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Emphysema Notes Download
Emphysema Notes Download
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Emphysema
Definition
Emphysema is defined as the impaired gas exchange resulting from the
destruction of the wall of alveoli.
Emphysema is abnormal permanent enlargement of the air space distal
to the terminal bronchioles.
Emphysema is a chronic, progressive disease of the lungs and occurs
when the alveolar walls are destroyed.
Emphysema is a type of COPD, including excessive air in the terminal
bronchioles.
Types of Emphysema
1. Centrilobular emphysema - Emphysema mainly in the centre of
secondary lobules.
Cause
Cigarette smoking
Air pollution
Older age ( more than 45 years )
Sex ( generally in females )
X, antigen deficiency
COPD
Allergens.
Pathophysiology
Cause / Smoking
↓
Inflammation into alveoli
↓
Deficiency of x, antitrypsin enzyme
↓
Decrease antineoplastic activity of bronchioles or alveoli
↓
Dilation of distal and terminal bronchioles.
Clinical manifestation
Cough
Shortness of breath
Wheezing
Barrel chest
Chronic bronchitis
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Pursed lips breathing
Tripod position
Cyanosis
Respiratory acidosis
Right ventricular failure
Puff vasodilation
Stress anxiety depression
Spontaneous pneumothorax.
Diagnostic examination
History collection and physical examination.
Chest x ray.
Arterial blood gas analysis.
Pulmonary function test.
Blood test- Increase WBC, increase ESR.
CT scan and MRI.
Monitor total lungs capacity.
Medical management
Pharmacological -
Complications
Respiratory failure
Respiratory acidosis
Atelectasis
Pneumonia
Pneumothorax.
Surgical management
Segmental resection
Lobectomy
Pneumonectomy.
Nursing management
Nurses monitor vital signs and respiratory problems.
Provide appropriate position (high Fowler position).
Administer oxygen ( 1-3 litre )
Provide IV line medication and nebulization.
Provide chest physiotherapy and postural drainage.
Maintain patient NPO.
Provide chest vibration therapy to loosen cough.
Encourage deep breathing and coughing exercise.
Pushliped breathing.
Provide immunization.
Maintain personal hygiene and provide proper nutrition.
Administer all prescribed medication in Right manner.
Nurse prepares the patient for surgical intervention.
Nurses follow the barrier of nursing.
Key Points