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Ebook PDF Lymphedema Management The Comprehensive Guide For Practitioners 4Th Edition Ebook PDF Full Chapter
Ebook PDF Lymphedema Management The Comprehensive Guide For Practitioners 4Th Edition Ebook PDF Full Chapter
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contributors
1 Anatomy
Joachim E. Zuther
1.1 Circulatory System
1.1.1 Components
1.1.2 Systemic Circulation
1.2 Lymphatic System
1.2.1 Function
1.2.2 Components of the Lymphatic System
1.2.3 Embryology and Development of the Lymphatic System
1.3 Topography of the Lymphatic System
1.3.1 Lymph Fluid
1.3.2 Lymphatic Loads
1.3.3 Lymphatic Vessels
1.3.4 Lymphatic Tissues
1.4 Lymphatic Watersheds
1.4.1 Sagittal Watershed
1.4.2 Horizontal Watershed
1.4.3 Watersheds between the Trunk and the Extremities
2 Physiology
2.1 Introduction
Joachim E. Zuther
2.2 Heart and Circulation
Joachim E. Zuther
2.3 Blood Pressure
Joachim E. Zuther
2.3.1 Blood Capillary Pressure
2.4 Capillary Exchange
Joachim E. Zuther
2.4.1 Diffusion
2.4.2 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
2.4.3 Colloid Osmosis and Colloid Osmotic Pressure
2.4.4 Filtration and Reabsorption
3 Pathology
3.1 Lymphedema
Joachim E. Zuther
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.2 Incidence and Prevalence of Lymphedema
3.1.3 Lymphedema Incidence among Non–Breast Cancer Patients
Third edition by Janice N. Cormier and Kate D. Cromwell
3.2 Lymphedema Genetics
Michael Bernas
3.2.1 Hereditary Lymphedema
Michael Bernas
3.2.2 Etiology of Lymphedema
Joachim E. Zuther
3.2.3 Stages of Lymphedema
Joachim E. Zuther
3.2.4 Grading of Lymphedema Based on Severity
Joachim E. Zuther
3.2.5 Precipitating Factors for Lymphedema
Joachim E. Zuther
3.2.6 Avoidance Mechanisms
Joachim E. Zuther
3.2.7 Complications in Lymphedema
Joachim E. Zuther
3.3 Axillary Web Syndrome
Linda Koehler
3.3.1 Definition
3.3.2 Risk Factors
3.3.3 Physiology/Pathophysiology
3.3.4 Incidence, Onset, and Duration of AWS
3.3.5 Assessment and Documentation
3.3.6 Therapeutic Approach
3.4 Impact of Lymphedema on Quality of Life
Jane M. Armer and Pamela Lynne Ostby
3.4.1 Personal Views of Lymphedema across the Globe
3.4.2 Impact of Minimal Limb Volume Change on Quality of Life
among Survivors with Lymphedema
3.5 Early Identification and Conservative Treatment:
Clinical Implications and Interventions
Nicole L. Stout
3.5.1 Introduction
3.5.2 Pathophysiology and Presentation of Early Lymphedema
3.5.3 Regional Swelling
3.5.4 Early Identification
3.5.5 Early Intervention
3.5.6 Summary
3.6 Diagnosis of Lymphedema
Judith Nudelman
3.6.1 Diagnosis of Lymphedema—Various Approaches
3.6.2 International Society of Lymphology (ISL) Lymphedema
Staging
3.6.3 History
3.6.4 Physical Examination
3.6.5 Medical Education about Lymphedema
3.6.6 Summary
3.7 Evaluation of Lymphedema
Maureen McBeth
3.7.1 Surveillance and Early Intervention
3.8 Research in Lymphedema: Issues of Measurement
and Assessment of Occurrence
Jane M. Armer
3.8.1 Measurement Issues in Lymphedema
3.8.2 Issues in Psychosocial Factors Influencing Adaptation to
Breast Cancer Lymphedema
3.8.3 Theoretic Framework for Research
3.8.4 Looking to the Future: Imperatives for Research to Support
Guidelines for Secondary LE
3.9 Radiation-Induced Brachial Plexopathy and
Lymphedema
Joachim E. Zuther
3.9.1 The Relationship between RIBP and Lymphedema
3.9.2 Therapeutic Approach
3.9.3 Special Considerations to Address with RIBP in the Presence
of Lymphedema
3.18.1 Definition
3.18.2 Pathophysiology
3.18.3 Effects of Inflammation on the Lymphatic System
3.18.4 Therapeutic Approach
3.19 Inflammatory Rheumatism
Joachim E. Zuther
3.19.1 Definition
3.19.2 Anatomy of a Synovial Joint
3.19.3 Pathophysiology
3.19.4 Effects on the Lymphatic System
3.19.5 Therapeutic Approach
3.20 Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
Joachim E. Zuther
3.20.1 Definition
3.20.2 Pathology and Stages
3.20.3 Lymphatic Involvement
3.20.4 Therapeutic Approach
3.20.5 Cyclic Idiopathic Edema
Joachim E. Zuther
3.20.6 Complete Decongestive Therapy
References
Recommended Reading
5 Treatment
5.1 General Considerations
Joachim E. Zuther
5.2 Application of Basic MLD Techniques on Different
Parts of the Body
Joachim E. Zuther
5.2.1 Lateral Neck and Submandibular Area
5.2.2 Abbreviated Neck Sequence
5.2.3 Posterior Neck and Occipital Area
5.2.4 Face
5.2.5 Posterior Thorax
5.2.6 Lumbar Area
5.2.7 Anterior Thorax
5.2.8 Abdomen (Superficial and Deep Manipulations)
5.2.9 Upper Extremity
5.2.10 Lower Extremity
5.3 Treatment Sequences
Joachim E. Zuther
5.3.1 Truncal Lymphedema
5.3.2 Unilateral Secondary Upper Extremity Lymphedema
5.3.3 Bilateral Secondary Upper Extremity Lymphedema
5.3.4 Unilateral Secondary Lower Extremity Lymphedema
5.3.5 Bilateral Secondary Lower Extremity Lymphedema
5.3.6 Unilateral Primary Lower Extremity Lymphedema
5.3.7 Bilateral Primary Lower Extremity Lymphedema
5.3.8 Genital Lymphedema
5.3.9 Phlebolymphostatic Edema
5.3.10 Lipolymphedema
5.4 Head and Neck Lymphedema
Brad G. Smith
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Etiology
5.4.3 HNL after Cancer Treatment
5.4.4 Evaluation
5.4.5 Treatment of HNL
5.4.6 Compression for HNL
5.4.7 Elastic Therapeutic Tape
5.4.8 Supplemental MLD Sequences
5.4.9 Summary
5.5 Elastic Taping for Lymphedema
5.5.1 General Information and Effectiveness
5.5.2 Safety/Complications
5.5.3 Indications and Contraindications
5.5.4 Preparation and Materials
5.5.5 Application
5.5.6 Patient Education
5.5.7 Removal
5.6 Treatment Strategies for Common Complications of
Lymphedema
5.6.1 Surgical Scars
5.6.2 Debulking Scars
5.6.3 Hyperkeratosis
5.6.4 Abnormal Folds
5.6.5 Odors and Odor Control
5.6.6 Fungal Infections
5.6.7 Radiation Trauma
5.6.8 Papillomas
5.6.9 Lymph Cysts and Varicosities
5.6.10 Collateral Veins
5.6.11 Limb Paralysis
5.6.12 Self-Induced Lymphedema (Artificial, Factitious)
5.6.13 Malignant Lymphedema
5.6.14 Cellulitis
5.7 Adapting CDT to the Pediatric Patient
Steve Norton
5.7.1 Avoiding High-Risk Treatment
5.7.2 Moderate-Risk Treatments
5.7.3 Complete Decongestive Therapy for the Child
5.7.4 Practical Guidelines for Pediatric Patients
5.7.5 Limitations of CDT
5.7.6 Age-Related Adaptations of CDT: From Birth to First Steps
5.7.7 Age-Related Adaptions of CDT: From Standing Age to
Toddler and Older
5.7.8 Special Considerations for Compression Materials
5.7.9 Summary
5.8 CDT Treatment Protocol Variations: Primary and
Secondary Lymphedema
Steve Norton
5.8.1 Adaptations for the Primary Lymphedema Patient
5.8.2 Adaptations for the Secondary Lymphedema Patient
5.8.3 Underlying Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment Leading to the
Development of Lymphedema
6 Administration
Joachim E. Zuther
6.1 Introduction
When Steve Norton and Joachim E. Zuther asked me to write the foreword to
the fourth edition of their book Lymphedema Management: The
Comprehensive Guide for Practitioners, I was humbled by the request but
immediately accepted because they are both such knowledgeable clinicians
and outstanding educators we are fortunate to have in our field. It is an honor
and great pleasure that I can assist them.
I first started working in the field of basic lymphatic research and then
quickly transitioned to interests in multimodal lymphatic system imaging and
the treatment and evaluation of patients in the lymphedema-angiodysplasia
clinic (with Charles and Marlys Witte at the University of Arizona in 1989).
It has been interesting to watch as the field has continued to grow
(particularly in the United States) with increased recognition of patients with
lymphedema and the problems they may present, by both physicians and
therapists. There is still a long way to go; even in my own medical school,
patients with lymphedema/lipedema and those with complicated,
underappreciated, and sometimes life-threatening lymphatic system
abnormalities are still not referenced in the medical curriculum. And this
pervades despite our world-renowned clinician/educator and state-of-the-art
imaging and research available on-site. The lymphatic system gets minimal
coverage except for some anatomy. The growth in the number of therapists
has been encouraging, and both Joe and Steve have contributed greatly to this
with their highly rated schools and the many exceptionally trained,
motivated, and successful therapists (and physicians!) they have instructed.
They both greatly deserve a place of honor in the success of the growth of
lymphology, the treatment community in the United States, and ultimately
the patients that are served.
The book continues its clean design of colorcoded sections for anatomy,
physiology, and pathophysiology, which are followed by an enlarged section
on comprehensive treatment and finally a practical section on administration
for use in clinics. This book is written for education as well as everyday use
in the clinic by practitioners. The sections flow well and are led by Steve and
Joe with the addition of many experts in the field contributing their particular
expertise in concise and informative fashion that interdigitates into a
compendium. The book is easy to read and covers topics in a depth that may
surprise in its handy to carry and use size.
In the fourth edition, the previous chapters have been updated and
modified to recognize the growth in understanding that has occurred while
still striving to keep the book at a manageable size. Importantly, more
advanced topics such as lymphedema of the head and neck and breast and
trunk are enhanced. Complications such as obesity, complete decongestive
therapy (CDT) for cancer survivors, as well as relevant discoveries in
exercise guidelines are included. Practical sections on imaging and genetics,
as well as quality of life and other research areas, are revised, as are updates
on ICD-10 codes. The new edition includes over 140 new images and over 30
new tables and includes contributions from experts such as Karen Louise
Herbst, MD, who expanded the discussion on Lipedema and other related
disorders (Dercum's disease, Madelung's disease), and Jay W. Granzow, MD,
describing surgical options as part of an integrated treatment system for
lymphedema, including vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT),
anastomosis and bypass techniques, suction-assisted protein lipectomy
(SAPL), and combined and staged surgeries. Frank Aviles, PT, shares
advanced wound care options as part of an integrated treatment system and
Nicole L. Stout, DPT, contributes a section on early intervention and
conservative therapy to highlight the growing importance of identifying
lymphedema through prospective surveillance and modifying therapy
appropriately. Julie M. Soderberg, PT, adds integration of conventional
therapies and techniques in working closely with surgeons using specialized
lymphatic procedures, and the team of Susan Struckhoff Allen, OT, Dawn
Fries Brinkmann, OT, and Sandra Elizabeth Harkins, PT, present
“Lymphedema Therapy in the Home,” which is aimed at the growing ranks
of home care–focused practitioners encountering lymphedema, and other
combined edemas with tips about the required adaptations to therapy. Joy C.
Cohn, PT, adds a new section called “Fitting Garments upon Delivery,”
which addresses the all-important transition from intensive to self-
management phases and the critical aspects of proper fit, manufacture, and
function of garments as well as patient autonomy, and John Beckwith, PT,
expands his section on “Edema Solutions for Wound Specialists “with
discussions on the “Rationale for Manual Lymphatic Drainage in Wound
Healing” and compression while using a “Negative Pressure Wound
Therapy” (NPWT) vacuum. Finally, both the editors expanded this edition,
with Steve contributing two new advanced sections focusing on pediatric
lymphedema and adapting CDT to the pediatric patient and Joe broadening
the (sometimes controversial) section on sequential intermittent pneumatic
compression including its contraindications and how these devices may be
integrated into the management of lymphedema.
This exciting and updated edition will be a valuable resource and guide for
all levels of lymphatic knowledge. For students training to be therapists, this
book is a relevant and useful source for information and training. For health
professionals and researchers needing concise, clearly written, and
informative sections as well as seasoned clinicians in need of a quick, well-
referenced guide, this book should find an important place to keep handy on
their shelf. Congratulations to Steve and Joe for their efforts!
Michael Bernas, MS
Foreword to the Third Edition
I see increasing reason to believe that the view formed some time
back as to the origin of the Makonde bush is the correct one. I have
no doubt that it is not a natural product, but the result of human
occupation. Those parts of the high country where man—as a very
slight amount of practice enables the eye to perceive at once—has not
yet penetrated with axe and hoe, are still occupied by a splendid
timber forest quite able to sustain a comparison with our mixed
forests in Germany. But wherever man has once built his hut or tilled
his field, this horrible bush springs up. Every phase of this process
may be seen in the course of a couple of hours’ walk along the main
road. From the bush to right or left, one hears the sound of the axe—
not from one spot only, but from several directions at once. A few
steps further on, we can see what is taking place. The brush has been
cut down and piled up in heaps to the height of a yard or more,
between which the trunks of the large trees stand up like the last
pillars of a magnificent ruined building. These, too, present a
melancholy spectacle: the destructive Makonde have ringed them—
cut a broad strip of bark all round to ensure their dying off—and also
piled up pyramids of brush round them. Father and son, mother and
son-in-law, are chopping away perseveringly in the background—too
busy, almost, to look round at the white stranger, who usually excites
so much interest. If you pass by the same place a week later, the piles
of brushwood have disappeared and a thick layer of ashes has taken
the place of the green forest. The large trees stretch their
smouldering trunks and branches in dumb accusation to heaven—if
they have not already fallen and been more or less reduced to ashes,
perhaps only showing as a white stripe on the dark ground.
This work of destruction is carried out by the Makonde alike on the
virgin forest and on the bush which has sprung up on sites already
cultivated and deserted. In the second case they are saved the trouble
of burning the large trees, these being entirely absent in the
secondary bush.
After burning this piece of forest ground and loosening it with the
hoe, the native sows his corn and plants his vegetables. All over the
country, he goes in for bed-culture, which requires, and, in fact,
receives, the most careful attention. Weeds are nowhere tolerated in
the south of German East Africa. The crops may fail on the plains,
where droughts are frequent, but never on the plateau with its
abundant rains and heavy dews. Its fortunate inhabitants even have
the satisfaction of seeing the proud Wayao and Wamakua working
for them as labourers, driven by hunger to serve where they were
accustomed to rule.
But the light, sandy soil is soon exhausted, and would yield no
harvest the second year if cultivated twice running. This fact has
been familiar to the native for ages; consequently he provides in
time, and, while his crop is growing, prepares the next plot with axe
and firebrand. Next year he plants this with his various crops and
lets the first piece lie fallow. For a short time it remains waste and
desolate; then nature steps in to repair the destruction wrought by
man; a thousand new growths spring out of the exhausted soil, and
even the old stumps put forth fresh shoots. Next year the new growth
is up to one’s knees, and in a few years more it is that terrible,
impenetrable bush, which maintains its position till the black
occupier of the land has made the round of all the available sites and
come back to his starting point.
The Makonde are, body and soul, so to speak, one with this bush.
According to my Yao informants, indeed, their name means nothing
else but “bush people.” Their own tradition says that they have been
settled up here for a very long time, but to my surprise they laid great
stress on an original immigration. Their old homes were in the
south-east, near Mikindani and the mouth of the Rovuma, whence
their peaceful forefathers were driven by the continual raids of the
Sakalavas from Madagascar and the warlike Shirazis[47] of the coast,
to take refuge on the almost inaccessible plateau. I have studied
African ethnology for twenty years, but the fact that changes of
population in this apparently quiet and peaceable corner of the earth
could have been occasioned by outside enterprises taking place on
the high seas, was completely new to me. It is, no doubt, however,
correct.
The charming tribal legend of the Makonde—besides informing us
of other interesting matters—explains why they have to live in the
thickest of the bush and a long way from the edge of the plateau,
instead of making their permanent homes beside the purling brooks
and springs of the low country.
“The place where the tribe originated is Mahuta, on the southern
side of the plateau towards the Rovuma, where of old time there was
nothing but thick bush. Out of this bush came a man who never
washed himself or shaved his head, and who ate and drank but little.
He went out and made a human figure from the wood of a tree
growing in the open country, which he took home to his abode in the
bush and there set it upright. In the night this image came to life and
was a woman. The man and woman went down together to the
Rovuma to wash themselves. Here the woman gave birth to a still-
born child. They left that place and passed over the high land into the
valley of the Mbemkuru, where the woman had another child, which
was also born dead. Then they returned to the high bush country of
Mahuta, where the third child was born, which lived and grew up. In
course of time, the couple had many more children, and called
themselves Wamatanda. These were the ancestral stock of the
Makonde, also called Wamakonde,[48] i.e., aborigines. Their
forefather, the man from the bush, gave his children the command to
bury their dead upright, in memory of the mother of their race who
was cut out of wood and awoke to life when standing upright. He also
warned them against settling in the valleys and near large streams,
for sickness and death dwelt there. They were to make it a rule to
have their huts at least an hour’s walk from the nearest watering-
place; then their children would thrive and escape illness.”
The explanation of the name Makonde given by my informants is
somewhat different from that contained in the above legend, which I
extract from a little book (small, but packed with information), by
Pater Adams, entitled Lindi und sein Hinterland. Otherwise, my
results agree exactly with the statements of the legend. Washing?
Hapana—there is no such thing. Why should they do so? As it is, the
supply of water scarcely suffices for cooking and drinking; other
people do not wash, so why should the Makonde distinguish himself
by such needless eccentricity? As for shaving the head, the short,
woolly crop scarcely needs it,[49] so the second ancestral precept is
likewise easy enough to follow. Beyond this, however, there is
nothing ridiculous in the ancestor’s advice. I have obtained from
various local artists a fairly large number of figures carved in wood,
ranging from fifteen to twenty-three inches in height, and
representing women belonging to the great group of the Mavia,
Makonde, and Matambwe tribes. The carving is remarkably well
done and renders the female type with great accuracy, especially the
keloid ornamentation, to be described later on. As to the object and
meaning of their works the sculptors either could or (more probably)
would tell me nothing, and I was forced to content myself with the
scanty information vouchsafed by one man, who said that the figures
were merely intended to represent the nembo—the artificial
deformations of pelele, ear-discs, and keloids. The legend recorded
by Pater Adams places these figures in a new light. They must surely
be more than mere dolls; and we may even venture to assume that
they are—though the majority of present-day Makonde are probably
unaware of the fact—representations of the tribal ancestress.
The references in the legend to the descent from Mahuta to the
Rovuma, and to a journey across the highlands into the Mbekuru
valley, undoubtedly indicate the previous history of the tribe, the
travels of the ancestral pair typifying the migrations of their
descendants. The descent to the neighbouring Rovuma valley, with
its extraordinary fertility and great abundance of game, is intelligible
at a glance—but the crossing of the Lukuledi depression, the ascent
to the Rondo Plateau and the descent to the Mbemkuru, also lie
within the bounds of probability, for all these districts have exactly
the same character as the extreme south. Now, however, comes a
point of especial interest for our bacteriological age. The primitive
Makonde did not enjoy their lives in the marshy river-valleys.
Disease raged among them, and many died. It was only after they
had returned to their original home near Mahuta, that the health
conditions of these people improved. We are very apt to think of the
African as a stupid person whose ignorance of nature is only equalled
by his fear of it, and who looks on all mishaps as caused by evil
spirits and malignant natural powers. It is much more correct to
assume in this case that the people very early learnt to distinguish
districts infested with malaria from those where it is absent.
This knowledge is crystallized in the
ancestral warning against settling in the
valleys and near the great waters, the
dwelling-places of disease and death. At the
same time, for security against the hostile
Mavia south of the Rovuma, it was enacted
that every settlement must be not less than a
certain distance from the southern edge of the
plateau. Such in fact is their mode of life at the
present day. It is not such a bad one, and
certainly they are both safer and more
comfortable than the Makua, the recent
intruders from the south, who have made USUAL METHOD OF
good their footing on the western edge of the CLOSING HUT-DOOR
plateau, extending over a fairly wide belt of
country. Neither Makua nor Makonde show in their dwellings
anything of the size and comeliness of the Yao houses in the plain,
especially at Masasi, Chingulungulu and Zuza’s. Jumbe Chauro, a
Makonde hamlet not far from Newala, on the road to Mahuta, is the
most important settlement of the tribe I have yet seen, and has fairly
spacious huts. But how slovenly is their construction compared with
the palatial residences of the elephant-hunters living in the plain.
The roofs are still more untidy than in the general run of huts during
the dry season, the walls show here and there the scanty beginnings
or the lamentable remains of the mud plastering, and the interior is a
veritable dog-kennel; dirt, dust and disorder everywhere. A few huts
only show any attempt at division into rooms, and this consists
merely of very roughly-made bamboo partitions. In one point alone
have I noticed any indication of progress—in the method of fastening
the door. Houses all over the south are secured in a simple but
ingenious manner. The door consists of a set of stout pieces of wood
or bamboo, tied with bark-string to two cross-pieces, and moving in
two grooves round one of the door-posts, so as to open inwards. If
the owner wishes to leave home, he takes two logs as thick as a man’s
upper arm and about a yard long. One of these is placed obliquely
against the middle of the door from the inside, so as to form an angle
of from 60° to 75° with the ground. He then places the second piece
horizontally across the first, pressing it downward with all his might.
It is kept in place by two strong posts planted in the ground a few
inches inside the door. This fastening is absolutely safe, but of course
cannot be applied to both doors at once, otherwise how could the
owner leave or enter his house? I have not yet succeeded in finding
out how the back door is fastened.