Book 1-14

MODULE 1A
STEAM TURBINE BASICS
STEAM TURBINE BASICS POWER PLANT TRAINING - NGINEERING BASICS

STEAM TURBINE PART - 1 ENGINEERING BASICS

STEAM TURBINE PART - 4 OPERATION

STEAM TURBINE PART - 6 INSPECTION & MAINTENANCE

STEAM TURBINE BASICS POWER PLANT TRAINING - NGINEERING BASICS

HISTORY
HERON, DARI ALEXANDRIA - YUNANI , 120 BC.
• FINDING THE PRINCIPLES OF REACTION FORCE
FORMED UNDER THE SPEED OF STEAM beam emitted
BALL OUT OF HERON (REACTION TURBINE).
• Contrary MOVE TOWARDS THE DIRECTION OF SPIN
SPEED STEAM beam.

GIOVANI de BRANCA, ITALY, 1029

• FINDING THE PRINCIPLES OF STYLE FORMED UNDER
PRESSURE IMPULSE (impact) BETWEEN STEAM , STEAM
emitted mashing WHEEL, WHEEL ROTATING. (TURBINE
ACTION)
• WHEEL SPIN MOVE TOWARDS the direction of the beam
STEAM PRESSURE DIRECTION

GUSTAV de LAVAL, SWEDIA , 1890

• FINDING THAT FORMED UNDER THE PRINCIPLES OF
ACTION PRINCIPLE (IMPULSE). Applied TUBINE ACTION
WITH ONE LEVEL (ONE AND ONE ROTOR PANCAR PIPA /
NOZZLE).
• PANBCARAN STEAM FROM nozzle punch spoon (BLADES)
INSTALLED AT THE WHEEL.
• CONTAINING ONLY ONE TURBINE TINGKAT.DIA. BIG.
ENGINEERING BASICS
HISTORY
CHARLES ALGEMOND PARSONS, BRITISH, 1890
• WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TURBINE WITH REACTION, DEVELOPED IN
MULTI-LEVEL PRESSURE REACTION TURBINE. NUMBER OF LEVELS
OF COMPOUND (S / D 30-AN) POWER AND BIGGER. RELATIVELY
SMALL DIAMETER.
• Genuine transformation STEAM PRESSURE FROM THE FLOOR OF A
SMALL MADE TO THE NEXT LEVEL TO NOT surprise.

THOMAS W. CURTIS, , AMERICA, 1900 ( TURBIN AKSI DENGAN TINGKAT

KECEPATAN )
• IMPULSE TURBINE WITH PRINCIPLE (SCAI), DEVELOPED IN ACTION TURBINE 2
(TWO) LEVEL SPEED.
• CAN WORK WITH THE STEAM PRESS HIGH (dikelak later on apply / combined with
a reaction turbine basically can not work with high pressure steam).
• DECREASE IN SPEED FROM ONE LEVEL TO THE NEXT LEVEL VERY DRASTIC

ZOELLY , SWEDIA, 1904

• TURBINE WITH THE PRINCIPLE OF ACTION (IMPULSE), DEVELOPED IN ACTION
WITH LEVEL PRESSURE TURBINE (MULTI STAGE PRESSURE). Max. s / d 12
LEVEL. LOT IN USE AS A MARINE PROPELANT.
• EACH LEVEL CONSIST OF TURBINE de LAVAL (turbine action one level) STATOR
WITH NOZZLE TYPE REACTION
• Amended PRESSURE LEVEL FROM WHICH ONE BIG ENOUGH next level
STEAM TURBINE BASICS POWER PLANT TRAINING - NGINEERING BASICS

PENGGUNAAN STEAM TURBINE

STEAM TURBINE BASICS POWER PLANT TRAINING - NGINEERING BASICS

JENIS / TYPE STEAM TURBINE

Action REACTION 1. TURBINE ACTION :

• TURBINE WORK UNDER THE PRINCIPLE OF ACTION.
• FORCE FORMED from the collision / IMPACT STEAM
(SCAI) OF 1/2 F. POWER TOTAL = 1/2 F.
• ROUND HIGH, SMALL POWER
• WORKING WITH HIGH PRESSURE STEAM.
ACTION • BLADE CONSTRUCTION SPEED 1 OR 2 OF STEAM.

REAKSI

2. TURBINE REACTION :
ACTION • TURBINE WORK UNDER THE PRINCIPLE OF
REACTION.
• FORM OF STEAM POWER collision (ACTION) OF 1/2 F
PLUS STYLE OF REACTION OF 1/2 F.
POWER TOTAL = F
• RELATIVELY LOWER ROUND WITH GREAT POWER
• WORK WITH A LOWER PRESSURE STEAM
• Construction MULTI Stage

ACTION
 Turbine cross Spoon blade reaction turbine section
action ( Impulse Turbine ) ( Double Pressure Turbine )

P -1

  


DESCRIPTION ACTION REACTION

A. ANGLE IN AND OUT IN = OUT IN < OUT

B. SPEED OF STEAM IN AND OUT C1 = C2 C1 < C2

C. FORMATION OF POWER 100 % IMPULSE 50 % IMPULSE PLUS

50 % REACTION
D. STEAM NOZZLES SEGMENT CIRCULAR 360 0
E. TOTAL LEVEL LEVEL 1 OR 2 MULTI ( S/D 32 TK )
F. SHAPE Tangerang BLADES SEMITRI AN-SEMITRI

G. ROUND HIGH HIGH RELATIVELY LOW

H. OUTPUT POWER SMALL BIG

I. DIMENSIONS DIAMETER / LENGTH LARGE / SHORT SMALL / LARGE

STEAM TURBINE BASICS POWER PLANT TRAINING - NGINEERING BASICS

DESIGN ROTOR DRUM TURBINE BERKAPASITAS BESAR

ROTOR DRUM
JOURNAL BEARING ( TEMPAT PENASANGAN
MAIN SUPPORT REAKSI BLADES )
JOURNAL BEARING
AXIAL BEARING MAIN MAIN SUPPORT
SUPPORT

AXIAL SLIDING
PROBE LABYRINTH
DRUM
LABYRINTH BELAKANG
DRUM DEPAN
CONTROLLED STAGE
(CURTIS 2 LEVEL SPEED)
ENGINEERING BASICS

HISTORY
GIOVANI de BRANCA, ITALY, 1029
(ACTION 1 LEVEL SPEED TURBINE)
P1 P2 • ACTION ONE LEVEL PRESSURE TURBINE (P) AND
ONE LEVEL SPEED (C)
• ROUND VERY HIGH, SMALL POWER.
• TEAM CONSUMPTION very wasteful (EFFICIENCY
LOW)
PRESSURE
BALANCE HOLE • NOT USED AS A DRIVER (THEORY FOR ONLY) AS A
BASIS FOR TURBINE CURTIS (TURBINE SPEED
LEVEL ACTION)
BLADES
1- STAGE • TURBINE CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTION, sectional
BLADE WITH LEFT HALF RIGHT HALF SEMITRI
• TURBINE WITH ACTION CAN WORK WITH STEAM
TEKANGGAN KRN HIGH RELIANCE ON collision /
STEAM
EXHAUST IMPULSE STEAM. In front and behind PRESSURE
TURBINE AT LARGE.

STEAM PRESSURE

STEAM VELOCITY
ENGINEERING BASICS
HISTORY
STATOR
( SUDU
ROTOR ROTOR CHARLES ALGEMOND PARSONS , BRITISH. 1890
50% -1
BALIK )
-2 (MULTI STAGE TURBINE REACTION)
• PRINCIPLES OF EXPANDING INTO THE TURBINE
50% Applied REACTIONS AND REACTION WITH SPEED
AND PRESSURE LEVEL -2 (REFERRED TO LEVEL
PRESSURE TURBINE)
• SPEED OF STEAM IN (R1) UP (for expansion),
50% ACROSS THE BLADE BEYOND (S1) BEHIND its
direction, speed DOWN (??? Because blade action)
AND CONSTANT PRESSURE, INTO BLADE (R2),
NOZZLE REAKSI REAKSI REAKSI SPEED KINETIC ENERGY UP AND DOWN HIS
(pressure drops) .. DST. BY THE SAME TO STATOR
P= (S2) TO ROTOR (R3, DST) STATOR AND NEXT TO
PRESSURE KINETIC ENERGY contains OUT. IF STILL HIGH
KINETIC ENERGY, retransmitted STEAM TO THE
NEXT LEVEL

C= VELOCITY • REACTION TURBINE: TURBINE also called DOUBLE

- PRESSURE. (TURBINE WITH LEVEL PRESSURE)
• DIRECTIONS TO MORE PRESSURE STEAM
TURBINE BACK, LITTLE MORE .. INITIAL
GRAPHICS AND VELOCITY PRESSURE
STEAM TURBINE STATOR AND ROTOR IN
PRESSURE STEAM should be lowered (krs. Turbine
REACTION r3eaksi can not work with the High tek.steam)
• POWER GENERATED FROM 50% 50% PLUS
LABOR FORCE IMPULSE IMPULSE.
ENGINEERING BASICS

REVERSE BLADES
(BLADE BEYOND)
HISTORY

THOMAS W. CURTIS. AMERICA, 1900

(ACTION 2 LEVEL SPEED TURBINE)
• DEVELOPING THE PRINCIPLE OF IMPULSE, Applied TURBINE INTO
P1 P2 ACTION 2 (TWO) LEVEL SPEED (SPEED STEAM STORY. PRESSURE
STEAM Fix)
• EACH LEVEL TYPE 2 ACTION (IMPULSE) WHERE CONSTANT
PRESSURE LEVEL in each. (P1 = P2) ALSO BEHIND THE BLADE ACTION
• NOZZLE ATTACHED TO SEGMENT ONLY (NOT CIRCULAR 360 0)
• JUST TO DRIVE AUX. (Eg Pump, Fan, etc.)

PRESSURE • ROUND VERY HIGH POWER RELATIVELY SMALL.

BALANCE HOLE

BLADES Rotor-1 Stator Rotor-2

STAGE 1 & 2 Stator
Nozzle

STEAM C1
Pressure
EXHAUST Cb p1 = p2

C2
Steam velocity
( C1 > Cb > C3 )
Speed ​chart Steam (v) and steam pressure (p) of the level-1 blade,
blade turning and blade level-2
STEAM TURBINE BASICS POWER PLANT TRAINING - NGINEERING BASICS

HISTORY
THOMAS W. CURTIS. AMERICA, 1900
BLADE 2 SPEED
LEVEL

Balancing hole PRESSURE

SEGMENT NOZZLE

• Hole on the rotor TURBINE ARE-2 to balance the

front and back WHEEL PRESSURE (= PRESSURE
FLAT)
• NOZZEL IN SEGMENT (NOT circular WHEEL)
• AS A MOVER Pump / KOMPRESOR
• BE INSTALLED VERTICAL / HORIZONTAL
ENGINEERING BASICS
HISTORY
STEAM
INLET
ZOELLY, SWEDIA , 1904
• LEVEL PRESSURE TURBINE WITH
ACTION.
P1
P2 EACH LEVEL CONSIST OF ONE LEVEL
WITH SPEED = ACTION LEVEL
PRESSURE TURBINE.

STEAM TURBINE ZOELLY drawn half above the fold.

P1 OUTLET
• (Example) CONSIST OF PRESSURE
LEVEL 6
• IN EACH NOZZLE, PRESSURE STEAM
P2 DOWN, UP SPEED.
• ROTOR IN, STEAM CONSTANT
PRESSURE, DOWN SPEED
• GRAPHIC SPEED STEAM (C) AND PRESSURE
C (P)

• REACTION IS EACH NOZZLE bulkhead, EXPANSION

OCCURRED (P down, C up)

• ROTOR BLADES ARE EVERY ACTION, ARISING

ESTABLISHMENT OF POWER. (P constant, C down)
 Turbine Zoelly

STEAM IN CONTROLLED
STAGE = 2 ST
BALANCE
REGULATOR

P1
DEVICES

TB ACTION 10 FY. HOLES

PRESSURE

LABIRINTH
P’1 AXIAL /
THRUST
LABIRINTH BEARINGS

P
JOURNAL 2
BEARINGS STEAM OUT

• CONTROLLED stages (1 OR 2 OF ACTION) USED TO REDUCE THE VERY HIGH PRESSURE

BEING P1 P1 'LOWER. YALAH GOAL TO REDUCE POSSIBLE LEAK STEAM THROUGH THE
BLADE TIP. MECHANICAL ENERGY TO FORMATION IN BLADES (10 TK) OPTIMAL.

ZOELLY TURBINE POWER TO MAKE A GREAT WITH THE RELATIVE DIMENSIONS LENGTH
KECIL.MIS. MARINE USED. MORE IMAGES CLEARLY CHECK COVER BOOK 2 (I & M)

TB. TK. 1 S / D 6 HIS STILL HIGH PRESSURE. TIP BLADE WITH Shroud (BELT)
 TURBNE ZOELLY 2 LEVEL PRESSURE

TB TK. TEK -1 TB TK. TEK -2

P2

P1
P1 P2

P1
P2

NOZZLE TK - 2
NOZZLE TK - 1
• TB. ZOELLY 2 TK. PRESSURE. AS A
MOVER Pump / KOMPRESOR
• LOW SPIN.
• BIG ENERGY TOTAL FLOOR SESIAI
pressure
 PART ONE ( BASICS )
FUNDAMENTALS OF THE TURBINE

1.Turbine Action / Impulse Turbine 2. Turbine Reaction / Reaction Turbine

stator rotor stator rotor

Steam Steam
inlet outlet

•Energy formed (95-98)% by pressure /
steam punches to the surface area of ​the
curve and (2-5)% by working out of steam
reaction blades.
•Angle = Angle Inlet outlet
•Left-right cross-section blade shape semitri
• Formed 50% of work force plus 50%
employment action reaction
• High efficiency. Multi stages.
• Diameter of the stator and rotor blades growing
at a rate of steam pressure decreases.
Inlet angle> discharge angle
 Characteristics of each type of the turbines
work turbine action :
• Can be operated with high pressure steam (>
200 kg/cm2)
• Very high rpm (> 3000 rpm)
• Max number of levels. 2 stages (short
longitudinal dimension, large diameter)
(Curtis type).
• Combined with functioning as a reaction
turbine. Control-stage (lowering pressure
steam before entering the tb. Reaction)
• When installed in combination pressure levels
as Zoelly type
work tb. reaction. :
• Can only be operated with low pressure
steam. When tek. high steam, must direduser
by installing control stage y. i turbines action 2
levels / Curtis or 1 level / de LAVAL)
• Low-to-high rpm (300 -3000 rpm)
• Large number of levels (> 30 stages).
Dimension of the elongated, small diameter.
• High capacity and high efficiency
• Used as the driving generator (very large
power (> 700 MWe).

Inlet Suction Face

Angle

Pressure
Face

Discharge Inlet
Angle Edge
• GOING LARGE BLADE backs Turbulence (PP) = 0
PRESSURE SMALL

Turbulence BLADE BEFORE GOING SMALL ([Pd), LARGE

PRESSURE.

IF Pd >> Pp, TEK. STEAM AHEAD TO BE PART OF Discharge

BOCOR OPUNGGUNG BLADE. POWER TB. REDUCED
edge
menjadu.
 TURBINE REACTION
2. Turbine Reaction / Reaction Turbine
stator rotor

C1 • PRINCIPLES OF REACTIONS
OCCUR IN LINE STEAM OUT OF
BLADES

C2 PROCESS = FLOW FLOW IN

GAS / STEAM IN VENTURI

Area "A" PRESSURE BIG, SMALL

VELOCITY (C1). ALWAYS SEEK
THE NATURE OF PRESSURE
PRESSURE AREA WITH
LESSER.

Typed "B" cross-sectional area

LEAST. SMALL PRESSURE,
FLOW RATE OF C2.
C3
Area "C" cross-sectional area
BIGGEST. BIGGEST SMALLEST
PRESSURE VELOCITY C4. THIS
SPEED = REACTION
Turbine work action
 TURBIN REACTION PARSONS. AMERICA,
REGULATOS
DRIVING
THRUST / & SAFETY
MOTOR
AXIAL
BEARING
LABIRINTH
JOURNAL
DEPAN
P1 BEARING
JOURNAL P2
BEARING

P1R

LABIRINTH
BELAKANG

CONTROLLED
STAGE ( AKSI )
1 TK
TB. Reaction
14 TK
 TURBIN REACTION

• TB. REACTION CAN ONLY WORK (OPTIMAL) STEAM

PRESSURE P1 IF NOT TOO BIG (opposite of TB. SCAI). IF
TOO HIGH PRESSURE P1, TEND STEAM LEAK / BOCOR
THROUGH THE TOP BLADE AND BOCOR towards TAKES
BACK AGAINST THE EXPANSION BLADE.

NOT TO GET TOO HIGH PRESSURE STEAM (P1R go to tb.,

Reaction) BUT REMAIN HIGH CONTENT enthalpy
(remember, P & T tall containing a high enthalpy) PRESSURE
TURBINE OF STEAM BOILER lowered FIRST STAGE IN
ACTION
CONTROLLED (ACTION)
( PRESSURE
CONTROL)
TB. NEVER IN REACTION REACTION FOR PURE. ALWAYS
combined with TURBINE ACTION LEVEL 1 OR 2 TER
[PQASANG IN FRONT TB. REACTION .. CONTROLLED,
THE TURBINE.

ORDER OF STEAM PRESSURE LEVEL TO THE NEXT

LEVEL NOT TOO HIGH, TEK. RATA ALLOCATION OF
STEAM TURBINE TO THE LEVELS. D.K.L. TURBINE
ACTION SHOULD CONSIST OF MULTI stages.

DIMENSIONS OF TURBINE LONG TO BE BIGGER /

LONGER. MAKIN WAY BACK TO, THE LITTLE PRESSURE
STEAM. WORKERS ARE ABLE TO PRODUCE LARGE
RELATIVE, BLADE SIZE TO BE MORE AND MORE LONG
TURBINE REACTION WIDE. BLADE THICKNESS THIN.
BASICS
DESIGN & ENGINEERING
Introduction
• WORK BASED PROCESS CHEMICAL ENERGY genuine transformation (in pcs. Bakr)
MENJADINTENAGA Physics (kinetic) AVAILABLE IN STEAM AND BECOME MORE
ENERGY changed by MECHANICS (in the form of rotating turbine)

Chemical • The higher the heat value bh. Fuel, the higher the chemical
energy
Energy
The more complete the combustion process in the furnace,
( Fuel ) the higher the heat energy released buisa...

• The higher temperature steam, the higher the velocity of the

Kinetic Energy steam molecules. (Factor T = temp.)
( heat latent )
The higher molecular steam velocity, the higher the steam
pressure. (Factor P = pressure)

The higher the P and T, the higher the calorie content in

steam or energy in = energy latent (factor H or I = enthalpy)

Mechanical • The higher the P & T steam, more power to press curved
Energy blades (the impulse) and more power for air expansion (the
reaction).
(in Turbines )
Impulse power and / or expansion resulted in the spinning
turbine (mechanical power)
 BASICS DIMENSION BLADES DAN ROTOR
DIMENSIONS
LENGTH
(reaction)

THICKNESS
DIMENSIONS
(action) and
torsion
(reaction))

• PRINCIPLES OF KINETIC ENERGY genuine transformation BE MECHANICAL ENERGY IS

HOW IMPULSE AND / OR ENERGY expansion FROM THE FLOOR TO THE NEXT LEVEL
IMPULSE ENERGY (PRESSURE) INCREASE ENERGY LOSS / SMALL INCREASE pressure.
SMALL INCREASE PRESSURE.

• BLADES MADE THIN THICKNESS INCREASE.

FROM THE FLOOR NEXT KETINGKAT, latent INCREASE ENERGY SMALL SMALL INCREASE
STRENGTH BEREXPANSI .. Overcome by GROWING SPACE STEAM will be skipped.

•
BLADES SIZE AND INCREASE INCREASE LONG THIN
 BASICS MOLLIER DIAGRAM

• Mollier diagram is very important for power calculations and thermodynamic the turbine in
the steam cycle
Temperature
ST-HP ST-LP
CYCLE WATER STEAM
SUPERHEATER 1-2 FW pumped INTO THE
P2 BOILER
TURBINE
2-3. FW. HEATED IN THE
BOILER (CAIR)
BOILER
P1
3-4. BOILING PRESSURE ON
P1 (saturated)
4-5. CONTINUES TO BE
HEATED superheated
1 5-6. EXPANSION IN TURBINE
CONDENSER
HP
6-7. STEAM IN reheat
7-8. EXPANSION IN TURBINE
LP Condensation process
8-1 IN CONDENSER

STEAM PROCESS WITH superheating

BASICS MOLLIER DIAGRAM

TURBINE HP TURBINE LP

Condensation PROCESS IN
CONDENSER
BASICS PENGGUNAAN ST. TURBINE

1. Flexibility in use:
- industrial ( for process ) ( 2 - 60 eMW )
- industrial / utility ( 25 - 125 eMW )
- utility ( s/ d 800 eMW )
2- classification:
small capacity ( marine, auxiliaries dsb )
medium capacity ( >150 eMW - 800 eMW )
hi-capacity
- Utility ( Power generator ) ( > 100 eMW and more )
- Auxiliary ( compressors , pumps, special uses )
Industrial steam turbines
TWO TYPE OF USE:
a. Top cogeneration
- The use of steam for the steam turbine mainly powerhouse. The rest for the
- By condensing or non - condensing / back pressure.
- With / without controlled or uncontrolled extractions
b. Bottom cogeneration
- The use of steam, especially for the process, the remaining steam turbine for power
generation.
- Controlled or uncontrolled extractions
BASICS TURBINE DESIGN BASICS

Thermodynamic Rating
• Influenced by the condition of steam. (Pressure and Temperature)
Described in the heat balance diagram (Steam flow diagram)
LP - Bypass
Stop & CV

boiler Hp Ip L p generator

HP pre- bleed points

heating
H

H
P Ax
Condensing Pump
H
Deaerator H
CONDITIONS AS A DRIVER STEAM TURBINE

• Live steam superheated P = 120-250 bar and T = 525-560 0C

enter the high pressure turbine (Hp).
• Exhaust press. of HP 40 bar and 250 0C. reheated in the boiler (Reheater)
• Reheated steam at 525 0C expansion turbine intermediate pressure (IP) at P = 40
bar
• Expansion in the low-pressure turbine (LP) (double-flow)

MECHANICAL DESIGN
Factors affecting the design of turbine components. :
Static and dynamic power of different large and its direction
Different temperatures

Blades/ barrel-barrel
Blades should be able to withstand
a static load as follows:
1. Steam pressure drop between
the inlet and outlet pressure
2. Impact of steam power on
curved blades.
3. Centrifugal force as the rotor
rotates.
SELECTION of MATERIAL

The parts of the turbine must be able to withstand the force arising -2 as follows:
1. Temperature and pressure / stress is very high (centrifugal, press, pull, twist)
2. The selection of the right kind of material to withstand the force-deformation 2 tsb
with safe (expansion does not cause friction stator - rotor) and erosion and abrasion
resistant.
rotor
- Low - Alloy (HP rotor: CrMoV and 12CrMoVCbN
- Moderately heat-treated
- Can be welded with ferritic steels with 12% Cr steel to withstand high temperatures (566 0C and
load 1,000 MW)
Bearings
- Resistance to shear loads (abrasion resistant) and low thermal expansion.
Bucket / diaphragm
- Serves also for installation / placement reverse blades (blades turning)
- High temp resistant and thermal expansion rate has been 10 CrMoV CBN.
- Design of blade roots selected "Dovetail".
casings
- The material is resistant to temperature selected high - low
- Materials are selected Cast Steel, Cast Iron and Nodular Fine Grained Steel Plates
Blades
- Standard 12% Cr steel
Last stage balding stationary (stator blades for the last level)
- Nodular Cast Iron, Austenitic Steel with 17% Cr.
bolting
- Hold temp. s / d 566 0C been Materials 12 Cr-alloy and Nickel based alloy steel or alloy or Inconel.
ROTOR DESIGN DAN STATOR

• MAKIN BIG TURBINE DIMENSIONS, TIME REQUIRED FOR

MORE OLD HEATING. GOAL TO GIVE TIME TEMPERATURE
BALANCE BETWEEN THE STATOR AND ROTOR expand / shrink
in TIME SIMULTANEOUSLY. BY THE CLEARANCE BETWEEN
THE STATOR - ROTOR IN ANY PART OF THE SAME AMOUNT.
 THRUST BEARING -AXIAL BEARING & TILTING PAD BEARING

RADIAL BEARING DENGAN

TILTING PADS
Tilting COMBINATION WITH
AXIAL BEARING PADS AND
JOURNAL BEARING

• Tilting - serves to hold SHAFT PADS ARE NOT

INLIGNMENT
• THRUST BEARING SHAFT DIRECT resist forces
• RADIAL bearing withstand the force of GRAVITY AND
STYLE RADIAL
 TURBINE BLADING
SHROUD = SABUK

• BLADE SEAL TYPE "C"

WORKS FOR: -

Hinder STEAM LEAK AT BLADE TIPS

• INTEGRATED SHROUD TIAPBL ARISING IN PREVENTING vibration; ADE
• Search BLADE MADE WITH
EQUIVALENTS

BLADE SEAL TYPE “A” BLADE SEAL TYPE “D”

KELING

BLADE SEAL TYPE “B”

BLADING STRESS
S1
The durability of the heat load
temp
S2

loads
3
Y 2
Static loads :
Pi Po Z 1. Pressure drop Pin - Pout
2. Impulse force Pin
3. Centrifugal Fc
1
G. U2
Pi = ---- ----------
g. R
Po U
G
R
+
X
Blade Design against Vibration
1. Riveted Shrouding (belt riveted ) 3. Lacing or Tie Wires ( wire)
Integrated Shroud (belt dicior fused with blades )
•A nominal clearance (Cl) between blade
4. Combine Lacing with Ferrule give wire "C1". Diameter wire "d“

C1

d 1. Riveted Shrouding

2. Integrated shroud
3. Lacing or tie wires

Ferrule = connect the ANT. END-2 Lacing WIRE

BLADE DESIGN VS LEAKAGE

Stationary wall Stationary wall

Leakage clearance Leakage clearance

shrouding
Turbulence

rotor rotor

Covered bucket Uncovered bucket

• NO STEAM FLOW TRENDS move from LOW PRESSURE HIGH PRESSURE TO

(BOCOR)

THE FLOW DISHARMONIS colliding, RESULT vortex (turbulence). FLOW DUE TO HARM
THE KINETIC ENERGY LOST WITHOUT MAKING POWER PLAY.

Turbulence HAPPENS IN MOST BLADES WILL PRODUCE OR STRICT minister

THUNDER SOUND, VIBRATION RISING, THE USE OF STEAM HIGH (CAN SEE WITH
VALVE OPENING BESSARNYA), EFFICIENCY LOW.

Besides withstand RELEASE FUNCTION Shroud also arrested VIBRATION

When the blades are not able to meet the requirements frequency, can be
overcome by the:
Changed the shape / size profile
Z changed the number of blades in each row
Replacing the outer belt around the blades (shrouds)
Wiring the vibration damper (damper wires)

Life steam & CV (Controlled Valve )

• potentially steam in the turbine. Turbines in

P1 the design of steam can pass with P and T
ho
specific.
hi
Exhaust pressure is low (high vacuum
pressure) turbine requires tek. low (Lp) with
uk. length and height (h) is large. Stage
length blades (h) (900-2000 mm)

Blades vibration occurred at the lowest level.

P2 0.03 bar Measurements were taken before blades in
pairs.

• Blades are made of material 12% Cr-steel for the final stage and 17% Cr
(austenitic steel) for level-2 first in the high pressure turbine.
SERVICE LIFE (lifetime)

Lifetime of turbine components depends on:

Creep fatigue at high temperatures.
A large voltage at start up (without heating)
Corrosion or Erosion

Efforts to extend the life span:

Preliminary heating before start-up
Not operate a turbine with a full load for long term.
Use the superheated steam above the minimum (right-2 dry)
Do not be too frequent start-up and shut-down
Avoid turbines operate on speed critical or phase vibration
Avoid "water carry-over" during boiler operation
Avoid not too often changed the load