXEMPLAR]

SOLUTION Let a ladder AB of length 5mbe placed leaning towards avertical wallsuch that
the top of the ladder reaches to apoint Bon the wall CD,where Cis the base of the wallCD.
D
|D

Xm
BA B
5 m

4m
4m

A 1.6 m/ 1.4 m
A

Fig. 7.197 Fig. 7.198

Applying Pythagoras Theorem in AACB, we obtain
AB² = Ac² + BC² 5 = AC² +4' AC' =25 - 16 ’ AC' = 9 ’ AC = 3 m
When the foot of the ladder is moved to a point P 1.6m towards the wall, the top of the ladder
reaches a point on the wall such that BQ = xm.
From Fig7.198, we find that
CP = AC- AP = (3 1.6) m=1.4 mand CQ = CB + BQ = (4 + x) m
Applying Pythagoras Theorem in APCQ, we obtain
PQ² = PC? +CO
5² =(1.4) +(4 +x)
(x+4) =25 -1.96 = 23.04 = (4.8) +4= 4.8 ’ x = 0.8 m
Hence, the distance by which the top of the ladder would slide upward on the wall
is 0.8 m.
EXAMPLE10 Hypotenuse ofa right triangle is 25 cm and out of the remaining two sides one is longer
than the other by 5cm. Find the lengths of the otlher two sides. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
sOLUTION Let the length of the one side be xcm. Then, the length of the other sideis (x +5)
cm. Therefore, by using Pythagoras Theorem, we obtain
r = (r+ 5) = 25
x'+x +10x + 25 = 625
2124 10xr - 600 = 0 ’x+5x -300 =0 ’ r+ 20x - 15x - 300 = 0
x(x+ 20) - 15 (x + 20) = 0 (r+ 20)(-15) =0 ’x-15 = 0 x= 15
Thus, the lengths of the sides are 15 cm and (15 +5) cm =20 cm.
390
MATHEMATICS -X
EXAMPLE 11 The hypotenuse of arighttriangleis 6 mmorethan the twice of the shortest side. If
third side is 2 mless than theehypotenuse, find the sides of thetriangle. the
SOLUTION Lettheshortesttside be x metres in length. Then,
Hypotenuse =(2x +6) m and, Third side = (2x+ 4) m
By usingPythagoras theoren, we obtain
(2r+6)' =x'+ (2r+ 4)'
4r +24x+ 36 =x'+ 4x'+ 16x +16
*-8r-20 =0 > (x- 10)(x +2) = 0 x= 10 [:xcannot be negative]
Hence,the sides of the triangle are 10 m, 26 mand 24 m.
tANMPLE12 ABC is an isosceles right triangle right-angled atC. Prove that AB = 2AC',
SOLUTION Since AABC is a right triangle right-angled at C.
[NCERT] A

AB' = AC+ BC?

AB = AC+AC [: BC =AC]
AB =2 AC?
Fig. 7.19g C
EXAMPLE 13 ABCis an isosceles triangle with AC = BC. If AB = 2AC, prove that A
right triangle. ABC is
[NCERT, CBSE 2000)
SOLUTION We have, AC = BC and AB = 2 AC
Now, AB =2AC
AB = AC + AC = AC + BC
[:: AC = BC)
AABC is a right triangle
right-angled at C.
EXAMPLE 14 In A ABC, AD is perpendicular to BC. Prove that:
(i) AB + CD' = Ac' + BD² [CBSE 2008, 2009]
(iü) AB - BD = AC? - CD'
SOLUTION Since triangles ABD and ACD are right triangles
AB2 = AD2 + BD2
at right-angled D.
..1)
and, AC= AD+ CD
.(ii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
AB- AC=BD -CD'
AB +CD' =AC + BD and AB - BD' =
AC-CD B D C

EXAMPLE 15 In APQR, PD IQR such that D lies on Fig. 7.200

DR = d, prove that (a + b)(a - b) = (c + d) (c - d). OR. IfPO = a. PR = b, OD = cand
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Applying Pythagoras Theorem in right triangles
PDQ and PDR, we obtain
PO² = PD² + DQ and PR'= PD² + DR2
a2= PD? +c² and b² = PD? + d²
PD² = a? - c and PD² = b2 -d2
D
Fig. 7.201
TRIANGLES 391

a-b =-d² (a + b)(a -b) =(c + d) (C - d)

EXAMPLE 16 Prove that threetimes the square of anyside of anequilateral-triangle is equal tofour
times the square of the altitude. [CBSE 2002]
sOLUTION Let ABC be an equilateral triangle and let AD LBC.
InA ADB and A ADC, we have
AB= AC [Given]
LB= 2C |Each equal to 60°]
and, 2ADB =LADC |Each equal to 90°]
So, by using AAS-congruence criterion, we obtain
AADB AADC
BD= DC
1
BD =DC= BC B D

Fig. 7.202
Since A ADBis a right triangle right-angled at D.
BC2 AB2
AB = AD+BD = AD' + =AD'4 = AD' + [:: BC = AB]
4 4
3
4 AB* = AD ’ 3AB = 4 AD²
EXAMPLE 17 In an equilateral triangle with side a, prove that
() Altitude
av3
[CBSE 2001C] (ii) Area = [NCERT, CBSE 2002]
2 4
SOLUTION Let ABC be an equilateral triangle the length of whose each side is a units. Draw
AD1 BC. Then,Dis the mid-point of BC(See Example 16). A
1
AB =a, BD = 2 BC = 2
Since AABD is a right triangle right-angled at D.
AB = AD + BD
2

’AD' =a a 3a ’AD =
V3a B D
a = AD' + 4 4 2 Fig. 7.203

Altitude
V3
2
1 1
Area of AABC=(Base xHeight) - (BC xAD) =;xax 2
a=
4

EXAMPLE 18 Prove that the area of the semi-circle drawn on the hypotenuse of a right angled
triangle is equal to the sum of the areas of the semi-circles drawn on other two sides of the
triangle. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let ABC be a right triangle right angled at B. Then, by using Pythagoras
Theorem, we obtain
AC? = AB² + AC ...i)
392 MATHEMATICS-X
We know that the area of a semi-circle of diameter 'd' is g"
Multiplying both sides of () bywe obtain
AO-AB' (8c AB + Area of semi.
ea of semi-circle drawnon AC= Area of semi-circle drawn on circle drawn on BC.
EXAMPLE 19 ABC is an isosceles triayole richt-angled at B. Similar triangles ACD and ABE are
coStrcted on sidesAC and AB. Find the ratio between the areas of AABE and A ACD.
[CBSE 2001, 2002]
SOLUTION Let AB = BC =x. It is given that AABCis right-angled at B.
AC= AB + BC AC = x*+x’ AC= N2 x E

Itis given that

2x
AB2 1
A ABE ~A ACD’ Area (A ABE) B
Area (A ACD) AC?
Fig. 7.204
EXAMPLE20 ABC is aright-angled triangle right angled at A. Acircle is inscribed in it. The lengths
of the two sides containing the right angle are 6cm and 8 cm. Find the radius of the circle.
[CBSE 2002]
SOLUTION Using Pythagoras theorem in A BAC, we obtain
BC = AB+ AC ’ BC = 6 +8=100 ’ BC=10 cm
Clearly,
Area of A ABC= Area of A OAB + Area of A OBC + Area of A
OCA
1 1 1
1
2 ABx AC =,AB xr+,BC xr+,CAxr
A
1 1 1 1 Fig. 7.205
2 x6x8= 2 (6xr) +,(10 xr) +, (8x) ’ 48 =24rr=2cm
EXAMPLE 21 P and Q are points on the sides CA and CB
C. Prove that AQ'+ BP=AB+ PO respectively of AABC right angled at
[NCERT,CBSE 2002, 07, 19)
sOLUTION Applying Pythagoras theorem in right-angled
PCQ, we obtain triangles ACO, PCB, ACB and
A02 =AC² + CQ, PB = PC + BC, AB =
AC + BC² and, PO² = PC² + 0c? ...i)
Now, AO = AC+ CQ and PB² = PC' + CB²
AQ + BP= (AC' +CO) + (PC+ CB)
AO+ BP= (AC+ BC') +(PC +QC')
AQ2 + BP2 = AB2+ PQ2
[Using (i)] C
Fig. 7.206
 393
TRIANGLES

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

EXAMPLE 22 Pand Q are the nid- points of the sides CA and CB respectively of a AABC, right
angled at C.Prove that :
() 44Q =4AC+BC |CBSE20101 (ii) 4BP'=4BC' + A [CBSE 2001|
(i) 4(4Q+ BP) = 5AB [NCERT, CBSE 2001, 06C]
sOLUTION () Since AAQC is aright triangle right-angled atC. Applying Pythagoras
theorem in A AQC, we obtain
AQ'= AC+Qc
4AQ =4AC +4QC [Multiplying both sides by 4]
A
4AQ°=4AC' +(2QC
4AQ =4 AC' +BC I:: BC=2 QC]
) Since ABPC is a right triangle right-angled at C. By using
Pythagoras theorem, we obtain
BP =BC+ CP²
4BP =4 BC + 4 CP [Multiplying both sides by 4] B

4 BP =4 BC + (2 CP Fig. 7.207
4 BP = 4 BC + Ac? [:: AC=2 CP]
(i1) From (i)and (iü), we have
4AQ =4 AC + BC and, 4BP =4BC' +AC?
4AQ+4 BP² =(4 AC +BC) +(4 BC +Ac)
4 (AQ+ BP) =5 (AC +BC)
4 (AQ + BP²) = 5 AB² In AABC, AB² = AC? + BC?]
EXAMPLE 23 In Fig. 7.208, ABC is aright triangle right-angled at B. AD and CE are the two
3/5
medians drawn fromAand Crespectively. IfAC= 5cm and AD= 2 -cm,findthe length of CE.
SOLUTION Since AABD is a right triangle right-angled at B. Therefore, by using Pythagoras
theorem, we obtain
AD = AB + BD²
BC 2
AD' =AB+ [::BD = DC]
1
AD' =AB+ BC ...(i)
Again, applying Pythagoras theorem in ABCE right triangle right angled at B, we obtain
CE =BC+ BE 2
CE =B+
BC²,AB [: BE = EA]
2
1
CE= BC+ AB ..(iü) E

Adding (i) and (ii), we get

1 1
AD'+CE = AB*+ 4 BC+ BC' +,AB
D
5
AD'+CE'=(AB'+Bc) Fig. 7.208
394 MATHEMATICS-X

[:A ABC is right triangle .. AC´=AB +BC'

5
AD' +CE
125 45
x25 CE = 4 - 20 ->CE = /20 cm = 2/5 cm
4

tXAMPLE24 Apoint Oin the interior ofarectangle ABCDis joined with each of the vertices A, B,C
and D. Prove that OB'+OD' = 0C+OA [NCERT, CBSE 2006C)
SOLUTON Let ABCD be the given rectangle and let Obe a point within it. Join OA, OB,OC
and OD.Through O, draw EOF | AB. Then, ABFE is arectangle. D C

Applying Pythagoras theorem in right triangles ACOEA and AOFC,

we obtain
OA = OE+AE and oc' = OF + CF
OA +0C= (OF +AE) + (OF +CF) A
OA +0C= OE +0F' + AE + CF ..i) Fig.7.209
APplying Pythagoras theorem in right triangles AOFB and AODE, we obtain
OB = OF+ FB and OD' = OE+ DE
OB +OD = (OF+FB')+(OE +DE)
OB+OD =OE +OF + DE +BF
OB +OD= OE +OF + CF +AE [:: DE= CF and AE = BF] ...(1)
From () and (ii), we get
OA +0C= OB'+OD'
EXAMPLE25 ABCD is a rhombus. Prove that AB' + BC' + CD+ DA'= AC + BD
SOLUTION Let the diagonals AC and BD of rhombus ABCD [NCERT, CBSE 2005]
diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles. intersect at O. Since the
ZAOB = Z BOC =2 COD= Z DOA = 90° and AO=
AAOBis a right triangle CO, BO = OD.
AB = OA' +OB right-angled O. Applying Py thagorastheorem,we obtain
at

OA = 0Cand OB =OD:.0A 1
=AC
2 and OB =BD
4AB= AC + BD²
.(1) D
Similarly, we obtain
4 BC'= AC'+ BD
4CD' =AC' + BD ..i)
..(iüi)
and, 4AD' =AC' + BD
...iv)
Adding alltheseresults, we get A

A(AB +BC + CD +AD) =4(AC+BD') ’ Fig. 7.210

AB+
EXAMPLE 26 The perpendicular AD on the base BC of a AABCBC+CD' DA =AC' +BD'
+
DB=3 CD. Prove that 2 AB' =2 AC'+Bc'. intersects BC at D so that
[NCERT, CBSE 2005, 09, 19)
TRIANGLES
395

sOLUTION Wehave, DB=3CD

BC =BD +DC = 3CD+CD= 4CD
1
CD=BC
CD=BC andBD = 3CD= 3 BC ..)
Since AABLD is aright triangle right-angled at D.
theorem in AABD, we obtain Applying Pythagoras D
Fig. 7.211
AB=AD+ BD ...1)
Similarly, AACD is a right triangle right angled at D. Applying Pythagoras theorem in
AACD,we obtain
AC= AD + CD ...ii)
Subtracting equation (i) from equation (ii) weget
AB- AC= BD-CD

AË-AC- ] - c [Using (i)1

9 1 1
AB- AC=16 BC? -BC?
16
2(AB-AC) =BC 2AB =2 AC +BC?
EXAMPLE 27 ABC is aright triangle right-angled at C.Let BC =a, CA =b, AB =Cand let pbe the
length of perpendicular from Con AB, prove that
1 1 1
(i) cp = ab [CBSE 2002| (i)
SOLUTION Let CD l AB.Then, CD =p.
1
. Area of AABC =(Basex Height) =(AB xCD) = ..)
Also, Area of AABC=(BC x AC) =-ab
2
.(ii)
2
From (i) and (ii), we obtain
1 1
-ab ’ cp = ab
Fig. 7.212
(ii) Since AABC is a right triangle right-angled at C. Applying Pythagoras theorem in
AACB, we obtain
AB'= BC+ AC?
d=a'+ b
2
ab
ab =a' +b? p=ab .. c=
1 a' +b2 1 1 1 1 1 1
=a +b

EXAMPLE 28 In an isosceles triangle ABC with AB =AC, BD is perpendicular from Bto the side AC.
Prove that BD'-CD=2CD·AD
396
MATHEMATICS -X
CTION Since AADB is aright triangle right-angled at D. APPlyn3
Pythagoras theorem, we obtain
AB' =AD' +BD'
AC= AD +BD' [::AB= AC]
(AD+CD' =AD' +BD [::AC= AD + CD] B
C
AD' +CD' +2AD- CD = AD' +BD BD-CD' =2 CD- AD Fig.7.213
tANMPLE 29 ABC is a triangle in which AB = AC andDis any point in BC. Prove that
AB2- AD2 - BD.CD [CBSE 2005)
SOLUTION Draw AE L BCn AAEB and A AEC, we have
AB= AC
AE= AE [Common]
and, ZB=2C
[: AB= AC]
So,by using SAS congruence criterion, we obtain
B D E
AAEB AAEC BE = CE Icpct] Fig. 7.214
Since AAED and AABE are right triangles right-angled at E.
Theorem, we obtain Therefore, Applying Pythagoras
AD = AE + DE and AB' = AE + BE"
AB - AD = BE- DE = (BE + DE) (BE - DE)=
(CE + DE) (BE - DE) [:: BE = CE)
AB- AD' =CD· BD
Hence, AB - AD' = BD· CD
EXAMPLE 30 From apoint O in the interior of aAABC,
drawn to the sides BC,
CA and AB perpendiculars OD, OE and OF are
(i) AF + BD + CE =0A + OB+respectively. Prove that:
(ii) AF+ BD'+ CE = AE + CD'+ B OC-OD-oE-OF
SOLUTION Let O be a point in the
interior of A ABC and
[NCERT]
OF 1 AB. let OD L BC.OE LCA and
(i) Applying
and A OEC,wePythagoras
obtain theorem right triangles AOFA, AODB
in
OA= AF+OF,OB = BD' + OD and,
Adding all these OC = C+ OE
results, we get
OA+OB +OC =AF + BD' + CE + OF+OD' +OE
AF + BD' +CE =OA
+OB*+OC-OD'
(ii) Applying Pythagorasttheoremin right -OE'-OF
D

Fig. 7.215
OB =OD' + BD and, OC =OD' +CD' triangles AODB and A
ODC, we obtain
OB²-0C (OD' +BD')-(OD +CD') ’
=
Similarly, we obtain 0B-OC = BD -CD ..)
OC-OA= CE- AE
and, OA-OB = AF - BF ..(1)
...(ii)
Adding (i), (ii) and (ii), we get
TRIANGLES 397

(OF-OC)+(0C -OA) +(OA-OF) -(BD-co) +(CE-AE) +(AP-BF)

(BD' + C +AF)- (AE +CD'+ BF}) =0
AF+ BD +CE' =AE + BF +CD
EXAMPLE 31 n Fig. 7.21l6, ABC is a right triangle right angledat Band points D[CBSE
and E2006
trisectC]
BC. Provethat 8 AE =3 AC' +5 AD
sOLUTION Since Dand Eare the points of trisection of BC. Therefore, BD =DE =CE.
Let BD= DE =CE =x. Then, BE= 2x and BC=3x.
Applying Pythagoras theorem in right triangles ABD, ABE and
ABC,we obtain
AD = AB + BDAD' = AB +x ...(i)
AE = AB + BE= AE = AB + 4x' ..(ii) D
and, AC = AB + BCAC =AB +9x? ...(iii) Fig. 7.216
8 AE - 3AC-5 AD =8 (AB +41') -3 (AB' +9x') -5 (AB² +)=0
8 AE =3 AC + 5AD
EXAMPLE 32 ABCisa right triangle right-angled at Cand AC = V3 BC. Prove that Z ABC =60°.
sOLUTION Let Dbe the mid-point of AB. Join CD. Since ABC is a right triangle right
angled at C. Therefore, by using Pythagoras theorem, we obtain
AB = Ac+BC= AB² = (V3BC) + BC [:: AC = V3 BC (Given)]
AB = 4 BC ’ AB = 2 BC
1
But, BD = ,AB or, AB=2 BD
D
Thus, we have
AB = 2BC and AB = 2BD BD= BC
triangle is
We know that the mid-point of the hypotenuse of a right
equidistant from the vertices. Fig. 7.217
CD= AD = BD’CD= BC [: BD = BC]
Thus, in A BCD, we have
’Z ABC= 60°
BD = CD= BC ’A BCD is equilateral
PQ=QR´.Prove that QM= PMx MR.
EXAMPLE 33 In APOR, QMI PR and PR- [NCERT, CBSE 2019]

SOLUTION In A POR, it is given that

PR²- PQ = QR
PR=Pâ + QR*
right-angled at Q.
APQR is a right triangle
22+ Z3= 90° 1

Z1+ Z2= 90° [:ZPMQ = 90°] P M R

Also, 22+23=Z1+22 +1=Z3 Fig. 7.218

Similarly, we obtain: 2=/4

398
MATHEMATICS- X
Thus, inAs PMO and OMR, we have
21=23 and 2= 24
So,by using AA-criterion of similarity, we obtain
A PMQ AQMR= PM MQ OM= PM x MR.
OM MR
EXAMPLE 34 Ina right triangle ABC right-aangled at C, Pand Q are the points on the sides
CA and CBrespectivelu, which divide these sides in the ratio 2 : 1. Prove that
() 9AQ-9 AC' +4 BC (i) 9 BP° =9 BC'+ 4 AC' (iü) 9(AQ+ BP) = 13 AB
SOLUTNON Itis given that Pand Odivide CAand CB respectively inthe ratio 2:1.
2 2
CP =
3 AC ..i) and, QC= 3, BC ...(ii)
(0) Applying Pythagoras theorem in right-angled triangle ACQ,
we obtain

4
AQ' = QC +AC = BC+ AC [Using (i)]
9 AQ' = 4 BC +9 AC ..(ii1) B

(1) Applying Pythagoras theorem in right triangle BCP, we have Fig. 7.219

BP = BC? +CP²=B+
[Using 0)]
9 BP² = 9 BC + 4 AC?
..(iv)
Adding (iii) and (iv), we get
9(AQ' + BP²) =13(BC + AC) 9(AQ' + BP²) = 13AB [: BC² + AC' = AB]
EXAMPLE 35 (Result on obtuse triangle) In Fig. 7.220, AABC is an obtuse
angled at B.IfAD l CB,prove that AC = AB* + BC+2 BC x BD. triangle, obtuse
INCERT|
SOLUTION In an obtuse triangle ABC, obtuse-angled at B and AD is
produced. Since AADB is a right triangle right-angled at D. perpendicular to CB
theorem, we obtain Therefore, by Pythagoras
AB = AD + DB
..(i) A
Again,AADC is a right triangle right-angled at D.
Therefore, by Pythagoras theorem, we obtain
AC = AD' + DC²
AC? = AD + (DB + BC)
AC= AD' + DB+ BC* +2 BC × BD ......
D C

AC = (AD + DB) + BC*+ 2 BC x BD Fig. 7.220

AC'= AB + BC +2 BC x BD
[Using (i))
Hence, AC = AB + BC + 2 BC x BD
PEMARK In the above theorem BD 1s knouUn as the projection of AB on BCand
also be stated as: the theorem cai

In an obtuse triangle, the square of the sideeopposite to obtuse angleis equal to the sumofof the squaresof
eo sides plus twice the product of one side and the projection of other on first.
TRIANGLES 399

EXAMPLE 36 (Result on acute triangle) In Fig. 7.221, Z B of AABC is an acute angle and
ADL BC,provethat AC2=AB +BC'-2 BCx BD [NCERT]
sOLUTION In AABC, ZB is an acute angle and AD LBC. Since AADB is a right triangle
right-angledat D. So,by Pythagorastheorem, we obtain
AB' =AD + BD' ...i)
Again, AADC is a right triangle right-angled at D. Applying Pythagoras theorem, we obtain
ACC= AD'+ D
AC= AD' +(BC- BD)
AC= AD + (BC' + BD-2 BC x BD)
AC= (AD + BD') + BC'-2 BC x BD
AC= AB + BC-2 BC x BD [Using (i)] B D
Hence, AC= AB + BC-2 BC x BD Fig. 7.221
REMARK In the ab0ve theorem BD is known asthe projection of ABon BC and the theorem can also
be stated as:
In an acute triangle, the square of the side opposite to an acute angle is equal to the sum of the
squares of other two sides minus twice the product of one side and the projection of other on first.
EXAMPLE 37 Prove that in any triangle, the sum of the squares of any two sides is equal to
tvice the square of half of the third side together with twice the square of the median which
bisects the third side.
sOLUTION Let ABC be a triangle in which D is the mid-point of
side BC and AD is the median bisecting BC. We have to prove
that
AB² +A= 2(AD + BD)
Draw AE L BC.Since AED = 90°. Therefore, in A ADE,we have
ZADE<90° ’ADB > 90o
acute
Thus, AADB is an obtuse-angled triangle and AADC is an BD B D E C
D and AEL
angled triangle. Since A ABD is obtuse-angled at Fig. 7.222

produced. Therefore, by using Example 35, we obtain

AB = AD + BD' +2 BD × DE ...(i)
using Example 36, we obtain
AACDis acute-angled at D and AEl CD.Therefore, by
AC= AD + DC -2 DC x DE
AC' = AD + BD-2 BD x DE [: CD = BD] ...(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
AB + AC'= 2 (AD + BD'
EXAMPLE 38 Prove that three times the sum of the Squares of the sides of a triangle is equal to
the mediansof the triangle.
jour times the sum of the squares of three medians, We haveto
SOLUTION Let ABCbe a triangle in which AD, BE and CF are
=4(AD +BE +CF).
prove that 3(AB² + BC + CA')
400 MATHEMATICS-X
A

In any triangle, the sum of the squares of anytwo ides is equal to

twice the square ofhalf of the third side together with twice the sqae
of the median bisecting it. Therefore,taking AD as the median
bisecting side BC, we obtain BC2
AB+ AC=2 (AD' +BD') =2 AD' 4

2(AB+ AC) =(4 AD' +BC) ...(i) B D

Fig. 7.223
Similarly, by taking BE and CF respectively as the medians, we get
2 (AB + BC) =(4 BE+ AC') ...(iü)
and, 2(AC + BC) = (4 CF +AB) ...(ii)
Adding (), (ii) and (i), we get
4(AB° +BC +AC) =4(AD' +BE+ CF) +(BC+AC' +AB)
3 (AB + BC + AC?) = 4(AD'+ BE + CF')
EXAMPLE 39 In a triangle ABC,AC >AB, D is the mid-point of BC and AE 1 BC. Prove that :
1 1
) AC= AD' +BC- DE+ 4 BC [NCERT) () AB' =AD' - BC· DE + 4 BC |CBSE 2006C)
(ii) AB° + AC =2AD + 1 BC
SOLUTION In triangle AED, we have Z AED =90°.
2ADE<90° and Z ADC> 90° i.e. Z ADE is acute andZADC is obtuse.
(i) In A ADC, Z ADCis an obtuse angle.
AC' =AD' + DC +2 DCx DE [See Exanmple 35]
AC = AD
1
AC= AD + ÷
4 BC + BC x DE
AC= AD' +BC x DE + 41 BC ..() B E D

(ii) In A ABD, Z ADE is an acute angle. Fig. 7.224

AB' = AD + BD-2 BD x DE = AD
1
AB = AD + 4 BC- BCx DE’ AB = AD' - BC × DE+ 1
BC? ..(1)
4
(iii) Adding (i) and (i), we get
1
AB+ AC= 2AD + BC?
2
EXAMPLE 40 Prove that the suim of the squares of the
the sum of the squares of itssides. diagonals of a parallelogram is equal to
SOLUTION We know that if AD is a median of A ABC.then [NCERT
1
AB + AC=2 AD' +, BC'
Since diagonals of a parallelogram bisect: each other. [See Example39 (ii)I
of trianglesABC and ADC respectively. Therefore, B0 and D0 are medians
 401
TRIANGLES

1
AB +BC' =2 BO° +AC' .)
1
and, AD' +CD' =2 DO' +
+AC .(i)
Adding () and (i), we obtain A
AB+ BC+ CD' +AD' =2 (BO +Do)+AC' Fig. 7.225

AC' 2
AB' +BC+ CD'+ AD' =AC' +BD'
EXAMPLE 41 nan cquilateral triangle ABCthe side BC is triseced at D. Prooe that 9AD'=7AB.
[NCERT,CBSE 2018]
sOLUTION Let ABC be an equilateral triangle and let D be a point on BC such that
1
BD = BC. Draw AE L BC. Join AD. In AAEB, and AAEC, we have
AB= AC, Z AEB =LAEC=90° and, AE =AE
So, by using RHS-criterion of congruency, we obtain A

AAEB AAEC = BE= EC

1 2 1
Thus, we have BD = BC, DC =, BC and BE =EC = , BC ...(i)
It is gienthat C= 60°. Therefore,AADC isan acute triangle.
AD' =AC + DC' -2 DC x EC [See Example 36] DE
2
2 1 Fig. 7.226
- AD' =AC+BC-2x
3 BC×BC [Using (i)]
4 2 4
- AD'= AC + BC*- 3-AB [:AB= BC= AC]
BC'’ AD' =AB' + AB°- 3 AB-1
= 9AD=7AB?
ALITER Draw AE 1 BC. Triangle ABC is equilateral. Therefore, Eis the mid-point of BC.
BE =CE=-BC.
2
obtain
Applying Pythagoras theorem in right triangles AEB and AED, we
AB = AE + BE and AD² = AE' + DE?
AB - AD² = (AE + BE²) - (AE + DE²)
AB² - AD² = BE² - DE?
2 1
AB° - AD'=AB-ABDE
2
=BE -BD - AB-A8-AB
AB - AD² 2 AB LAB² = AD' ’ 9AD = 7AB?
CE he dvazius
EXAMPLE 42 In a AABC, the angles at B and C are acute. If BE and
CE
perpendiculars on AC and AB respectively, prove that BC =AB x BF + ACx
402
MATHEMATICS -X
A
SOLUTION InA ABC,ZBis acute and CF L AB.
AC=AB'+ BC'-2 AB x BE ..)
Similarly in AABC, L Bis acute and BELAC
AB = Bc+AC-2 ACx CE ...ii) F

Adding () and (i),we get

AC+ AB = AB' + BC-2ABx BE +BC'+ AC-2 AC x CE
2 BC'- 2 (AB x BF+ AC x CE) =0 Fig.7.227
2 BC'= 2 (AB x BF + AC x CE)
BC=AB x BF +AC xCE
BASED ON HIGHERORDER THINKINGSKILLS (HOTS)
EXAMPLE 43 If Abe the area of aright triangle and b one of the sides containing the right angle
2Ab
prove that the length of the altitude on the hypotenuse is
Vb + 44²
SOLUTION Let PQR be aright triangle right-angled at Qsuch that QR = b and A = Area of
A PQR. Draw QN
perpendicular to PR.
Now,
1
A= Area of APQR = (QRxPO) = 1 ,(0x P)
2A
PQ= ...(i)
In As PNQand POR, we have
ZPNQ=Z POR
and,
[Each equal to 90°] Fig. 7.228
ZQPN = ZQPR
So, by AA-criterion of similarity, we obtain [Common]
APNQ ~A PQR PQ NQ
PR OR ...(ii)
Applying Pythagoras theorenm in APQR, we obtain
PO + QR= PR°’ 442 +b = PR ’ PR = |44' + b4 + 64
From (i) and (ii), we obtain b

2A
NQ 2A
PR= N44'b +b
bx PR ’ NQ= ’ NQ= 2Ab
PR
EXAMPLE 44 The perimeter of aright triangle is 60 cm.J4A +b
Its hypotenuse is 25 cm. Find the area of the
triangle.
sOLUTION Let ABC be a right triangle right angled at B. It is given [CBSE2016]
AB = X and BC= y.Using Pythagoras theorem, we obtain that AC = 25 cm. Let
AB² +BC² = AC? ’ + y ' =252 ..)
It is given that the perimeter of triangle ABC is 60 cm.
 403
TRIANGLES

AB +BC+ CA = 60
X+y+ 25 = 60
X+y= 35 2 5
c m

(x+ y) = 35 |On squaring both sides]

x+y'+ 2ry = 35²
25 + 2ry = 352 [Using (i)1 X B
A
2ry = 35-252 Fig. 7.229
2xy = (35 + 25) (35-25)
1
2xy = 60x 10 ’ xy =300 y= 150 Area of AABC = 150cm
EXAMPLE45 Inaquadrilateral ABCD, LA +2D= 90°.Prove that AC'+ BD-AD'+BC.
[NCERTEXEMPLAR]
sOLUTION Produce AB and DC to meet at E. Using angle sum property in AAED, we obtain
LBAD + LCDA + LAED = 180°
LA+ 2D + ZAED = 180°
90°+ZAED = 180° LAED = 90° [::ZA + ZD =90° (Given)]
ApplyingPythagoras Theorem in triangles AED, BEC, AECand BED, we obtain D

AD = AE + DE2 ..i)
BC? = BE + CE? ...ii)
AC? = AE' + CE? ...iüi)
and, BD² = BE + DE2 ...iv)
Adding (iii) and (iv), we obtain
AC? + BBD² = (AE' + CE?) + (BE² + DE) A B E

AC? + BD² = (AE + DE) + (BE + CE') Fig. 7.230

AC² + BD² = AD² + BC? [Using (i) and (ii)]

EXERCISE 7.6
BASIC
them are right triangles.
1. The sides of certain triangles are given below. Determine which of
(ii) a =9 cm, b = 16 cm and c = 18 cm
(i) a =7 cm, b = 24 cm and c= 25 cm
(iv) a = 8 cm, b = 10 cm and c = 6 cm
(iii) a = 1.6 cm, b= 3.8 cm andc= 4 cmn
Find the distance of
2. A ladder 17 m long reaches a window ofa building 15 m above the ground.
the foot of the ladder from the building.
distance between their feet
3. Two poles of heights 6 m and 11 m stand on aplane ground. If the
is 12 m, find the distance between their tops. [NCERT, CBSE 2002C]
BC= 14cm. Calculate the altitudefrom Aon BC
4. In an isosceles triangle ABC, AB = AC= 25 cm,
window 8 m above the
5. The foot of a Jadder is 6 m away from a wall and its top reaches a
oround Ifthe ladder is shifted in such a way that its foot is 8maway from the wall, to what
height does its tip reach?
An aeroplane leaves an airport and flies due north at a speed
of 300kn/br At # h o t
6. another aeroplaneleaves the same airport and fhes due west at a speed of 400 km/hr. How far
1 hours?
1,
apart will be the two planes after [NCERTEXEMPLAR]
7. A triangle has sides 5 cm, 12 cm and 15 cmn. rna the length to one decimal place of the
is 13 cm
perpendicular from the oppositevertex to the side whose length