FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Pasir Gudang

Jalan Purnama, Bandar Seri Alam,
81750 Masai, Johor Darul Takzim
Tel: +607-3818000

TECHNICAL REPORT: CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Lab Title: Flow Over Weirs

20
Mark:
Course: CHE 233 FLUID MECHANICS
Date:
Participant Group: J4CEEH1103B Semester: 3 Lab Group: 4
No. Name Matrix No. Signature
1 MOHAMAD HAFIZ BIN MOHAMED LOKMAN 2022890036
2 IEMELDA HANANI SYAFIRA BINTI MOHAMAD HAFFIZ 2022847088
3 ELIANY WHITNEY DEDENG ANAK RENATO 2022871082
Instructor 1. MOHD ZAKI BIN SUKOR

Allocated Marks for Technical Report

Criteria Full Marks

Analysis and Interpretation of Data 8
Discussion of Results 8
Conclusions 4
TOTAL (CO4, PO4) 20
 Experiment 1:

Rectangular Notch

volume Height, Time (s) Average flowrate, Q

(L) H (m) T1 T2 T3 time (s) (m^3/s)

Rectangular 3 0.01 19 20 22 20.33333 0.000148

notch 3 0.02 13 13 13 13 0.000231
3 0.03 7 7 7 7 0.000429
3 0.04 5 5 6 5.33333 0.000563

log H log Q Q^2/3 C(d) H/B

-2 -3.831087 0.00279 0.05702 0.30303
Rectangular
-1.7 -3.636822 0.00376 0.08919 0.60606
notch
-1.52 -3.367977 0.00568 0.16564 0.90909
-1.4 -3.249877 0.00681 0.21740 1.21212

Q^2/3 againts H graph

0.00800
0.00700 y = 0.1399x + 0.0013
Analysis and R² = 0.9841
Interpretation 0.00600
of Data 0.00500
Q^2/3

0.00400
0.00300
0.00200
0.00100
0.00000
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
H
 log Q againts log H graph
-3.2
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
-3.3

y = 0.9887x - 1.8852 -3.4

R² = 0.9671
-3.5
log Q
-3.6

-3.7

-3.8

-3.9
log H

Cd againts H graph
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
Cd

0.8
y = -23.684x + 1.5719
0.6 R² = 0.7187
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
H

Determine the rectangular notch average Cd value:

!.#!$%#&%.'()*+&%.'$+(,&%.)*!#$
Average Cd value =
$

Average Cd value = 0.97981

From the collected results for rectangular notch the average Cd value is 0.97981.

From the 𝑄!/# versus H for rectangular notch graph, it is proven that the Q & H
relationship can be described by an empirical formula Q = k𝐻$ . From the graph it is
shown that 𝑄!/# = 0.1399H
 𝑄!/# = 0.1399𝐻

𝑄 = (0.1399𝐻)#/!

𝑄 = 0.0523𝐻#/!

Therefore, k = 0.0523 and n = 3/2

Experiment 2

volume Height, Time (s) Average flowrate, Q

(L) H (m) T1 T2 T3 time (s) (m^3/s)
v-notch 3 0.01 85 84 85 84.66667 0.000035
3 0.02 18 18 20 18.66667 0.000161
3 0.03 8 7 7 7.33333 0.000409

Cd calculated by
Q^2/5 equation 2

v-notch 0.016587 1.499894

0.030368 1.202628
0.044129 1.110883

Q^2/5 againts H graph

0.050000
0.045000 y = 1.3771x + 0.0028
R² = 1
0.040000
0.035000
0.030000
Q^2/5

0.025000
0.020000
0.015000
0.010000
0.005000
0.000000
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035
H

From the 𝑄!/% versus H for V-notch graph, it is shown that

𝑄!/% = 1.3771𝐻 + 0.0028; 0.0028 ≈ 0

𝑄 = (1.3771𝐻)%/!

𝑄 = 2.2254𝐻%/!
 Comparing the theory equation,

8 𝜃 %
𝑄 = 𝐶& × 22𝑔𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 8 : × 𝐻!
15 2

Therefore,

8 𝜃 %
2.2254𝐻%/! = 𝐶& × 22𝑔𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 8 : × 𝐻!
15 2

8 𝜃
2.2254 = 𝐶& × 22𝑔 × 𝑡𝑎𝑛 8 :
15 2

8 90
2.2254 = 𝐶& × 22(9.81) × 𝑡𝑎𝑛 8 :
15 2

𝐶& = 0.9420

The 𝐶& value is not constant for the rectangular notch. This is because the value for
the flow rates, Q and the head above bottom of notch, H obtained for both rectangular
notch and V-notch are different in each experiment. However, the 𝐶& values of
rectangular notch is smaller compared to the 𝐶& values of V-notch. It can be prove as
shown below :

Volume (L) Rectangular notch (Cd) V-notch (Cd)

3 0.05702 1.499894
3 0.08919 1.202628
3 0.16564 1.110883
3 0.21740 -

The average value of 𝐶& for rectangular notch for the range do the test :
'()*+ -! .*+/0
Discussion of Average 𝐶& = $
Results =
1.1%31!41.1567641.78%8941.!7391
9
= 0.13231

Based on the calculation above, we can conclude that 𝐶& values depend on the
value of flow rate, Q and the value of the above the notch, H.

To prove whether Q and H relationship described by an empirical formula 𝑄 =

𝑘𝐻$ , the graph of Log Q against Log H is plotted, the derivation from the empirical is
as follow :

𝑄 = 𝑘𝐻𝑛
𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑄 = log 𝑘𝐻𝑛
𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑄 = 𝑛 log 𝑘𝐻
𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑄 = 𝑛 log 𝑘 + log 𝐻
Where, when the equation is plotted on a graph,

Log Q = value on y-axis

Log H = value x-axis
Log k = y-intercept
n = the gradient of the graph

log Q againts log H graph

-3.2
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
-3.3

y = 0.9887x - 1.8852 -3.4

R² = 0.9671
-3.5
log Q

-3.6

-3.7

-3.8

-3.9
log H

Based on the graph, the gradient of the graph is :

∆ 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑄
𝑛=
∆ 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝐻

−3.25 − (−3.83)
=
−1.4 − (−2)

= 0.9667

Value of K is :
3
𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑘 = −
2
#
𝑘 = 10:!

𝑘 = 0.0523
#
𝑆𝑜, 𝑄 = 0.0523𝐻!

Therefore, this shows that Q and H does relate and can be describe using the empirical
formula :
𝑸 = 𝒌𝑯𝒏
 Q^2/5 againts H graph
0.050000
0.045000 y = 1.3771x + 0.0028
R² = 1
0.040000
0.035000
Q^2/5 0.030000
0.025000
0.020000
0.015000
0.010000
0.005000
0.000000
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035
H

"
Based on the graph, the values of 𝑄# increase as the head above the bottom of
notch, H increase. The 𝐶& values can be obtained from the tangent of the graph on each
point plot.

The conclusion is that this experiment is to observe the characteristics of the flow
over a rectangular notch and a V-notch. In addition, another objective is to determine
emissions fluid flow coefficient. The data collected shows that the flow rate will increase
when the water level above the weir increases.

Next, as the smooth flow over the weir is crucial for accurately measuring flow
rates. The velocity distribution of the approaching water impacts the discharge over the
weirs. As the flow rate increases, the discharge coefficient aligns more closely with the
theoretical value. However, when the flow rate is too low, the water clings to the notch
and flows down, altering the coefficient of discharge. This change occurs because the
Conclusions water not only experiences gravity but also has to resist viscosity and friction on the
notch's surface.

The theory has certain limitations. It requires a level surface to ensure that gravity
is the only force acting on the water, along with a constant flow and pressure.
Additionally, the theory assumes a minimum water height above the notch, with
deviations from the theoretical equations increasing as the height decreases. The
relationship between the weir's head and water discharge is directly proportional. Lower
flow rates result in lower heights above the notch, leading to larger deviations from the
theoretical equations.