I. Atoms vs.

Ions
A. Definition of atoms
B. Definition of ions
C. Key differences between atoms and ions

II. Ionic Bonds

A. Definition of ionic bonds
B. Formation of ionic bonds
C. Characteristics of ionic compounds
D. Examples of ionic compounds

III. Covalent Bonds

A. Definition of covalent bonds
B. Formation of covalent bonds
C. Characteristics of covalent compounds
D. Examples of covalent compounds

IV. Multiple-Choice Questions

Now, let's discuss each section in more detail:

I. Atoms vs. Ions

- Atoms are the basic units of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Ions are atoms that have gained or lost electrons, resulting in a net positive or negative charge.
- Atoms are electrically neutral, while ions have a charge due to the imbalance of protons and
electrons.

II. Ionic Bonds

- Ionic bonds form between atoms when one atom transfers electrons to another atom.
- The atom that loses electrons becomes positively charged (cation), and the atom that gains electrons
becomes negatively charged (anion).
- Ionic compounds typically have high melting and boiling points and conduct electricity when
dissolved in water.
- Examples of ionic compounds include sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium iodide (KI), and calcium
oxide (CaO).

III. Covalent Bonds

- Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.
- Covalent compounds typically have lower melting and boiling points compared to ionic compounds
and do not conduct electricity when dissolved in water.
- Examples of covalent compounds include water (H2O), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2).

IV. Multiple-Choice Questions

1. What is the primary difference between an atom and an ion?
A) Atoms have a charge, while ions do not.
B) Atoms have gained or lost electrons, while ions have not.
C) Atoms have a nucleus, while ions do not.
D) Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons, while ions are not.

2. What type of bond forms when atoms transfer electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration?
A) Covalent bond
B) Metallic bond
C) Ionic bond
D) Hydrogen bond

3. Which of the following is a characteristic of ionic compounds?

A) Low melting and boiling points
 B) Insoluble in water
C) Conduct electricity when dissolved in water
D) Formed by sharing electrons

4. Which compound is an example of an ionic compound?

A) Carbon dioxide (CO2)
B) Sodium chloride (NaCl)
C) Water (H2O)
D) Methane (CH4)

5. How are covalent bonds formed?

A) By transferring electrons between atoms
B) By sharing electrons between atoms
C) By donating electrons to another atom
D) By losing electrons from an atom

6. Which of the following compounds is a covalent compound?

A) Calcium oxide (CaO)
B) Potassium iodide (KI)
C) Carbon dioxide (CO2)
D) Sodium chloride (NaCl)

7. What is the charge of a cation?

A) Positive
B) Negative
C) Neutral
D) Variable

8. In an ionic bond, which atom typically becomes positively charged?

A) The atom that gains electrons
B) The atom that loses electrons
C) Both atoms
D) Neither atom

9. What is the primary characteristic of covalent compounds?

A) High melting and boiling points
B) Conductivity in water
C) Sharing of electrons between atoms
D) Formation of ions

10. Which of the following statements is true about ionic compounds?

A) They have low melting and boiling points.
B) They conduct electricity in their solid state.
C) They are formed by sharing electrons.
D) They dissolve easily in nonpolar solvents.