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R E S E V E L F S I B A

2.S I O T M I M I S P B

3.C F O E E L T H A

HALO EFFECT DEFINITION/MEANING

The halo effect is a psychological concept that explains how our initial impression or
perception of a person, thing, or situation can influence our overall opinion. It's a type of
cognitive bias that can lead to inaccurate assessments or judgments.

In other words, if we have a positive initial impression of someone, we are more likely to
perceive their other qualities positively as well, even if there is no direct evidence to support
those perceptions. Similarly, if our first impression is negative, we may tend to view their
other traits or actions in a negative light, regardless of their actual merits. This bias can affect
how we form opinions, make judgments, and interact with others.

HALO EFFECT EXAMPLE

For example, if someone is seen as not well-groomed at first glance, they might be
immediately associated with other negative traits even before their entire personality is
evaluated.

if a person is good-looking, they might be automatically assumed to be kind, intelligent, and

worthy of being a leader, even if these traits haven't been fully proven.

OPTIMISM BIAS
Optimism bias is a cognitive bias that causes people to believe that they are less likely to
experience negative events and more likely to experience positive ones compared to others.
In simpler terms, it's when individuals tend to overestimate the likelihood of positive
outcomes happening to them while underestimating the probability of negative outcomes.

EXAMPLE
when a student believes they are less likely to fail an exam compared to their peers. Despite
knowing that the exam is challenging and that many students struggle with it, this student
might feel overly confident in their abilities and believe that they will perform exceptionally
well. As a result, they may not study as diligently or prepare as thoroughly as they should,
assuming that they will naturally succeed.
Isang halimbawa ng optimism bias ay kapag isang mag-aaral ay naniniwala na mas mababa ang
tsansang bumagsak sa isang pagsusulit kumpara sa kanilang mga kapwa mag-aaral. Kahit na
alam nilang mahirap ang pagsusulit at maraming mag-aaral ang nahihirapan dito, maaaring
masyadong tiwala ang mag-aaral sa kanilang kakayahan at maniwala silang magiging tagumpay
sila. Bilang resulta, maaaring hindi sila mag-aral nang mabuti o maghanda nang maayos,
anila'y inaakala nilang natural na magtatagumpay sila

self serving bias

The self-serving bias is a cognitive bias that involves individuals attributing positive events
and successes to their own abilities or actions, while attributing negative events and failures
to external factors or circumstances beyond their control. In simpler terms, it's when people
take credit for their successes but blame others or external factors for their failures.

example
An example of self-serving bias is when a student performs well on a test and attributes their
success to their intelligence, hard work, or effective study habits. They may think, "I got a high
grade because I'm smart and I studied really hard."

However, if the same student performs poorly on a test, they might attribute the failure to
external factors beyond their control. For instance, they might say, "I failed the test because
the teacher asked unfair questions" or "The test was too difficult, so it's not my fault I didn't
do well."

QUIZ
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